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1

Work-life balance and its impact on Generation Z’s motivation to pursue employment – part II

Barcik Agnieszka, Dziwiński Piotr

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 222

23--35

EN

Purpose: Determining and discussing various aspects for employment motivation among younger generation. Design/methodology/approach: The research method used in the paper is mainly a standardized survey conducted on the basis of a questionnaire containing closed and open questions carried out among representatives of the examined generation. The research process was also accompanied by analysis of source documentation. Findings: Research results verify research hypotheses formulated on basis of the paper’s objectives, enabling general conclusions. Research implications: Future research directions should focus on further, expanded research exploration in the area, taking into account a larger number of respondents. Practical implications: The results of the research discussed in the paper have a number of practical implications mainly for the management staff and employers in terms of human resources management and employment policy. Social implications: Building awareness of generational change in the process of managing employment policy. Originality/value: The paper has cognitive value for the development of knowledge, science and quality in terms of employment policy.

2

Work-life balance and its impact on Generation Z’s motivation to pursue employment – part I

Barcik Agnieszka, Dziwiński Piotr

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 222

9--22

EN

Purpose: Determining and discussing various aspects for employment motivation among younger generation. Design/methodology/approach: The research method used in the paper is mainly a standardized survey conducted on the basis of a questionnaire containing closed and open questions carried out among representatives of the examined generation. The research process was also accompanied by analysis of source documentation. Findings: Research results verify research hypotheses formulated on basis of the paper’s objectives, enabling general conclusions. Research implications: Future research directions should focus on further, expanded research exploration in the area, taking into account a larger number of respondents. Practical implications: The results of the research discussed in the paper have a number of practical implications mainly for the management staff and employers in terms of human resources management and employment policy. Social implications: Building awareness of generational change in the process of managing employment policy. Originality/value: The paper has cognitive value for the development of knowledge, science and quality in terms of employment policy.

3

Wage levels and wage dynamics in occupational groups related to national smart specialisations

Małecki Karol

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 227

47--60

EN

Purpose: The aim of the article is to assess the level and dynamics of wages in occupational groups related to the areas of national smart specialisations, in comparison to occupational groups not associated with these areas. Design/methodology/approach: A review of scientific literature and official documents concerning smart specialisations was conducted. Occupational groups related to national smart specialisation (NSS) areas were identified, along with factors potentially influencing the level and dynamics of wages in the NSS sector. Subsequently, a statistical analysis was carried out based on data provided by Statistics Poland. Findings: The results indicate that the average wages in occupational groups related to the areas of NSS were statistically significantly higher than in other occupational groups during the analysed period (p-value = 0.01). This suggests that occupational groups associated with the areas of NSS, as identified in the 2020-2030 strategy, are characterised by a higher average gross wage level. Research limitations: The limitations of the study include the frequency and manner in which data are aggregated and published by Statistics Poland, the restriction of the research sample to a single country, and the absence of appropriate methods allowing for the unequivocal assignment of occupational groups to sectors identified as innovative. Practical implications: Employees should develop competencies aligned with smart specialisations, as NSS-related occupations offer higher earning potential. Employers in NSS industries should maintain competitive wages. The government-initiated policy of supporting smart specialisations should be continued. Originality/value: The study presents an original methodology aggregating occupations both related and unrelated to NSS sectors. It examines he relatively underexplored relationship between wage levels and dynamics in these groups. This analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the economic effects of NSS development and provides insights that may inform future governmental policies and strategic initiatives in this domain.

4

Socio-economic importance of bioenergy production in EU member states

Krukowski Artur, Nowak Anna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 226

