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1

Experimental study of aluminum-polytetraflouroethylene functionally graded materials tribological properties

Omran Ghufran Hamza, Abass Basim Ajeel, Radhi Nabaa Sattar

Diagnostyka

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2025

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Vol. 26, No. 2

art. no. 202510

EN

The current work aims to experimentally investigate the sliding wear characteristics of three, four, and fivelayer PTFE-Al functionally graded materials (FGMs). FGMs with different layers of (75-25, 50-50, 25-75, and 0-100) wt.% Aluminium and PTFE have been synthesized using the powder compaction technique. The tribological properties of such materials are investigated using a Pin-on-disc wear test machine with three process parameters: applied loads (1, 3, and 5) N, rotational speeds (100, 250, and 450) rpm, and sliding times (5, 10, and 15) minutes. The obtained results show that the wear rate of the PTFE can be mitigated with the existence of the Al. However, it increases with the applied load, sliding distance, and rubbing velocities. It was also noted that the wear rate of the different layers decreases as the weight fraction of Aluminium increases due to the increase of the material hardness. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) is used to analyse the worn surfaces. The SEM with EDS analysis showed that the predominant wear of the different functionally graded materials and their layers is an abrasive as a result of the wear debris and score formation.

2

Possibility of Introducing Molybdenum Disulfide into the Layer During Gas Nitriding

Kazimierski Grzegorz, Stodolny Jerzy, Goły Marcin, Wróbel Rafał J.

Tribologia

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2024

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nr 3

57--71

EN

The aim of this study was to attempt the introduction of molybdenum disulfide as an excellent solid lubricant into the nitrided coating before the nitriding process. In the commonly applied methods, nitriding precedes depositing MoS2 powder on a surface. In the method described in the article, this order was reversed and the surface intended for frictional contact was first coated with a layer of MoS2 powder and then subjected to gas nitriding in an ammonia atmosphere. The most important observations indicate that the presence of MoS2 on the surface before nitriding did not hinder the thermochemical treatment, and the applied molybdenum disulfide powder was transferred to the surface layer after nitriding. Some of the MoS2 powder was embedded in the upper regions of the white layer, and the presence of some powder was found on the surface of the nitrided layer. Such a result obtained in the new technological variant is a desirable circumstance that allows for better utilization of the lubricating properties of the new coating.

PL

Celem pracy była próba wprowadzenia dwusiarczku molibdenu jako doskonałego stałego smaru do powłoki azotowanej przed procesem azotowania. Znane metody głównie stosują najpierw azotowanie, a następnie osadzanie proszku MoS2 na takiej powierzchni. Wadą tych metod jest jedynie powierzchniowa obecność MoS2 na powłoce. W opisanej w artykule metodzie kolejność ta została odwrócona i w pierwszej kolejności na powierzchnię przeznaczoną do kontaktu ciernego nałożono warstwę proszku MoS2,którą następnie poddano azotowaniu gazowemu w atmosferze amoniaku. Najważniejsze obserwacje wskazują, że obecność MoS2 na powierzchni przed azotowaniem nie utrudniała procesu obróbki cieplno-chemicznej, a zastosowany proszek dwusiarczku molibdenu po azotowaniu przeniósł się na warstwę wierzchnią. Część proszku MoS2 została osadzona w górnych obszarach białej warstwy i stwierdzono obecność pewnej ilości proszku na powierzchni warstwy azotowanej. Uzyskany wynik w nowym wariancie technologicznym jest pożądaną okolicznością, która pozwala na lepsze wykorzystanie właściwości smarnych nowej powłoki.

3

Review of the possible application of laboratory testing techniques for corrosion protection of steel structures

Kunce Izabela

Ochrona przed Korozją

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2024

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nr 8

220--226

EN

The article includes examples of problems with the corrosion protection of steel structures after a few or several years of operation and presents selected laboratory testing techniques used during technical assessments. The research techniques used included infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). These enabled the following questions to be answered: whether the paint was applied according to the required technology, whether a conversion coating was applied before the powder coating, why a correctly applied zinc coating did not provide sufficient corrosion protection for the fasteners of the steel structure. The paper also details other applications of the presented research methods, not only in the field of performing technical expert reviews, but also in testing systems used in the corrosion protection of steel structures.

