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1

The effect of sample displacement on X-ray diffraction results in Bragg-Brentano geometry

Tyc Karol

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2025

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Vol. 28

265--279

EN

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of vertical displacement of the sample on the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) in Bragg-Brentano geometry. Measurements were performed on an S275JR steel sample using a Phaser D2 diffractometer (Cu Kα, λ = 1.541874 [Å]) with a step size of 2θ = 0.01°. The shifts in the positions of the 2θ peaks and half-widths (FWHM) were analyzed. A comparison between the theoretical model and experimental peak shifts has been calculated. The lattice constant was determined using the Nelson-Riley method, the crystallite size using the Scherrer method, and the parameters using the Williamson-Hall method. A vertical displacement of 1 mm produced an approximately 0.8° shift of the (110) peak. Based on the diffraction data, the lattice parameter was determined using the Nelson-Riley extrapolation method (2.8643-2.8678 [Å]), the crystallite size was evaluated using the Scherrer method (110-260 [Å], with the largest value for the (110) peak), and lattice distortions were assessed using the Williamson–Hall approach (approx. 0.26-0.30[%]). The results highlight the significance of precise sample positioning, as even a small displacement can lead to noticeable errors in peak locations and consequently in the derived structural parameters.

2

Materiały krystaliczne i amorficzne, opis metod wytwarzania oraz możliwości badawczych

Kutynia Karolina

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2025

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Vol. 92, nr 2

5--8

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu był opis możliwości badań materiałów krystalicznych i amorficznych oraz metod wytwarzania przy zastosowaniu aparatury znajdującej się na wyposażeniu Katedry Fizyki. Występujące różnice, a także podobieństwa przedstawiono na podstawie metod wytwarzania materiałów, a także przeprowadzonych badań z użyciem dyfraktometru rentgenowskiego (XRD) i magnetometru wibracyjnego (VSM).

EN

The aim of this article was to describe the possibilities of testing crystalline and amorphous materials, as well as production methods, using the equipment at the Department of Physics. Differences, as well as similarities, are presented on the basis of the materials' manufacturing methods and the tests carried out using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and a vibrating magnetometer (VSM).

3

Evaluation of thermal decomposition and ash transformation of water hyacinth pellets for sustainable bioenergy

Anh Vo Cong, Hung Pham Viet, Tien Do Thanh, Hanh Tran Duc, Linh Ve Quoc, Son Khuong Anh, Dat Trinh Ngoc

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 10

218--230

EN

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), an invasive aquatic plant with exceptionally high yield, is increasingly considered a renewable energy feedstock. This study examines its thermal decomposition and ash evolution between 600 and 900 °C using thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). TG/DTG identified three decomposition stages and a sticky-layer interval at 780–800 °C associated with alkali chloride melting. EDX results showed that K and Cl declined from 16.9 and 19.0 wt% at 600 °C to ≤ 2 wt% and ≤ 1.3 wt% at 900 °C, while Ca, Mg, and Fe increased. SEM analysis quantified a porosity maximum of 61.0% at 700 °C followed by a drop to 55.3% at 800 °C due to molten-phase infiltration. XRD revealed the progressive loss of sylvite and halite, the dominance of Fe₃O₄ at mid-range temperatures, and the emergence of MgFe₂O₄ spinel at 900 °C. The slagging index decreased steadily from 1.09 to 0.35 across the studied range. These results establish 780–800 °C as the sintering onset. For small-scale furnaces, maintaining bulk temperatures below 750 °C is recommended to minimize slagging and ensure stable operation.

4

1,3,6,8-Tetranitrocarbazole (TNC) : Efficient One-Pot Synthesis, X-ray Crystallographic Analysis, and Property Evaluation

Šarlauskas Jonas, Jonušis Mantas, Jonušienė Simona, Čėnas Narimantas, Krikštopaitis Kastis, Stankevičiūtė Jonita, Anusevičius Žilvinas

