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1

The Advanced Radio Communication Technologies for Inland Navigation

Uriasz Janusz, Lisaj Andrzej

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 1

161--164

EN

The article presents integrated digital and analog radio communication technologies to be used in inland navigation. The communication model of an integrated Iridium satellite system with DSC-VHF in emergency situations for the needs of inland navigation was presented. The functional requirements of the Iridium satellite system for inland navigation were characterized in detail. Finally, the applicability of the Thuraya satellite system for inland navigation was presented.

2

Reference Routes for Sea Navigation - "To follow or Not to Follow?"

Jacobsen Magne, Aarset M.V., Hareide Odd Sveinung

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

355--359

EN

The Norwegian Coastal Authority has introduced Reference Routes for Navigation to enhance maritime safety and efficiency along the Norwegian coast. These routes provide predefined tracks aimed at minimizing human errors in route planning, improving traffic separation, and promoting predictable traffic patterns. This study evaluates the impact of these reference routes by analysing AIS tracking data from before and after their implementation. A quantitative approach was used, incorporating statistical methods such as T-tests, linear regression, and K-Means clustering to assess vessel compliance and adaptation. The findings indicate a statistically significant, yet modest, improvement in adherence to reference routes, with vessel characteristics playing an important role in compliance levels. These results suggest that while voluntary routing measures influence traffic patterns, complete compliance remains unlikely. Further research is recommended to validate and expand upon these findings.

3

LEAS: An AI-based Demonstrator as Decision Support Tool for Traffic Monitoring at VTS Centers

Stach Thomas, Koch Paul

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 1

301--308

EN

Maritime traffic is prevalent worldwide, with particularly high density in coastal waters. To ensure safety and efficiency, Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) centers monitor and coordinate maritime traffic. For this purpose, VTS centers utilize various sensor and communication technologies such as radar, Automatic Identification System (AIS), electro-optical systems or radio communication. Additionally, any Vessel Traffic Service Operator (VTSO) is motivated to utilize a Decision Support Tool (DST). The LEAS project addresses emerging challenges at VTS centers. One key challenge results from the continuous evolution of maritime traffic, in particular, its ever increasing automation and autonomization. Another key challenge is the growing shortage of skilled workers. Consequently, it is crucial to process increasing volume of maritime traffic data while maintaining or improving safety and efficiency. DSTs at VTS centers must be adapted to these emerging challenges, accordingly. In the LEAS project, we develop and evaluate a demonstrator which represents a DST. This demonstrator is being developed in close collaboration with VTSOs to address these challenges. Most notably, it has a situation detection which makes use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods and displays relevant information in an intuitive Human-Machine Interface (HMI). The demonstrator is evaluated using simulated traffic scenarios in the German Bight and Baltic Sea, with VTSOs as test subjects. This paper provides an overview of the project and demonstrator. First, we introduce the key requirements for the demonstrator and discuss their impact on the system architecture. Next, we present its AI-based situation detection. We explain the underlying formalism of the situation detection and resolution as well as its implementation in the demonstrator. Finally, we evaluate the capabilities and limitations. The paper concludes with an outlook to future work with focus on potential deployment at DST at VTS centers.

4

Is It Permissible to Use GPS Data to Avoid Collisions?

Felski Andrzej, Jaskólski Krzysztof

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

347--354

EN

Automatic Radar with Plotting Aids is the basic means of preventing collisions at sea for many years. However, the use of the radar on a moving vessel requires image stabilization, which has been at least for the last 50 years solved by coupling with the gyrocompass and the log. In the present century, the widespread use of Global Navigation Satellite System receivers has led to the common practice of interconnecting this receiver with many other systems on ships. This is often also the case for radar, although GNSS gives information about movement related to the ground, whereas the International Maritime Organization recommends using parameters relating to water. The mandatory and widespread equipping ships with the Automatic Identification System means that this system is increasingly used in the process of collision avoidance, but also with the use of ground-referenced data. The aim of the paper is to investigate whether this is acceptable and what are the limits of this practice. This question becomes increasingly important in the context of the growing number of unmanned vessels. Not all, especially small autonomous surface vehicles will be equipped with radar and may also use AIS transmissions in collision avoidance algorithms. Studies have shown that this may pose a risk of collision. At low ship speeds, if the current speed exceeds 5 knots and the direction of the current significantly deviates from the course of one of the ships, there is a risk that the planned maneuver will not be carried out. This may mean that the closest approach distance will be significantly different from the planned one.