575--586

EN

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the socio-economic importance of bioenergy production for the economy of the European Union and its individual members in relation to its competitiveness and situation on the labour market. Design/methodology/approach: This study analyzes the socioeconomic importance of bioenergy production in EU countries in the context of the turnover generated, volume of employment, and labour productivity in the various sections that produce energy from biomass (bioelectricity, bioethanol and biodiesel). This study uses figures extracted from the EU Bioeconomy Monitoring System (Data-Modeling platform, 2025) for 27 EU countries. Findings: The study showed that bioenergy production in the European Union member countries has a significant importance for its labour market, because the scale of employment in the three analyzed bioenergy sectors doubled between 2010 and 2021 to nearly 50 million employees. During this period revenue from bioenergy production increased more than threefold. In terms of labour productivity, which determines the competitiveness of bioenergy production, the situation in the three examined sectors varies greatly across European Union member states. Practical implications: The findings presented in this article, illustrating the efficiency of individual types of bioenergy production, may provide guidance for private investors regarding capital allocation in the renewable energy sector and for public authorities to support the development of renewable energy sources in EU countries. Social implications: The research results presented in this article can be used in promotional and educational activities to achieve a greater degree of acceptance of the EU climate and energy strategies through the large-scale use of renewable energy by the inhabitants of the European Union, and thus improve the condition of the natural environment and their quality of life. Originality/value: This study fills the research gap by assessing the importance of bioenergy production for the labour market in the European Union.

5

Shared mobility as an alternative to private transport in cities

Koźlak Aleksandra

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 226

563--574

EN

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the socio-economic importance of bioenergy production for the economy of the European Union and its individual members in relation to its competitiveness and situation on the labour market. Design/methodology/approach: This study analyzes the socioeconomic importance of bioenergy production in EU countries in the context of the turnover generated, volume of employment, and labour productivity in the various sections that produce energy from biomass (bioelectricity, bioethanol and biodiesel). This study uses figures extracted from the EU Bioeconomy Monitoring System (Data-Modeling platform, 2025) for 27 EU countries. Findings: The study showed that bioenergy production in the European Union member countries has a significant importance for its labour market, because the scale of employment in the three analyzed bioenergy sectors doubled between 2010 and 2021 to nearly 50 million employees. During this period revenue from bioenergy production increased more than threefold. In terms of labour productivity, which determines the competitiveness of bioenergy production, the situation in the three examined sectors varies greatly across European Union member states. Practical implications: The findings presented in this article, illustrating the efficiency of individual types of bioenergy production, may provide guidance for private investors regarding capital allocation in the renewable energy sector and for public authorities to support the development of renewable energy sources in EU countries. Social implications: The research results presented in this article can be used in promotional and educational activities to achieve a greater degree of acceptance of the EU climate and energy strategies through the large-scale use of renewable energy by the inhabitants of the European Union, and thus improve the condition of the natural environment and their quality of life. Originality/value: This study fills the research gap by assessing the importance of bioenergy production for the labour market in the European Union.

6

Perception of the role of higher education in shaping the living standards and career opportunities

Dziadkiewicz Michał, Banasik Paulina

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 229

91--101

EN

Purpose: The aim of this article is to analyse social beliefs about the role of education in shaping the standard of living, professional opportunities and access to the labour market. Particular attention is paid to assessing the relationship between the level of education and the possibilities of achieving higher earnings and career development. Design/methodology/approach: The first part of the study reviewed the literature on the role of education in the labour market. The next part of the study analysed the results of a survey conducted at the end of 2024. The questionnaire included questions about the perception of the impact of education on the quality of life, professional situation and access to the labour market, as well as gender equality in access to higher and specialised education. Data were collected based on six substantive questions assessed on a five-point Likert scale. Findings: Analysis of the research results showed that the vast majority of respondents see a clear link between the level of education and the quality of life and professional opportunities. The article also addresses issues related to the perception of exclusion from the job market in the context of one’s lack of education, as well as equal access to education between women and men in various fields of science and professions. Practical implications: The results of the study may constitute a starting point for designing activities in the field of educational policy and the job market aimed at increasing access to education and strengthening the role of education in counteracting professional exclusion. Social implications: The data obtained indicate that society largely perceives education as a key factor in determining professional and material success. There is also a growing acceptance of equal access to education regardless of gender. However, the results also suggest the need for further work on social awareness regarding equal opportunities and counteracting persistent stereotypes in terms of the value attributed to education and its impact on professional career. Originality/value: The article contributes to the debate on the social perception of education as a factor differentiating life and career opportunities. The analysis shows a clear societal belief in the benefits of education, while also pointing out areas where further action is needed to support equality and inclusiveness in the access to education and the labour market.