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2025

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Vol. 22, no. 4

470--495

EN

Nitro-substituted derivatives of carbazole represent an important class of compounds with numerous industrial applications, including their role as components of energetic materials. A systematic review of the literature revealed that an effective, practical synthesis method for producing tetranitrocarbazole (TNC) remains elusive. In the present work, we report the development of a new and efficient one-pot nitration procedure utilizing potassium nitrate in fuming sulphuric acid (oleum). This nitration system, comprising potassium nitrate in oleum (20% SO₃), was found to be significantly more effective for the synthesis of 1,3,6,8-tetranitro-9H-carbazole (1,3,6,8-TNC) (C12H5N5O8) than the conventional nitration utilizing fuming nitric acid. A monocrystal of pure 1,3,6,8-TNC was used for the detailed X-ray structure determination. It was found that TNC crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, space group P21/c, specific crystal density: 1.765 (calc. from X-ray analysis, at -100 °C) or 1.73 g/cm3 (at 20 °C, by pycnometry). The main properties of TNC are: formula weight: 347.21; melting point: 296 °C; flash point: 350 °C. 1,3,6,8-TNC can be used in various applications in millitary practice, including pyrotechnic compositions and formulations of some specific secondary explosives. The electron-accepting ability and quantum mechanical properties of TNC closely resemble those of tetryl. Its overall explosive properties are expected to be close to those of TNT and picramide.

5

Effect of Cu addition on microstructure, wear, and corrosion resistance of AlCoCrFeNiSi0.5Cux (x = 0.01, 0.05, 0.1) high-entropy alloys

Babilas Rafał, Kądziołka-Gaweł Mariola, Bajorek Anna, Gębara Piotr, Radoń Adrian, Warski Tymon, Bialas Oktawian, Spilka Monika, Łoński Wojciech, Młynarek-Żak Katarzyna

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 25, no. 1

art. no. e48, 2025

EN

The influence of copper addition on the structure and selected properties of AlCoCrFeNiSi0.5Cux high-entropy alloys is described. Slowly cooled ingots were prepared by induction melting, and the samples in the form of plates were obtained by pressure casting. The conducted structural studies confirmed the presence of BCC/B2 phase. Microsegregation in the ingots was associated with the formation of intermetallic Cr3Si and Fe5Si3 phases. An increase in the cooling rate stopped segregation by reducing the mobility of Cr and Si. The hyperfine magnetic field distributions indicated the formation of the BCC Fe(Co,Ni,Si,Cr) solid solution for alloys in the form of plates. The lowest corrosion-current density (0.04 μA/cm2) in 3.5%-NaCl solution was obtained for the plate with the lowest copper content. The dominated aluminum surface states for the post-corrosive plates highlighted the binding energies of Al2O3. A tendency of reduced coercivity with increased copper content was observed. The positive effect of copper addition on wear resistance was confirmed for the AlCoCrFeNiSi0.5Cu0.1 alloy.

6

Enhancing microstructural and thermal properties of TiNiPd shape memory alloys through copper addition

Hussain Abid, Khan Afzal, Khan Muhammad Imran, Ur Rehman Saif

Advances in Materials Science

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2025

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Vol. 25, nr 1(83)

66--81

EN

This study explores how the addition of copper (Cu) addition impacts the microstructural and thermal properties of shape memory alloys (SMAs), specifically TiNiPd alloys. Two compositions, 0Cu and 10Cu, were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Optical Microscopy (OM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). SEM revealed second-phase precipitates distributed along grain boundaries in both alloys, with sizes ranging from 0.9 to 2.9 μm; however, Cu addition reduced precipitate density without affecting size. The grain size increased significantly from 12.5 μm in 0Cu to 17.5 μm in 10Cu, attributed to decreased nickel content and reduced pinning effects of precipitates. Aging at 600°C and 700°C further influenced precipitate behavior and transformation temperatures, with Cu-containing alloys demonstrating enhanced thermal characteristics. DSC analysis indicated significant increases in transformation temperatures and decreased thermal hysteresis with Cu addition. These results highlight the promise of Cu as a viable substitute for Ni in enhancing the properties of TiNiPd SMAs.

7

Possibility of Introducing Molybdenum Disulfide into the Layer During Gas Nitriding

Kazimierski Grzegorz, Stodolny Jerzy, Goły Marcin, Wróbel Rafał J.

Tribologia

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2024

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nr 3

57--71

EN

The aim of this study was to attempt the introduction of molybdenum disulfide as an excellent solid lubricant into the nitrided coating before the nitriding process. In the commonly applied methods, nitriding precedes depositing MoS2 powder on a surface. In the method described in the article, this order was reversed and the surface intended for frictional contact was first coated with a layer of MoS2 powder and then subjected to gas nitriding in an ammonia atmosphere. The most important observations indicate that the presence of MoS2 on the surface before nitriding did not hinder the thermochemical treatment, and the applied molybdenum disulfide powder was transferred to the surface layer after nitriding. Some of the MoS2 powder was embedded in the upper regions of the white layer, and the presence of some powder was found on the surface of the nitrided layer. Such a result obtained in the new technological variant is a desirable circumstance that allows for better utilization of the lubricating properties of the new coating.