PL

W artykule opisano przykłady problemów z zabezpieczaniem antykorozyjnym konstrukcji stalowych po kilku lub kilkunastu latach eksploatacji obiektów oraz przedstawiono wybrane laboratoryjne techniki badawcze wykorzystywane podczas wykonywania ekspertyz technicznych. Zastosowano następujące metodyki badawcze: spektroskopię w podczerwieni (FTIR), skaningową mikroskopię elektronową (SEM) oraz spektroskopię promieniowania rentgenowskiego z dyspersją energii (EDS). Pozwoliło to uzyskać informacje, czy zastosowano farbę zgodną z wymaganą technologią, czy naniesiono powłokę konwersyjną przed malowaniem proszkowym, a także dlaczego poprawnie wykonana powłoka cynkowa nie była wystarczającym zabezpieczeniem antykorozyjnym elementów złącznych konstrukcji stalowej. W pracy wyszczególniono również inne możliwości zastosowania przedstawionych metodyk badawczych, nie tylko w zakresie wykonywania ekspertyz technicznych, lecz także w obszarze badań systemów stosowanych w ochronie antykorozyjnej konstrukcji stalowych.

4

Structural and Mechanical Properties of Hot Rolled CuAlBe Non-Spark Alloy Explosion

Chelariu Romeo Gabriel, Cimpoeșu Nicanor, Paraschiv Petronela, Prisecariu Bogdan Anton, Rusu Ioan, Știrbu Ioan, Sandu Ioan Gabriel, Benchea Marcelin, Bejinariu Costica

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2024

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Vol. 69, iss. 1

263--268

EN

Explosion protection is of particular importance for safety as explosions also endanger the health of workers due to the uncontrolled effects of flames and pressure, the presence of harmful reaction products and the consumption of oxygen in the ambient air breathed by workers. CuAlBe alloy is proposed as a solution for mechanical actuators such as gears that work in environments with possible explosive atmosphere. Made of CuBe master alloy and pure aluminum in a induction furnace the material present large grains in melted state. After the hot rolling (heated 600s at 900°C) of the ingots small variation of chemical composition was observed based on the oxidation of the material, appearance of small cracks on the edges and a preferential orientation of the grains along the lamination direction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the microstructural states of CuAlBe as laminated and heat treated states.

5

Quality Assessment Method for Chromite Sand to Reduce the Number of Cast Steel Surface Defects

Wróbel Tomasz, Jezierski J., Bartocha D., Feliks E., Paleń A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 24, iss. 4

31--38

EN

This paper discusses the ability to apply the test method using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) together with EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) analysis to assess the quality of fresh chromite sand delivered by various suppliers to Huta Małapanew Sp. z o.o. The research was initiated due to the non-cyclical occurrence of surface casting defects, i.e. pitted skin and burn-on of chromite moulding sand for cast steel casting. The scope of studies comprised the quality assessment of sixteen chromite sand batches delivered for six months by two suppliers. The analysis of the results obtained was used to describe components of the tested chromite sand batches and develop criteria for their quality assessment, considering the chemical composition of chromite grains and the amount of impurities in the form of silica sand and the binder particles. Moreover, clear suggestions were developed concerning the ability to use the given chromite sand batch as the base of moulding sand made in Alphaset technology in Huta Małapanew Sp. z o.o.

6

Morphology and microstructure of Yb2O3 layer formed over aluminide coating produced by pack cementation of Haynes® 263 alloy

Morgiel Jerzy, Dudziak Tomasz, Rząd Ewa, Morgiel Krzysztof, Kateusz Filip

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 24, no. 2

art. no. e59, 2024

EN

Intermetallic coatings from the Ni-Al system modified with rare earth elements (REE) additions are developed to protect the Ni-based superalloys against the increasingly demanding operating conditions, like those at ultra-supercritical (A-USC) power plants. The pack cementation process is generally limited to treatment of smaller parts, but simultaneously it allows to produce thick, well adhering and easily alloyed coatings. In this experiment, the Haynes® 263 alloy was subjected to pack cementation (PC) aluminizing process. The powder bed used in this experiment was prepared in two stages, i.e., first, the Al (8 wt.%), AlCl3 (4 wt.%), and Al2O3 (88 wt.%) powders were thoroughly mixed and only then, the Yb (1.5 wt.% of the all former) was added. The coating obtained through this process was investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM) methods. It helped to prove that the diffusive layer consisted mostly of Al14Cr3Ni2 ζ-phase, with significant amount of Al13(Co, Cr)4 and (Ni, Co, Cr)3Al4 larger precipitates as well as numerous smaller ones, composed of (Al, Ni, Co, Cr, Ti) or (Al, Ni, Co, Cr, Mo). The additive layer consisting of Al3Ni2 phase with up to 6 at. % Co and 2 at. % Cr was covered by a discontinuous layer of α-Al2O3 occasionally decorated with particles of the same phase. Only the very surface was found to be occupied by an amorphous Yb2O3 oxide, which formed a thin (~ 5 nm), but simultaneously a continuous layer. The latter finding is the first experimental documentation of the location of REE in the coating obtained through PC process using a powder bed modified with elements from that group.