7

Comparison of the demand for green competences in various industries

Tyrańska Małgorzata, Wiśniewska Sylwia, Szydło Robert

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 227

489--500

EN

Purpose: Green competences are a more and more popular topic in academia. Researchers are trying to describe them in detail and connect them with the economical results of mostly business organizations. The EU approach also strengthens the concept by introducing the rules of non-financial reporting (ESG) obligation for SME from 2026. Design/methodology/approach: The goal of this study is to determine whether green competencies are a part of labour market demand and what are the differences between four selected industries: medical, creative, business and IT. The web-scraping allowed for quantitative analyses of the competence demand. Findings: Only in 1% of the job offers there is direct information on green competences. It is then justified to analyse the labour market based on pre-green competences such as communication, teamwork, openness, and creativity, thus those are the ones both strongly connected with the green competence theories and already widely introduced to the labour market. Research limitations/implications: The research is due to some limitations. First of all, it allowed for comparison only 4 industries. The industries were chosen based on their attractiveness in national intelligent specializations, but do not show the whole picture of a labour market. All the data was scrapped from the pracuj.pl portal, which is mostly the source of job offers for specialist and middle management form business related industries. The last limitation worth mentioning is that the research is based on a quantitative approach. Originality/value: The surprising results of the lack of green competences in labour demand draws the gap between research and theoretical approach and the business demand.

8

Where is Generation Z headed? What do they want, what do they get, and how are Generation Z employees coping in times of crises in the Polish labour market?

Kowalczyk-Kroenke Anna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 202

253--267

EN

Purpose: This article attempts to answer questions about what employees of the younger generations, especially Generation Z, are looking for in today's labour market, what they get from their employers, what challenges they face, and what expectations the today’s reality has generated among representatives of this generation. The presented article presents selected results of research conducted among representatives of Generation Z in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: The empirical research was conducted by means of a diagnostic survey using a questionnaire technique (27 questions). Statistical analyses were performed including - descriptive statistical analysis, attendance analysis, x2 association test, and Fisher's exact test. Findings: The results presented in this article indicate problems related to psychophysical aspects affecting the functioning of Generation Z employees - depression, anxiety, poor well-being. The conducted research also indicates problems related to the sense of meaning at work, determining the preferred career path of Generation Z, as well as the importance of trust and relationships in the professional dimension. Research limitations/implications: Limited research sample. Originality/value: The article is addressed to scientists and business practitioners who research or employ representatives of Generation Z. The collected data show problematic areas of functioning: lack of sense of purpose, psychological problems, problems with defining professional goals.

9

Transition of university of Silesia graduates into the labour market in the period before and after the Covid-19 pandemic

Muster Rafał

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 201

235--248

EN

Purpose: The aim of this article is to show the situation of graduates of the University of Silesia in Katowice in the transition from the education system to the labour market in the period before and after the Covid-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: This article presents the results of a survey (quantitative online research) that was conducted one year after graduation among graduates of the University of Silesia. The results of surveys conducted among graduates graduating in the 2016/2017 academic year (N = 845) and in the 2020/2021 academic year (N = 908) were compared. Findings: Empirical studies have shown that graduates who graduated in the pre-pandemic period were better prepared to be function in the labour market than graduates whose period of study fell during the pandemic. Pre-pandemic graduates were more likely to report that they had knowledge of where and how to look for a job and where to work after graduation, and were more likely to work. Research limitations/implications: A key limitation of the study is that not all graduates take part in this type of survey, which makes it difficult to aggregate data to the levels of individual fields of study. It should be recommended to continue the research on the professional fate of graduates of higher education institutions - however, it can be postulated that the research methodology should be extended to include qualitative research, e.g. focus group interviews with graduates. It can also be postulated to carry out research among employers who employ graduates. Social implications: Improving the methodology of researching the professional fate of graduates will have an impact on better adjustment of the fields of study to the needs of the labour market. Originality/value: The article shows how the unprecedented situation of the pandemic negatively affects the preparation of young people to get into the labour market. It shows the differences between graduates graduating before the Covid-19 pandemic and graduates who studied during the pandemic in terms of the transition from the education system to the labour market. The article is addressed to those interested in labour market issues - in particular the issue of youth transition from the education system to the labour market.