PL

Celem pracy była próba wprowadzenia dwusiarczku molibdenu jako doskonałego stałego smaru do powłoki azotowanej przed procesem azotowania. Znane metody głównie stosują najpierw azotowanie, a następnie osadzanie proszku MoS2 na takiej powierzchni. Wadą tych metod jest jedynie powierzchniowa obecność MoS2 na powłoce. W opisanej w artykule metodzie kolejność ta została odwrócona i w pierwszej kolejności na powierzchnię przeznaczoną do kontaktu ciernego nałożono warstwę proszku MoS2,którą następnie poddano azotowaniu gazowemu w atmosferze amoniaku. Najważniejsze obserwacje wskazują, że obecność MoS2 na powierzchni przed azotowaniem nie utrudniała procesu obróbki cieplno-chemicznej, a zastosowany proszek dwusiarczku molibdenu po azotowaniu przeniósł się na warstwę wierzchnią. Część proszku MoS2 została osadzona w górnych obszarach białej warstwy i stwierdzono obecność pewnej ilości proszku na powierzchni warstwy azotowanej. Uzyskany wynik w nowym wariancie technologicznym jest pożądaną okolicznością, która pozwala na lepsze wykorzystanie właściwości smarnych nowej powłoki.

8

Quantification of microstructural homogeneity in indium arsenide epilayers by X-ray diffraction

Odrzywolski Sebastian, Kojdecki Marek Andrzej, Złotnik Sebastian, Kubiszyn Łukasz, Wróbel Jarosław

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2024

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Vol. 31, nr 2

231--257

EN

In this article a complete procedure to investigate thin semiconductor plates (epitaxial layers), including high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurements, mathematical modelling of both crystalline structure and crystalline microstructure and computations to approximate solving inverse problems, is proposed and described in detail. The method is successfully applied to estimate crystalline homogeneity of a square indium-arsenide plate epitaxially-grown on gallium-arsenide substrate. To this end, the specimen is tested in nine areas around points forming a square grid. It is demonstrated that whole specimen may be regarded as a single large crystalline grain consisting of crystallites separated by small-angle boundaries. The crystallites occur as rode-like cuboids elongated in the direction perpendicular to the plate surface, with different areas of the sample and with base sizes not much differing. The mean-absolute second-order strain is very small and almost constant in the whole sample. The first-order strain also appears and, effectively, the structure of the crystalline layer is tetragonal with unit-cell parameters being smaller parallelly and larger perpendicularly to the layer surface and varying slightly in the layer. The results are presented in tables and figures and commented.

9

Fabrication and characterization of a 3D printing filament from polylactic acid and Cryptostegia grandiflora fibers

Udhayakumar A., Mayandi K., Rajini N., Murali M., Mohammad Faruq, Al-Lohedan Hamad A., Krishnan Kumar, Santulli Carlo

Materials Science Poland

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2024

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Vol. 42, No. 4

1--10

EN

Additive manufacturing (AM), i.e., 3D printing, has seen significant growth in recent years in all industries due to its potential advantages, requiring the polymers that are adapted as for melt flow index (MFI) to this use to have adequate tensile strength as well. Hence, in this work, a novel ligno-cellulosic fiber from Cryptostegia grandiflora (CG) and polylactic acid (PLA) were blended to obtain a filament for AM using a twin screw extruder. To determine the filament’s suitability for the 3D printing process, MFI and thermal degradation were examined. In order to identify the distribution and the effect of CG fiber (CGF) filler on the matrix, the filaments were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). CGF powder distribution was observed in the microstructure of the CGF/PLA composite filament. Due to the high compatibility between PLA and CGF, their blending slightly increased the degradation temperature, though did not lead to any crystallinity loss, and the CGF/PLA filament showed 12.5% better tensile characteristics than the pure PLA filament. Based on their performance, the CGF may represent a suitable and compatible filler to improve the properties of the PLA filament for 3D printing applications.