7

Evolution of zinc coatings during drawing process of steel wires

Suliga Maciej, Wartacz Radosław, Hawryluk Marek

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, no. 2

art. no. e120, 2023

EN

The paper shows a significant influence of the multi-stage wire drawing technology on deformability and phase transformations in the zinc coating. SEM tests proved that the coating after hot-dip galvanizing consists of a number of thin layers, ranging from 1 to 5 μm, and differing in thickness, chemical composition and properties. When pulled through the drawing die the zinc coating heats up (as a result of friction between the material and the tool) and its dynamic plastic deformation. It resulted in the fracture and partial crushing of the hard-intermetallic phases. It has been proven that as the wire passes through successive drawing dies, the coating is thinned and diffusion as well as phase remodelling of individual structural components occurs; in the place of phase ζ, the intermetallic phase δ1 develops, increasing its share in the diffusion layer. The crystals of intermetallic phases located on the border of the diffusion and outer layers break up and remain dispersed in the zinc. An analysis of the microhardness of the coating has proven that the level of the increase in the microhardness of the zinc coating is contingent on percentage of iron in particular layers of coating.

8

Determination of twist drill bits wear: the effect of the composition and structure of the steels

Prałat Karol, Krupińska Andżelika, Ochowiak Marek, Włodarczak Sylwia, Matuszak Magdalena, Ciemnicka Justyna, Koper Artur, Wójcicka Karolina

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2022

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Vol. 24, nr 3

8--13

EN

The aim of the study was to relate the infl uence of the chemical composition, structure, and basic properties as hardness of the tested drill bits on resistance to their wear. The chemical composition of the drill bit was investigated using the electric excitation emission spectrometry method and EDS microanalysis. Metallographic specimens were prepared and observed to determine the structure of each tool. Hardness tests were carried out on the shank and the working part of the tools. Material wear tests were carried out on the basis of measuring the wear of the drill bit flank. It has been shown that the appropriate selection of the chemical composition and heat treatment has a signifi cant impact on the wear resistance of cutting tools, which directly translates into their quality.

9

Studies on Flexural Properties and Construction of Failure Mode Map for Copper Sandwich Panels

Vino A, Kalaichelvan K., Sajith S., Kumaresan G.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2022

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Vol. 67, iss. 4

1371--1380

EN

This paper is focused on investigating the mechanisms associated with different failure modes of copper (C101) sandwich panels with honeycomb cores of different heights subjected to flexural loading. Honeycomb core is made up of copper strips which were formed to required shapes using Dies fabricated by Electric Discharge Wire cut machining technique. All the joints in the sandwich panel were established through Brazing technique. Three-point bending test was conducted as per ASTM standard C-393. It was observed that increase in height of the core resulted in panels with higher strength to weight ratio. It also exhibited higher stiffness to weight ratio and very high strain energy absorption ability. An increase in flexural strength was reported with a maximum of 43% improvement for 10.9 mm core compared to 6.9 mm core. Further, 81.75% increase in absorbed strain energy was reported for 10.9 mm thick panel compared to 6.9 mm. The Optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis confirmed the establishment of good bonding between the filler and the substrate. Energy-dispersive Spectroscopic (EDS) analysis revealed the presence of Cu, Al, Zn, SiO2 and CaCO3 in the substrate. Further it also revealed the presence of Cu, CaCO3 and GaP in the filler material. The failure mode map was constructed which can be used for predicting different types of failures more likely to occur for specific parameters of copper sandwich panel. The dominant failures occurred during testing was in good agreement with the prediction done through failure mode map. The appreciable results in the proposed research may be supportive in construction of cooling system. The structure development and process control are convenient in mass production in automobile industries.