5

Genetic Algorithm for Ship Robbery Emergency Reporting System

Chang Tsai Hsin, Kao Sheng Long, Chou Chien-Chang, Chang Hsiao

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

609--615

EN

In contemporary maritime navigation, ships in distress primarily rely on satellite systems in conjunction with radio systems within the framework of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) to transmit distress signals. However, the insufficient confidentiality of satellite data enables pirates engaged in ship hijacking to intercept these signals, potentially endangering the safety of hostages on board. Additionally, the high communication costs associated with satellite information transmission often discourage fishing ships from incurring these expenses. Given these cost constraints, this study seeks to develop an intelligent emergency distress notification method integrated with the Automatic Identification System (AIS). Specifically, this study introduces an innovative intelligent radio emergency notification system by incorporating the concept of radio relay stations. The proposed system integrates the Genetic Algorithm (GA) with the Maritime Geographic Information System (MGIS) as an alternative rescue method for ships in distress. The system collects all relevant information from the distressed ship through shore stations, enabling it to respond to the ship and verify the receipt of distress messages transmitted via AIS. The proposed method functions as an intermediary for distress signal transmission and confirmation. By gathering ship positions, it establishes a mobile network for message dissemination, thereby enhancing the reliability and efficiency of emergency distress communications at sea.

6

e-Navigation vs. Autonomous Navigation – Challenges for Marine Pilots

Weintrit Adam

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

361--369

EN

Maritime navigation is currently evolving along two parallel paths: e‑Navigation, designed to integrate and harmonize ship‑ and shore‑based information for enhanced decision‑making, and Autonomous Navigation, which seeks to transfer these decisions to automated and remotely supervised systems. This paper explores how these two trajectories align and diverge, focusing on their impact on marine pilots. The e‑Navigation concept, including the IMO‑endorsed S‑Mode interface standardization, has demonstrated tangible benefits for pilotage by improving situational awareness, operational safety, and data exchange through standardized user interfaces and information flows. In contrast, the transition toward autonomous vessels raises significant technological, operational, legal, and human‑factor challenges, including redefined pilot roles, liability issues, mixed‑fleet operations, and cybersecurity risks. While both approaches rely on similar enabling technologies, their design philosophies differ fundamentally: e‑Navigation augments human expertise, whereas Autonomous Navigation seeks to reduce or replace it. The paper concludes with recommendations for pilot training, competencies, and regulatory frameworks, emphasizing human‑machine collaboration and staged implementation.

7

Consideration of Ship Reducing Speed as Collision Avoidance Action

Barić Mate, Pavić Vinko, Grbić Luka, Mislov Ivan

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

395--398

EN

Navigation through the TSS represent a certain amount of stress for watch crew. In such areas the traffic is heavier and close quarter situations and collisions are more likely to occur. Despite the COLREG regulations for navigation in TSS there are always situations which are differently interpretated by navigators and due to dense traffic avoiding collision can be challenging. As the COLREG rules state the collision can be most efficiently avoided by altering ship course, however sometimes that can be difficult in TSS during heavy traffic. This paper analyses the collisions and close quarter situations in TSS which could be avoided by reducing ship speed and reproduce similar situations in navigation simulator. Such reproduction on navigation simulator is used to analyses behaviors of navigator in collision situations and what prevents them to use speed reduction in collision avoidance. The results of the research may be used to familiarize the navigators that in certain situations reducing ship speed could be most efficient action to avoid collision.

8

Artificial Intelligence in Maritime Cybersecurity: Dual-Use Applications for Defense and Offense in the Age of Digital Seas

Cichocki Rafał

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

617--623

EN

The maritime sector’s rapid digital transformation – including the integration of IT and operational technology (OT) systems and the rise of autonomous vessels – has significantly expanded the cyberattack surface[1] . Artificial Intelligence (AI) now plays a dual role in this landscape, acting as both a powerful enabler of cyberattacks and a critical tool for cybersecurity defense [2] . This paper explores current and emerging uses of AI in offensive and defensive cyber operations targeting maritime systems and infrastructure. On the offensive side, threat actors are leveraging AI for sophisticated attacks such as AI-generated spear phishing, polymorphic malware generation, GPS spoofing, and manipulation of industrial control systems (ICS)[3], [4]. On the defensive side, AI is employed in anomaly detection, predictive analytics, autonomous vessel and port monitoring, and other security applications[5]. The paper also examines vulnerabilities of AI itself – including adversarial attacks, data poisoning, and model manipulation – and discusses strategies to enhance maritime cyber resilience. Key strategies include the use of digital twin simulations, AI-driven deception (honeypots), adversarial training, explainable AI, and international cooperation for information sharing. By analyzing both offensive and defensive developments, this study provides a comprehensive perspective on the dual-use nature of AI in shaping the future of maritime cybersecurity.