10

Transformations of diatomite components and changes in its technical properties caused by calcination at different temperatures - a case study of the Jawornik deposit, Poland

Figarska-Warchoł Beata, Rembiś Marek

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2024

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T. 40, z. 4

21--46

EN

Diatomite rocks from the eastern part of the Polish outer Carpathians come in several varieties with different colour, compactness, amount of clay and sandy substance as well as the degree of silicification. One of them is dark grey blocky diatomite, present in the Jawornik deposit and characterised by average quality. During the tests, it was thermally calcined at temperatures from 300°C to 1,200°C in order to improve its functional properties. The results of observations regarding the changes that the rock and its components underwent under conditions of increasing temperature were presented. The results of thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and tests of physical properties (i.e. density, water absorption and Vickers microhardness) of the rock were presented. Detailed observations of the rock’s mineral components were made using a scanning microscope. Their physical changes (e.g. cracks or signs of melting) and chemical transformations were described. It has been shown that during calcination, irreversible changes occur in the mineral composition and structure of diatomite. It was proven that for the discussed diatomite the optimal calcination temperature is 900°C, as it ensures the greatest increase in its open porosity by 11% and an almost threefold increase in its hardness. The chemical composition of diatomite also changes due to the combustion of the organic matter present in it and the resulting relative increase in the 1,200 content. Calcination improves the technological features of this variety of diatomite, making it similar to the best quality varieties found in this deposit.

PL

Skały diatomitowe pochodzące ze wschodniej części polskich Karpat zewnętrznych występują w kilku odmianach o różnej barwie, zwięzłości, stopniu zailenia, zapiaszczenia i skrzemionkowania. Jedną z nich jest ciemnoszary diatomit o blocznym rozpadzie, powszechnie występujący w złożu Jawornik i reprezentujący tu surowiec o przeciętnej jakości. W trakcie badań został on poddany termicznej kalcynacji w temperaturach od 300 do 1200°C w celu poprawy jego właściwości użytkowych. Przedstawiono wyniki obserwacji i badań dotyczących zmian, jakim ulegała skała i jej składniki w warunkach wzrastającej temperatury. Zaprezentowano wyniki analizy termicznej, dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej i badań właściwości fizycznych (tj. gęstość, nasiąkliwość wodna czy mikrotwardość Vickersa) skały. Przeprowadzono szczegółowe obserwacje w mikroskopie skaningowym składników mineralnych skały. Opisano ich fizyczne zmiany (np. spękania czy oznaki nadtopienie) oraz chemiczne przeobrażenia. Wykazano, że podczas kalcynacji doszło do nieodwracalnych zmian w składzie mineralnym i strukturze diatomitu. Dowiedziono, że dla omawianego diatomitu optymalna temperatura kalcynacji wynosi 900°C, gdyż zapewnia ona największy wzrost jego porowatości o 11% i prawie trzykrotny wzrost jego twardości. Zmianie ulega także skład chemiczny diatomitu na skutek spalenia występującej w nim materii organicznej i wynikającego stąd względnego wzrostu zawartości 1200. Kalcynacja doprowadza do poprawy cech technologicznych tej odmiany diatomitu, upodabniając go do najlepszych jakościowo odmian występujących w złożu.

11

Characteristics and mineralogy of sediments in the Hongsa lignite deposit, northwestern Laos

Sattraburut Thunyapat, Thasod Yupa, Ratanasthien Benjavun, Vongvassana Sirasit

Geologos

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2024

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Vol. 30, No. 3

171--194

EN

Two sediment cores from the central part of the Hongsa lignite deposit in northwestern Lao PDR (Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Laos) have been analysed in order to understand their sedimentary characteristics using grain-size analysis, petrography, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. This analysis has revealed that the deposit is primarily composed of fine-grained sediments, mainly silt and clay, with quartz as the dominant mineral and trace amounts of other minerals such as kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite. Gypsum and chlorite have also been found in some layers. Scanning electron microscope analysis has revealed a card-house structure of clay minerals, suggesting sedimentation from suspension driven by physico-chemical reactions influenced by pH and water chemistry. This arrangement increases porosity and water retention, significantly affecting the permeability and mechanical properties of sediments. Petrographic analysis has documented angular quartz and poorly sorted sediments, indicating minimal sediment reworking or short-distance sources. The palaeoenvironment of the Hongsa Basin, reconstructed from various rock units, suggests low-energy water conditions for the Underburden and moderate sediment supply in a wet forest swamp or bush moor environment for the Lower Lignite Zone Formation. The Middle Lignite Zone Formation indicates a more limited sediment supply in a similar environment, while Interburden Formation 1 suggests overbank deposits or stagnant water deposits. In summary, the Neogene Hongsa lignite deposit is characterised by fine-grained sediments, indicating low-energy water currents in mire environments. Occasional flood events brought coarser grains, although movement of facies should also be taken into account. The mineral composition suggests the presence of components derived from recycled sedimentary rocks along the northern border of the Hongsa Basin.