10

Obtaining and Analyzing the Al2O3-ZrO2 Ceramic Layers on Metallic Substrate

Lutcanu Marian, Coteață Margareta, Bernevig Mihai Adrian, Nechifor Cristina-Delia, Cazacu Marius Mihai, Paraschiv Petronela, Istrate Bogdan, Bădărău Gheorghe, Sandu Ioan Gabriel, Cimpoeșu Nicanor

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2022

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Vol. 67, iss. 2

479--485

EN

In this case ceramic layers from Metco ZrO2 and Al2O3 powders mixture (25/75; 50/50 and 75/25) were obtained through atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) after five passes on low carbon steel substrate. The sample surfaces mechanically grinded (160-2400) before and after ceramic layer deposition. Powder’s mixtures and the surface of ceramic thin layers were analyzed through: scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In order to understand the effect of surface wettability of the ceramic layers, before and after grinding the surface, three different liquids were used. Experimental results confirm the modification of the steel substrate surface characteristic from hydrophilic to hydrophobic when the ceramic layer was deposited. Surface free energy of hydration increases for all the samples with zirconia percentage addition before polishing process.

11

Obtaining and Analysis of a New Aluminium Bronze Material Using Induction Furnace

Chelariu Romeo Gabriel, Cimpoeșu Nicanor, Birnoveanu Teodora Irina, Istrate Bogdan, Baciu Constantin, Bejinariu Costica

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2022

|

Vol. 67, iss. 4

1251--1257

EN

Copper-based alloys with the addition of Al present excellent properties and can be considered a proper choice for applications as contact materials based on their good strength and fret resistance. Cu-Al alloys are used in different systems parts as bearings, gears and worm gears. The intention is to replace steel materials with new copper-based materials for parts that work in a possible explosive environment to reduce the possibility of spark appearance. Copper-berilyum alloys are known as non-sparking alloys and are used in different tools obtaining for environments with possible explosive gaseous. Results from the obtaining and analysis of a new alloy based on CuAlBe are given. The material was melted in a vacuum induction furnace from CuBe master alloy and high purity aluminium and cast into a metallic die. The alloys obtained were analyzed using EDS - energy dispersive spectroscopy for chemical composition, OM-optical and SEM-electronic microscopy for the microstructure, and the electro-corrosion resistance was tested using linear Tafel diagram and cyclic potentiometry.

12

Skaningowa analiza grubości i ciągłości warstw tynków elewacyjnych w zewnętrznym zespolonym systemie ocieplania ścian ETICS

Jasiczak Józef, Gaczek Mariusz, Kanoniczak Marcin

Materiały Budowlane

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2021

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nr 9

20--23

PL

Popularne systemy ocieplania ścian zewnętrznych składają się z dwóch podstawowych warstw: termoizolacyjnej i wierzchniej – dekoracyjno-ochronnej, nakładanej na materiał do izolacji cieplnej. Termoizolację łączy się z ocieplaną ścianą najczęściej przez: przyklejenie przy użyciu zaprawy klejącej, masy klejącej albo kleju poliuretanoweg oraz zamocowanie przy użyciu łączników mechanicznych. Warstwą mającą kontakt z otoczeniem zewnętrznym jest tynk cienkowarstwowy, którego grubość przyjmuje się z przedziału od 1 do 5 mm w zależności od oferowanego na rynku systemu. Technologia wykonywania ocieplenia nie jest skomplikowana, jednak z praktyki budowlanej wynika, że w trakcie eksploatacji ujawniają się różne wady tynków, a przyczyna ich wystąpienia często nie jest jednoznaczna. Autorzy artykułu, po wykonaniu wielu ekspertyz warstw elewacyjnych budynków, chcieliby zwrócić uwagę na strukturę wewnętrzną tynku cienkowarstwowego i jego nieciągłości, by szukać w nich przyczyn występujących wad.

EN

Popular external wall insulation systems consist of two basic layers: thermal insulation and rendering system, connected to the insulated wall by means of adhesive layer and mechanical fasteners. The contact layer with the surroundings is a finishing coat, the thickness of which ranges from 1 to 5 mm, depending on the system offered on the market. The technology of wall insulation is not complicated, but construction practice shows, that many finishing coat defects are revealed during the exploitation, and the reason for their occurrence is not clear. The authors of the article, after making many expert opinions of the rendering systems of buildings, would like to draw attention to the internal structure of the thin-layer plaster and its discontinuities, in order to look for the causes of the defects in them.