10

The quiet quitting phenomenon from a human capital management perspective

Drela Karolina

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 199

109--118

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to introduce the phenomenon of quiet quitting and to identify the risks of this phenomenon to organisations. Design/methodology/approach: The research methods used in the article include: critical analysis of primary literature and secondary data analysis. Findings: The results of the research presented in the article indicate that understanding quiet quitting allows organisations and managers to achieve sufficient management and improve work culture, helps employees avoid burnout, but can put their careers at risk, however, it is detrimental to organisations. The risk of quiet quitting in the organisations of the time was determined to be very high and the risk factors associated with quiet quitting were presented. It is shown that it can be a predictor of actual employees leaving their place of employment. Research limitations/implications: As the issue under study is broad and multifaceted, the article only discusses the main problems associated with quiet quitting. Originality/value: The issue of quiet quitting presented in the article has not been investigated to date. Exploring selected aspects of 'quiet quitting' may broaden contemporary organisations' understanding of the phenomenon and the problems associated with it.

11

Quiet quitting as a challenge for human capital management – the results of qualitative research

Moczydłowska Joanna M.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 199

441--455

EN

Purpose: The aim of this article is to identify effective measures to prevent silent departures declared by managers. The following research problems were formulated: what are the causes of the phenomenon of silent departures as perceived by managers? What actions do managers believe are most effective in counteracting silent departures in the organisations they manage? Design/methodology/approach: The research problems were addressed using a narrative literature review method and a qualitative research study (FGI) conducted with a sample of 10 managers representing the corporate sector. Findings: The causes of quiet quitting can be psychological, social, economic or managerial. Among the most important psychological causes of quiet quitting are: changes in the individual value system consisting in the lowering of the rank of career as a determinant of success in life, an increase in the intensity of individualistic and narcissistic attitudes, an increase in the intensity of hedonistic needs going hand in hand with a decrease in psychological resilience, a sense of disillusionment with relationships in the work environment. Among the social causes, changes in the social system of values were identified, consisting in an increase in the importance of individualism and a decrease in the ethos of work in favour of individual well- being. Among the economic sources of silent departures, the shortage of employees and the relatively low wages in many organisations and professional groups are mentioned. An important group of causes of the crisis of intrinsic motivation of employees are unprofessional behaviour of managers, especially the deficit of organisational leadership and social competences. Research limitations/implications: Conclusions need to be confirmed by quantitative research on a representative sample of managers. Further research should also take into account the specificities of the public sector. Practical implications: On the basis of the theoretical and cognitive analysis and qualitative research carried out, a number of recommendations of a practical nature can be formulated, the implementation of which is part of the prevention of silent departures. Originality/value: Innovative is the theme of the article. The problem of qq is new and rarely addressed by researchers in Poland.

12

Planning and opportunities for development of students’ professional career in Poland and Italy – a comparative study

Olkowicz Joanna, Jarosik-Michalak Agnieszka

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 191

427--446

EN

Purpose: The aim of the article was identification and analysis of factors influencing students' career planning and development in Poland and Italy. Design/methodology/approach: The first stage of the research involved an analysis of the source literature and a review of the activities undertaken by universities in order to support students in career planning. This was followed by an analysis of reports on the situation of young people on the labour market in Poland and Italy. The final research method was a diagnostic survey with the use of a questionnaire, which was addressed to students of selected universities in both countries. Findings: Polish and Italian students are aware of their needs regarding their future careers, they are able to formulate career goals and to select a strategy needed to achieve them. However, there are noticeable differences in the implementation of their career plans. These discrepancies may be due to the socio-economic situation of students’ countries of origin. Practical implications: The article is a source of information for both students embarking on their professional careers and employers who will be able to meet the expectations of young employees, as well as universities seeking to create competitive activities in order to support professional development of their students and graduates. Originality/value: The article presents an interesting, comprehensive and comparative study of students in two EU countries, taking into account not only labour market data, but also direct opinions of students and an analysis of the career support activities offered by universities.