12

Evaluation of Corrosion Behaviour of Galvanised, Galvalume and Colour-Coated Steel Sheets

Yadav Muralidhar, Saha J. K., Ghosh Swarup Kumar

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2024

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Vol. 69, iss. 3

865--879

EN

In the present study corrosion behaviour of three coated steel sheets in different corrosive environments was evaluated using various characterisation techniques. Multiple types of corrosion tests, like salt spray test, 100% relative humidity test and chemical resistance test, were performed to report the corrosion resistance of samples in different corrosive environments. Enhanced corrosion resistance properties of the colour-coated samples were obtained from all the studies, followed by galvalume and galvanised samples. Cyclic voltammetry reveals a slightly higher pitting for the galvalume sample. SEM, EDS, XRD and Raman analyses for the salt spray tested and 100% humidity tested galvanised samples shows various corrosion products with their morphologies. XRD analysis reveals Zn5(OH)8Cl2H2O (simonkolleite), ZnO (zinc oxide), β-Zn (OH)2, Zn (OH)2 (zinc hydroxide) and Zn (ClO4)2 for salt spray tested samples whereas for the 100% relative humidity tested samples, main corrosion products are ZnO (zinc oxide), β-Zn (OH)2, Zn (OH)2 (zinc hydroxide), Fe and Zn. Raman spectroscopy reveals the presence of ZnO, β-FeOOH, white rust, green rust, FeCl2, Fe3O4, FeOH, Fe2O3 and δ-FeOH for salt spray tested samples, but for 100% humidity test, only ZnO is revealed.

13

Low-temperature growth of InAs/GaSb superlattices on miscut GaAs substrates for mid-wave infrared detectors

Martyniuk Piotr, Benyahia Djalal

Opto-Electronics Review

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2023

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Vol. 31, Special Issue

art. no. e144557

EN

Short-period 10 monolayers InAs/10ML GaSb type-II superlattices have been deposited on a highly lattice-mismatched GaAs (001), 2° offcut towards <110> substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. This superlattice was designed for detection in the mid-wave infrared spectral region (cut-off wavelength, λcut-off = 5.4 μm at 300 K). The growth was performed at relatively low temperatures. The InAs/GaSb superlattices were grown on a GaSb buffer layer by an interfacial misfit array in order to relieve the strain due to the ~7.6% lattice-mismatch between the GaAs substrate and type-II superlattices. The X-ray characterisation reveals a good crystalline quality exhibiting full width at half maximum ~100 arcsec of the zero-order peak. Besides, the grown samples have been found to exhibit a change in the conductivity.

14

Physicochemical and Mechanical Characterization of Ceramic Materials from Meknes Region (Morocco)

Mesrar Hamza, Mesrar Laila, Jabrane Raouf

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

183--197

EN

This scientific paper presents a comprehensive study of the physical and chemical properties of a clay sample collected from Meknes region of Morocco. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of kaolinite, muscovite, and quartz minerals in the clay sample. X-ray fluorescence analysis showed that the sample contained a significant amount of aluminum and silica. The Atterberg limit test indicated that the clay has a high plasticity index and is classified as a clay of low to medium plasticity. The ATG_DSC analysis revealed that the sample underwent multiple endothermic reactions, including dehydration, dehydroxylation, and decarbonation, at different temperature ranges. Shrinkage and weight loss experiments showed that the clay exhibited high shrinkage and weight loss upon drying. SEM-EDX analysis provided information on the microstructure and elemental composition of the clay sample. The water absorption test revealed that the clay has a low water absorption capacity. The three-point flexural test showed that the clay bricks had high flexural strength, which makes it suitable for use in high-stress applications. Overall, the results suggest that the clay sample can be used in a variety of applications, including building materials, ceramics, and other industrial uses.