13

Microstructure of 309 and 310 Austenitic Stainless Steel CMT Overlays on the 16Mo3 Pressure Vessel Steel

Rozmus-Górnikowska Magdalena, Dymek Stanisław, Blicharski M., Cieniek Łukasz, Kusiński Jan

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2021

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Vol. 66, iss. 2

645--649

EN

The aim of this work was to characterize the changes in microstructure and chemical composition of the austenitic overlays on a pressure vessel steel that occur in the vicinity of the interface between the overlay and the base material. The investigations were carried out on a 16Mo3 boiler pipes weld overlaid by 309 and 310 steels. The microstructural examinations were performed on longitudinal cross-sectioned samples. The qualitative and quantitative chemical composition analyses on metallographic samples were determined on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) by means of Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS). The article analyzes the influence of the solidification sequence in both types of steel on final microstructure.

14

Combinatorial Testing of Context Aware Android Applications

Piparia Shraddha, Adamo David, Bryce Renee, Do Hyunsook, Bryant Barrett

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2021

|

Vol. 25

17--26

EN

Mobile devices such as smart phones and smart watches utilize apps that run in context aware environments and must respond to context changes such as changes in network connectivity, battery level, screen orientation, and more. The large number of GUI events and context events often complicate the testing process. This work expands the AutoDroid tool to automatically generate tests that are guided by PairwiseInterleaved coverage of GUI event and context event sequences. We systematically weave context and GUI events into testing using the pairwise interleaved algorithm. The results show that the pairwise interleaved algorithm achieves up to five times higher code coverage compared to a technique that generates test suites in a single predefined context (without interleaving context and GUI events), a technique that changes the context at the beginning of each test case (without interleaving context and GUI events), and Monkey-Context-GUI (which randomly chooses context and GUI events). Future work will expand this strategy to include more context variables and test emerging technologies such as IoT and autonomous vehicles.

15

The Assessment of the Layered Structure of Prosthetic Crowns in Microscopic Examinations

Ryniewicz Andrzej, Ryniewicz Anna M., Bojko Łukasz, Pałka Paweł, Ryniewicz Wojciech

Tribologia

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2020

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nr 4

59--70

EN

Prosthetic crowns are made in accordance with the principles of clinical procedures while taking into account the rules of endurance, biocompatibility, and aesthetics. Depending on the biomaterial and manufacturing technology, crown frameworks are veneered with an appropriate set of ceramics with selected thermal expansion. The veneering layers responsible for tribological cooperation in occlusal contact should properly adhere to the framework. The aim of the research is to conduct the microscopic and EDS chemical analysis to evaluate the process of shaping veneering layers on frameworks produced using new digital technologies, i.e. the technology of milling and laser sintering. The research material consists of specimens produced in perpendicular cross-sections through the layered structures of metal-ceramic, ceramic-veneered glassceramic, and zirconium crowns. The microscopic examinations were carried out using the specimens and included the elemental EDS analysis performed on the surfaces and in certain points. The structures of metal and ceramic frameworks, ceramic veneering layers, and adhesive zones were determined.

PL

Korony protetyczne wykonywane są zgodnie z procedurami klinicznymi oraz ze wskazaniami wytrzymałości, biozgodności i estetyki. Podbudowy koron, w zależności od zastosowanego biomateriału i technologii wytworzenia, poddawane są licowaniu odpowiednim zestawem ceramik o dobranej ekspansji termicznej. Warstwy licujące, odpowiedzialne za współpracę tribologiczną w kontakcie okluzyjnym, powinny charakteryzować się właściwą adhezją do podbudowy. Celem przeprowadzonych badań jest analiza mikroskopowa i chemiczna EDS pozwalająca ocenić proces kształtowania warstw licujących na podbudowach wytworzonych w nowych technologiach cyfrowych: w technologii frezowania oraz w technologii spiekania laserowego. Materiałem badań są zgłady wykonane w przekrojach prostopadłych przez warstwowe struktury koron: metalowo-ceramicznych, szklano-ceramicznych licowanych ceramiką i cyrkonowych licowanych ceramiką. Na zgładach przeprowadzono badania mikroskopowe z analizą pierwiastkową EDS na powierzchniach oraz w punktach. Identyfikowano struktury metalowych i ceramicznych podbudów oraz strukturę ceramicznych warstw licujących wraz ze strefami adhezyjnymi.