13

Labour market and living conditions of Lubuskie voivodeship’s residents, current state and future

Jakubowski Edward

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 192

359--370

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the publication is to present changes in the Lubuskie labor market and their impact on the living conditions of the local community. Design/methodology/approach: The paper uses statistical data and source materials. Findings: The article presents the most important issues related to the labor market and analyzes key indicators, GDP dynamics, employment rate, directions of social policy development in order to present the changes taking place in Lubuskie province. Originality/value: The article is aimed at people interested in analyzing the labor market, living conditions of the population, people also interested in regional policy.

14

Employment and labour productivity in the bioeconomy – an overview of the member states of the European Union

Nowak Anna, Jarosz-Angowska Aneta

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 199

457--469

EN

Purpose: This study aimed to assess labour productivity in the bioeconomy and the significance of this sector to the labour market in the member states of the European Union. Design/methodology/approach: The surveys were based on data retrieved from the EU Bioeconomy Monitoring System developed by the European Commission’s Joint Research Center for the years 2010-2020. The official classification of economic activity in Europe (NACE) was used. The analysis took into account the size and structure of employment, the percentage share of bioeconomy workers in the total workforce, and labour productivity. Findings: The study showed that in 2020 bioeconomy employed 16.5 million people in 27 EU member states, but in comparison to the year 2010, the rate of employment decreased by almost 14%. The agricultural and food sector, which from 2010 to 2020 employed 78.5% of bioeconomy workers, plays a predominant role in the market. Member states differ in the number and structure of bioeconomy workers, but also in labour productivity. Labour productivity leaders in the bioeconomy were Ireland, Belgium and Sweden, while the bio-based electricity sector was the most productive one. Agriculture achieved the lowest efficiency in utilising the labour factor, so countries with a high level of employment in agriculture also featured relatively low labour productivity in the bioeconomy. Practical and social implications: New conditions to which the European economy needs to adapt imply a need for the development and social acceptance of the bioeconomy. This also provides a rationale for further research taking into account new socio-economic conditions, including labour market conditions. Originality/value: The study fills the research gap in the assessment of the bioeconomy from the perspective of the labour market.

15

Efficiency of higher education institutions management and the labour market situation of graduates - an assessment of relations based on structural equation modelling (SEM)

Gawrysiak Maciej, Stępień Stanisław, Polcyn Jan

Management

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2024

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Vol. 28, no. 1

190--220

EN

The aim of this publication is to assess the relationship between the effectiveness of university management and the graduate’s position on the labor market. The implementation of the goal serves to verify the following hypothesis: the higher the effectiveness of educational institutions, the better the graduate’s position on the labor market. Additionally, two specific goals were adopted: 1) identification of variables important for shaping the university’s potential and the direction of their influence; 2) identification of variables important for shaping the graduate’s position on the labor market and the direction of their impact. The study used a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach, which perfectly relates observable variables to difficult-to-measure variables. The data concerns Poland and comes from the Scientific Achievement Assessment System and the Graduates’ Economic Career Monitoring System. As a result of the analyses, it was confirmed that there is a positive relationship between the university’s potential and the situation of graduates on the labor market. It was also shown that the factors influencing the improvement of the university’s potential, which should be taken into account in the management process, are the following variables: expenditure on teaching activities and the share of the number of teachers with academic degrees in the total number of teachers. In turn, the improvement of the situation of graduates on the labor market is determined primarily by the extension of the average time of looking for a job.

16

Zapotrzebowanie rynku pracy na wykwalifikowanych pracowników budowlanych. Stanowisko wypracowane w ramach projektu Build UP Skills

Węglarz Arkadiusz, Żurawski Jerzy

Izolacje

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2024

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T. 29, nr 4

32--38

PL

Artykuł porusza kwestię zapotrzebowania rynku pracy na wykwalifikowanych pracowników budowlanych w kontekście realizacji Długoterminowej Strategii Renowacji Budynków. Autorzy przeprowadzają wyliczenia dotyczące potrzebnych specjalistów na polskim rynku budowlanym oraz przedstawiają propozycje umożliwiające pozyskanie niezbędnej liczby pracowników budowlanych do realizacji głębokiej termomodernizacji budynków w Polsce w perspektywie 2030 r.