15

The characterization study of inhibited silica/silicate scale using vinyl sulfonated copolymer (VS-Co)

Sazali R.A.b., Sorbie K. S., Boak L. S., Azman A. Z., Mohd Saaid I.b., Dollah A.b., Kassim Shaari N.Z.b., Ismail K.N.b.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 117, nr 2

57--70

EN

Purpose: Silica/silicate scale is a significant problem, especially in oilfield production during Alkaline Surfactant Polymer (ASP) flooding, where chemical inhibitors are the preferred method to prevent them. In this study, the effect of inhibitor vinyl sulfonated copolymer (VS-Co) on silica/silicate scale formation was analysed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Design/methodology/approach: The functional group type of VS-Co are sulfonate ions, SO3-, and these interact in the scaling process. Bulk-inhibited scaling brine tests were conducted at 60°C and pH 8.5. During these tests, the silicon brine (with VS-Co) representing the inhibited ASP leachate was mixed with a magnesium brine representing the connate water to replicate reservoir conditions during ASP flooding. The samples tested in this study were non-inhibited Si/Mg mixed brine of 60 ppm Mg2+ and 940 ppm Si4+ (60Mg:940Si) as a blank, and inhibited 60Mg:940Si mixture with various VS-Co concentrations of 20 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm. The inhibition efficiency of the VS-Co was determined, followed by the characterisation study of the silica/silicate scale deposited from both test conditions. Findings: The IR spectra of all 60Mg:940Si samples show a similar peak at 1050 cm-1 to 1080 cm-1, attributed to a Si-O covalent bond and a band at 790 cm-1 to 800 cm-1 showing the presence of Si-O-Si stretching. XRD patterns produced a broad scattering peak for all samples at 2θ of 24° showing that the samples are amorphous silica. For tests of high Mg2+ in the brine mix, 900Mg:940Si, a mix of crystalline silica and crystalline magnesium silicate was produced. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the scale formed even with 100 ppm of VS-Co present. Further studies are required to address how to mitigate scale formation effectively in the future. Research limitations/implications: Based on the research conducted, we can conclude that the VS-Co alone could not significantly inhibit the formation of silica/silicate scale even at the highest concentration (100 ppm) of VS-Co. However, having VS-Co present caused an alteration in IR spectra frequency which requires further investigation to assess how best to develop the inhibiting properties of the VS-Co product. The application of nanoparticles and their successful stories spark the interest of authors in searching for an efficient method of managing the silica/silicate scale where the modification of potential scale inhibitor (SI) with nanoparticles may be able to improve the inhibition efficiency towards the silicate/silicate scale. Practical implications: The presence of VS-Co in the scaling brine only slightly inhibits the Mg2+ ion (initially comes from connate water) from reacting. It is worth further investigation on how this VS-Co can make it happen. Hence, the functional groups responsible for this may be altered by adding other functional groups to provide a synergistic effect in preventing this silica/silicate scale; or by modifying the VS-Co with nanoparticles to improve their adsorption/desorption capacity. Originality/value: The newly developed technique in analysing the inhibition mechanism of a chemical inhibitor using various spectroscopic analysis is promising where an alteration in the spectra may provide proof of the chemical’s inhibition efficiency.

16

Effectiveness of fly ash on the stabilization/solidification of Zn-contaminated soil

Chen Yan, Zhu Shengyuan, Fang Wei, Huang He, Qin Hao, Hu Shengtao, Wu Yuzhao

Environment Protection Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 49, nr 3

15--29

EN

As a solid waste, the associated disposal cost of fly ash is really high. Previous studies suggested that the utilization of fly ash to treat heavy metal-contaminated soils was a new cost-effective method of disposal of it. Therefore, the effectiveness of fly ash stabilized/solidified Zn-contaminated soils has been investigated by unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) tests. Quantitative analysis of the soil microstructure was conducted by processing the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) was carried out to illustrate the size and proportion of pore size for specimens under different ratios. The results of the tests showed an improvement in the UCS, which further increased as the content of binders was raised. Binder content would have little influence on the development of strength if the binder content exceeds a threshold value. The leached Zn2+ concentration of stabilized specimens was significantly decreased compared to that of untreated. Quantitative analysis confirmed that the addition of the binders resulted in the amount of hydration product, reduction of porosity, and a really random pores orientation, which was responsible for the improvement of the strength and leaching properties of the Zn2+ contaminated soils.