16

The Microstructure and Phase Composition of Mortars from the 17th Century Sacred Buildings

Owsiak Zdzisława, Sobczyński Paweł

Structure and Environment

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2020

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Vol. 12, no. 4

153--158

EN

This work aims to characterize the microstructure of mortars derived from the walls of sacred buildings from the 17th century. The tests were carried out using the X-ray diffraction method, differential thermal analysis and scanning microscopy combined with the analysis of the elemental composition in the micro area. The results of this study show that the materials bonding the elements of the wall in historic buildings are porous sand-lime mortars with an increased binder-to-aggregate ratio, also containing limestone crumbs, flints and feldspars, and fragments of bricks larger than sand particles. The binder is fully carbonated calcium hydroxide, with no pozzolanic additives. The results of the microstructure and phase composition tests of mortars used for bonding wall elements in buildings constructed at the end of the 16th and early 17th centuries can be used to select the composition of mortars used in the renovation and repair of historic buildings.

PL

Celem pracy jest charakterystyka mikrostruktury zapraw pobranych z muru sakralnych budowli XVII-wiecznych. Badania wykonano metodą dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej, termicznej analizy różnicowej oraz mikroskopii skaningowej połączonej z analizą składu pierwiastkowego w mikroobszarze. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wykazały, że zaprawy łączące elementy muru w budowlach historycznych są porowatymi zaprawami wapienno-piaskowymi, o zwiększonym stosunku spoiwa do kruszywa, zawierają także w swoim składzie okruchy skał wapiennych, krzemieni i skaleni oraz fragmenty cegieł o większych rozmiarach niż ziarna piasku. Spoiwo stanowi w pełni skarbonatyzowany wodorotlenek wapnia, niezawierający dodatków pucolanowych. Wyniki badań mikrostruktury i składu fazowego zapraw stosowanych do spajania elementów muru w budowlach wznoszonych w końcu XVI i na początku XVII wieku mogą posłużyć do doboru składu zapraw stosowanych przy renowacji i naprawach budowli historycznych.

17

Selected Properties of High Entropy Alloys Based on the AlFeMnNbNiTi System

Chrzan Konrad, Cichocki Kamil, Adamczyk Piotr, Muszka Krzysztof

Journal of Applied Materials Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 60, iss. 2-3

71--80

EN

The aim of this work was to study the impact of various fabrication methods used to prepare high entropy alloys based on the AlFeMnNbNiTi system. Chemical composition was customized to ensure a solid solution structure with precipitation of the Laves phase. The three manufactured alloys were prepared by melting, but with the use of various input materials and different furnaces in protective atmospheres. After the melting process, heat treatment was carried out. Structures of obtained materials were analyzed by means of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) mapping. Mechanical properties were represented by Vickers hardness. In this paper, impact of the use of low purity input materials is shown, as well as differences in structure resulting from the utilization of different melting furnaces.

18

Synthesis and characterization of high-efficiency low-cost solar cell thin film

Immanuel W. Christopher, Deborrah S. Paul Mary, Inbanathan S. S. R., Sree D. Nithyaa

Materials Science Poland

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2019

|

Vol. 37, No. 1

127--135

EN

Polycrystalline chalcogenide semiconductors play a vital role in solar cell applications due to their outstanding electrical and optical properties. Among the chalcogenide semi-conductors, CdZnS is one kind of such important material for applications in various modern solid state devices such as solar cells, light emitting diode, detector etc. Due to their applications in numerous electro-optic devices, group II-VI semiconductors have been studied extensively. In recent years, major attention has been given to the study of electrical and optical properties of CdZnS thin films. In this work, Cd1−xZnxS thin films were prepared by chemical bath deposition technique. Phase purity and surface morphology properties were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Chemical composition was studied using energy dispersive spectrophotometry (EDS). Optical band gap property was investigated using UV-Spectroscopy. Electrical conductivity studies were performed by two probe method and thermoelectric power setup (TEP) to determine the type of the material. This work reports the effect of Zn on structural, electrical, microstructural and optical properties of these films.