EN

The article raises the issue of the labour market demand for qualified construction workers in the context of the implementation of the Long-Term Building Renovation Strategy. The authors make calculations regarding the specialists needed on the Polish construction market and present proposals enabling the acquisition of the necessary number of construction workers to implement deep thermal modernization of buildings in Poland in the 2030 perspective.

17

Human capital for the green economy

Kozera-Kowalska Magdalena

Economics and Environment

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2024

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No. 1

art. no. 674

EN

This study aims to assess the market availability of human capital for the needs of the green economy under the conditions of the changing labour market in Poland. It is a theoretical and analytical study based on desk research and critical analysis of available factual information. Based on an analysis of quantitative data describing the age structure and education of Poles from the perspective of three consecutive decades, a growing labour supply deficit was found. It also points to a possible shortage of competencies needed to green the economy. It was emphasised that, in view of the low effectiveness of the state's prevention policy aimed at preventing the growing demographic crisis, it would be necessary to supplement the shortage of workers from external resources, that is, labour migration. However, this may also be difficult because the labour markets in other European countries become increasingly competitive. Recommended solutions to foster labour market sustainability for the green economy may be to delay the exit of employees from the labour market, boost female economic activity, and make the education system more efficient.

PL

Celem artykułu jest ocena rynkowej dostępności kapitału ludzkiego na potrzeb zielonej gospodarki w warunkach zmieniającego się rynku pracy w Polsce. Opracowanie ma charakter teoretyczno-analityczny. Zostało przygotowane z wykorzystaniem metody deskresearch oraz analizy krytycznej dostępnych informacji o charakterze faktualnym. Na podstawie danych ilościowych opisujących strukturę wieku oraz wykształcenie Polaków w perspektywie trzech kolejnych dekad stwierdzono rosnący deficyt podaży pracy. Wskazano także na możliwy niedobór kompetencji niezbędnych dla zazielenienia gospodarki. Pokreślono, że wobec niskiej skuteczności polityki państwa w zakresie zapobiegania narastającemu kryzysowi demograficznemu koniecznym będzie uzupełninie niedoboru pracowników z zasobów zewnętrznych tj. migracją zarobkową. Może to jednak być również utrudnione w związku z rosnącą konkurencyjnością rynków pracy innych państw Europy. Rekomendowanymi rozwiązaniami sprzyjającymi zrównoważeniu rynku pracy dla zielonej gospodarki może być opóźnienie wyjścia pracowników z rynku pracy, zwiększenia aktywności zawodowej kobiet oraz poprawa skuteczności systemu edukacyjnego.

18

Changes introduced by the nis directive 2.0 and their potential effect on shaping the cybersecurity labour market

Porzeżyński Marek, Kulicki Łukasz

Cybersecurity and Law

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2024

|

Vol. 11 (1)

21--38

EN

Ensuring cybersecurity is – next to AI development – one of humanity’s greatest challenges nowadays. This is not a hyperbole – cybersecurity threats are real for public and private sectors, as well as individuals. With the rapid technological advancements and galloping digitisation, malicious entities and individuals are looking to take advantage of the online security gaps created by lack of caution. The European Union tried to counteract this by extensively discussing the issue, giving rise to the NIS directive. After a few years in force, its effects were assessed, and several changes were prepared to improve overall cybersecurity. However, these solutions will not work unless it becomes standard practice to employ cybersecurity specialists in a wide range of environments, extending far beyond those of the biggest organisations. This is what happened in the case of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The original provisions had been expanded to such an extent that they led to the emergence (separation) of an independent consultancy market in the field of information protection, with particular emphasis on personal data from the technical and legal consultancy markets. Hence, comparisons to the GDPR are valid. In this article, the authors review and assess the changes in cybersecurity legislation. This includes the NIS 2.0 directive category of digital service providers and their expected effects on the labour market.