17

Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Stability of the Perovskite Materials – Study of Structural and Morphological Properties

Maou Amina, Gouitaa Najwa, Lamcharfi Taj Dine, Kandri Noureddine Idrissi

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 8

1--8

EN

In this research, the solid-state method was utilized to synthesize LaFeO3 powders, with La2O3 and Fe2O3 being employed as precursor materials. The prepared samples were calcined at different temperatures 800°C, 900°C, 1000°C, 1100°C, 1200°C and 1300°C for 4h to study phase stability. The thermal effect on structural and morphological properties was reported. The X-ray diffraction results confirmed the pure phase in its orthorhombic configuration at 1200°C and 1300°C, which was confirmed by Rietveld’s analysis. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was employed to analyze the surface morphology and compositional characteristics. In addition, the samples were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The thermal behavior of the product was investigated through the utilization of thermogravimetric analysis.

18

Microstructure and Selected Mechanical Properties of Cr25Zr25Co20Mo15Si10Y5 and Cr25Co25Zr20Mo15Si10Y5 Multicomponent Alloys

Glowka Karsten, Zubko Maciej, Piotrowski Krzysztof, Świec Paweł, Prusik Krystian, Albrecht Robert, Stróż Danuta

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 3

1143--1149

EN

In the presented work, two multicomponent Cr25Zr25Co20Mo15Si10Y5 and Cr25Co25Zr20Mo15Si10Y5 alloys were produced from bulk chemical elements using the vacuum arc melting technique. X-ray diffraction phase analysis was used to determine the phase composition of the obtained materials. Microstructure analysis included scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. The studies revealed the presence of multi-phase structures in both alloys. Elemental distribution maps confirmed the presence of all six alloying elements in the microstructure. The segregation of chemical elements was also observed. Microhardness measurement revealed that both alloys exhibited microhardness from 832(27) to 933(22) HV1.

19

Eco friendly synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles from borassus flabellifer fiber and its antibacterial activity against representative micro organisms

Vanitha R., Kavitha C., Ananda Kumar S.

Advances in Materials Science

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2023

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Vol. 23, nr 4(78)

27--36

EN

The present study reports an easy eco-friendly, cost efficient, and rapid method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using palm sprouts as reducing cum capping agent. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was successfully performed using palm sprouts plant extract via a simple and cheaper eco-friendly method. Palm sprouts extract reduces silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles. The resulting materials were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. FT-IR spectrum confirms the presence of various functional groups in the active biomolecules, it acts as a capping agent for the nanoparticles. The morphology of this sample was analyzed through SEM and the presence of silver was confirmed accordingly. The green synthesized Ag NPs exhibited an excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis and S. aureus besides imparting efficient antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria as well.

20

Określanie zmienności mineralogicznej utworów kajpru za pomocą metod petromagnetycznych

Kobyliński Kamil

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 3

221--229

EN

Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) in sedimentary sequences can quickly provide information on the variability of their mineral composition. A typical application of MS is the reconstruction of the supply of terrigenous material in car¬bonate rocks or the variability of the ratio of ferromagnetic to paramagnetic /diamagnetic minerals in clastic rocks. The article discusses the practical aspects of using the Bartington's portable apparatus for magnetic susceptibility probing along with the correlation of these results with the mineral composition obtained from X-ray diffraction tests. The analysed rock material was red and green clays from the vicinity of Częstochowa, assigned to the mud-evaporite Ozimek Member, Grabowa Formation (Keuper facies, Upper Triassic). The obtained results indicate the possibility of a correlation between the MS and the composition of rock-forming minerals in the studied sediments, where in green clays the magnetite/maghemite with pyrrhotite(?) does not substantially affect the MS, and para- and/or diamagnetic minerals have a decisive role. In the red clays the dominant MS carrier is the hematite.Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) in sedimentary sequences can quickly provide information on the variability of their mineral composition. A typical application of MS is the reconstruction of the supply of terrigenous material in car¬bonate rocks or the variability of the ratio of ferromagnetic to paramagnetic /diamagnetic minerals in clastic rocks. The article discusses the practical aspects of using the Bartington's portable apparatus for magnetic susceptibility probing along with the correlation of these results with the mineral composition obtained from X-ray diffraction tests. The analysed rock material was red and green clays from the vicinity of Częstochowa, assigned to the mud-evaporite Ozimek Member, Grabowa Formation (Keuper facies, Upper Triassic). The obtained results indicate the possibility of a correlation between the MS and the composition of rock-forming minerals in the studied sediments, where in green clays the magnetite/maghemite with pyrrhotite(?) does not substantially affect the MS, and para- and/or diamagnetic minerals have a decisive role. In the red clays the dominant MS carrier is the hematite.