19

The use of spectral methods to identify the microstructure and chemical structure of biocarbons used in the processes of the exploitation of technological liquids

Molenda Jarosław, Kaźmierczak Bernadetta

Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance - Problemy Eksploatacji

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2019

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no. 4

55--62

EN

In the dynamic development work in the use of plant waste to produce biocarbons, the assumed sorption capacity resulting from the chemical structure of the surface determines the need to adapt the advanced spectral methods to test the quality of newly-manufactured materials. In this paper, the usefulness of X-ray energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy techniques to determine the chemical composition and identification of functional groups and the ordering of the biocarbon crystal structure were determined. In particular, examples of the interpretation of obtained spectra are presented. The EDS technique allows the determination of changes in the chemical composition occurring during pyrolysis under certain thermal conditions. Thanks to infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), information was obtained about functional groups present on the surface of biocarbon, as well as directions of structural changes occurring in cellulose waste due to pyrolysis, which are dependent on temperature conditions. The Raman spectroscopy allowed the assessment of the degree of ordering of biocarbon structures based on the identification of the intensity of spectral signals corresponding to the D band, characteristic for the amorphousity of carbon structures and the G band, indicating the ordering of carbon structures. These techniques are a package of complementary analytical methods that allow for a comprehensive study of the chemical structure of biochar, which is a product of the pyrolysis of waste of plant origin, which is used, among others, in processes of the exploitation of technological fluids, particularly for purifying industrial waters.

PL

Dynamiczny rozwój prac w zakresie wykorzystania odpadów roślinnych do produkcji biowęgli o założonych zdolnościach sorpcyjnych, wynikających m.in. ze struktury chemicznej powierzchni, determinuje konieczność adaptacji zaawansowanych metod spektralnych do badania jakości nowo wytwarzanych materiałów. W niniejszej pracy określono przydatność techniki spektroskopii rentgenowskiej z dyspersją energii (EDS), spektrofotometrii w podczerwieni (FTIR) i spektroskopii Ramana do określenia składu chemicznego oraz identyfikacji grup funkcyjnych oraz uporządkowania struktury krystalicznej biowęgli. W szczególności przedstawiono przykładowe sposoby interpretacji uzyskiwanych widm. Technika EDS pozwala na określenie zmian w składzie chemicznym zachodzących podczas pirolizy w określonych warunkach termicznych. Dzięki spektrofotometrii w podczerwieni (FTIR) uzyskano informacje o grupach funkcyjnych obecnych na powierzchni biowęgli, a także o kierunkach przemian strukturalnych zachodzących w odpadach celulozowych na skutek pirolizy, które są zależne od warunków temperaturowych. Natomiast spektroskopia Ramana pozwoliła na ocenę stopnia uporządkowania struktur biowęglowych na podstawie identyfikacji intensywności sygnałów spektralnych odpowiadających pasmu D, charakterystycznemu dla amorficzności struktur węglowych i pasmu G, świadczącym o uporządkowaniu struktur węglowych. Wymienione techniki stanowią pakiet uzupełniających się metod analitycznych, pozwalających na kompleksowe zbadanie struktury chemicznej biowęgli, stanowiących produkt pirolizy odpadów pochodzenia roślinnego, znajdujący zastosowanie m.in. w procesach eksploatacji cieczy technologicznych, w szczególności do oczyszczania wód przemysłowych.

20

Covering glass microspheres with Al2O3 or Aln by low-temperature atomic layer deposition

Stankiewicz R., Piątkowska A.

Materiały Elektroniczne

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2018

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T.46, nr 1-4

8--15

EN

Thin layers of Al2O3 and AlN were deposited on the surface of borosilicate glass microspheres in an ALD reactor at 50 and 150°C, respectively. They were imaged by SEM microscopy. X-ray EDS spectroscopy was used to assess chemical composition but it was also the basis for a thickness determination method. Al2O3 layers between 20 and 100 nm were obtained, with a constant growth rate of 1.2 Å per deposition cycle. AlN formed continuous but always very thin films on the spheres, generally 5 to 10 nm, even if it was growing much thicker on control glass slides, at 0.8 Å per cycle.

PL

W reaktorze ALD osadzano cienkie warstwy Al2O3 i AlN na mikrosferach ze szkła borokrzemowego w temperaturach odpowiednio 50 i 150°c. obrazowano je przy pomocy skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego. spektroskopia rentgenowska EDs była wykorzystywana do badania składu chemicznego, ale stanowiła także podstawę dla metody wyznaczania grubości warstw. otrzymano warstwy Al2O3 o grubościach od 20 do 100 nm przy stałej szybkości wzrostu 1,2 Å/cykl. AlN tworzył natomiast ciągłe, lecz zawsze bardzo cienkie warstwy (zwykle 5 do 10 nm), mimo że na kontrolnych płytkach szklanych uzyskiwano znacznie większe grubości, a szybkość wzrostu wynosiła 0,8 Å/cykl.