PL

Zapewnienie cyberbezpieczeństwa jest obecnie jednym z największych wyzwań ludzkości, oprócz rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji. Sformułowanie to nie jest hiperbolą, gdyż zagrożenia te dotyczą zarówno władz publicznych, jak i przedstawicieli podmiotów prywatnych oraz osób fizycznych. Wraz z dynamicznym rozwojem technologii i galopującą cyfryzacją nie ustają działania podmiotów, które chcą wykorzystać to, że nie przykładają one wystarczającej wagi do zabezpieczenia sfery obecności w sieci. Unia Europejska próbowała temu przeciwdziałać licznymi wystąpieniami, a w efekcie także przyjęciem dyrektywy NIS. Po kilku latach funkcjonowania tego aktu prawnego dokonano oceny jego skutków i przygotowano wiele zmian mających na celu podniesienie ogólnego poziomu cyberbezpieczeństwa. Nie przyniesie to żadnego efektu bez specjalistów z dziedziny cyberbezpieczeństwa i wprowadzenia ich do różnorodnych środowisk, nie tylko największych podmiotów. Analogiczna sytuacja miała miejsce w przypadku wprowadzenia ogólnego rozporządzenia o ochronie danych osobowych (RODO), kiedy to istniejące wcześniej przepisy w tym zakresie zostały rozwinięte do tego stopnia, że doprowadziły do powstania (wyodrębnienia się) niezależnego rynku doradztwa w zakresie ochrony informacji, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem danych osobowych dotyczących doradztwa technicznego i prawnego. Stąd porównania do RODO są uzasadnione. W niniejszym artykule autorzy dokonali przeglądu i oceny zmian przepisów dotyczących cyberbezpieczeństwa, w tym kategorii dostawców usług cyfrowych, dyrektywy NIS 2.0 oraz ich przewidywanego wpływu na rynek pracy.

19

Jobs Exposure to Generative AI: Ongoing Study by NASK-PIB and ILO

Troszyński Marek

Applied Cybersecurity & Internet Governance

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2024

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Vol. 3, No. 2

322--327

EN

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), including generative AI (GenAI), raises important questions about its impact on the labour market and employment structure. This study examines the extent to which various occupations are exposed to GenAI by developing an index to identify potential shifts in the nature of work. The analysis focuses on specific occupational tasks that may be affected to varying degrees by the proliferation of AI tools. The study categorises occupations into four groups: susceptible to automation (Automation potential), subject to augmentation by GenAI (Augmentation potential), characterised by significant uncertainty (Big unknown), and not susceptible to technological change (Not affected). The research was conducted in three stages: assessing occupational exposure, verifying findings with expert analysis, and extrapolating results to 30,000 tasks across 2,500 occupations, with the support of ChatGPT-4. The findings enable estimates of the occupational groups most “at risk” from GenAI and contribute to macroeconomic forecasts for the Polish labour market.

20

Entering the labour market: an empirical analysis in Poland and Georgia

Kikoria Giga, Sikora Marek, Sanikidze Zezva

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 173

315--328

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to observe and describe undergraduates entering the labour market in Poland and in Georgia and fill the gaps in the literature. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses a structured and self-administered online questionnaire. The population of the Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, in Poland was 900 active students, and the students of the Tbilisi State University - 4460. Cramér's V was used to check the association between different variables. The questionnaire is in line with the International Labour Organization and the National Statistics Office of Georgia methodology. Findings: The study shows us that the results of two different countries are not as far apart as it would have to be supposed, but Georgian and Polish education system differ toward connection to the labour market. Research limitations/implications: The study uses a short period to collect the data and a small sample. Another limitation of the study is the non-coincidence of the Education System in Poland and Georgia. Moreover, the limitation that may arise is the use of Email surveys that have several limitations, primarily being that they can appear dry and uninteresting. Practical implications: The study can be used by regulators, researchers, scientists, public institutions, and Governments. Originality/value: This is one of the first attempts to analyse data from Poland and Georgia and focuses on undergraduates. The article aims to determine whether there is an association between specific variables. The authors believe that this paper will gain some attention from policymakers and can allow Governments to take action.