9

AIS R-mode trilateration for GPS positioning and timing insurance

Shyshkin O. V., Konovets V. I., Koshevyy V. M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 2

369--374

EN

Satellite navigation is the backbone of maritime navigation today. However, the technical vulnerability of on-board Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers the satellite system greatly destabilizes maritime security due to the loss of ship’s position and accurate time. This article devoted to study an alternative method for obtaining coordinates and accurate time based on the use of automatic identification system (AIS) radio channels, so-called range mode (R-Mode). We use other AIS ship stations with reliable position data as reference stations and determine time of arrival for received AIS transmissions. To improve the accuracy of measuring signal arrival instance in the time difference of arrival (TDOA), that we utilize for trilateration, it is proposed signal oversampling and applying the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the product of quadrature components of the baseband Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) signal in the window of AIS time slot. To take into account the movement of other ships, appropriate coordinate corrections are foreseen, which can be calculated by dead reckoning or by the inertial navigation system of our ship. The proposed method is fully compatible with the existing AIS signals and may be employed in critical situations of locally limited (jamming, spoofing) GNSS abilities. It can be implemented as a separate unit, working for receiving in parallel with the mandatory AIS transponder.

10

SMART digital selective calling user interface on the base of Integration maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment

Koshevyy V. M., Konovets V. I., Shyshkin O. V.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 2

291--297

EN

High level solution S4 of the IMO E-navigation Strategy Implementation Plan provides integration and presentation of available information in graphical displays received via communication equipment. At the same time, the problem of the correct application of digital selective calling (DSC) operational procedures in navigation practice has existed since the introduction of the GMDSS and requires a solution. This problem may be resolved on the base of integration maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment. The article proposes approach for practical realization of this integration by implementing a SMART (specific, measurable, assignable, realistic, and timely) DSC interface within S4. Using this approach the practical realisation integration of AIS – DSC – Information display was implemented. It makes possible implementation of user-friendly human-machine interface (HMI) for navigator. An experimental prototype of communication graphical interface is designed, which allows effective decision-making on radio communication control/monitoring. The use IEC 61162-1/2 (Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment – Digital interfaces) data transfer provides standard inter-module connections and eliminates the negative impact of the equipment diversity from different manufacturers by means uniform HMI implementation.

11

Ships’ routes to Polish Ports of the Gulf of Gdańsk

Wawruch R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 3

583--590

EN

The paper discusses ships’ routes to Polish ports in the Gulf of Gdańsk determined on the basis of data obtained from the Baltic Ship Monitoring System by means of AIS coast stations and defined by the Baltic Sea Hydrographic Commission (BSHC). The measures to regulate maritime traffic implemented by the Polish maritime administration in order to reduce the identified risk of groundings and ship collisions are presented, as well as the author's opinion on their effectiveness.

12

Research study and the model for improving the safety of navigation when using the AIS

Medić D., Bukljaš M., Bošnjak R., Vukša S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 3

577--582

EN

The use of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) devices for ensuring the safety of navigation and the errors occurring when using AIS equipment have been the focus of a number of research studies. The users of AIS equipment installed onboard sea-going vessels are required to familiar with the proper use of the devices and potential errors that may occur. A significant problem revealed in this study is the lack of understanding of potential error sources and the necessity to eliminate such errors prior to transmission of the AIS data message reading of the errors and failure to update the data processed by the AIS system. This results in a hypothesis on the insufficient training of seafarers and their familiarisation with the AIS devices and errors. This research is aimed at increasing the safety of navigation in the Adriatic Sea, as well as other seas, i.e. better accident prevention and protection of human life and material property at sea. The results produced by the research are used as an input for creating a model for enhancing the safety of navigation when using the AIS, through additional training of the seafarers.

13

Evolution of SBAS/EGNOS enabled devices in maritime

López M., Antón V.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 3

543--549

EN

The maritime sector was one of the first communities that recognized and exploited the opportunities and advantages provided by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). In fact, GNSS have become the primary means of obtaining Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) information at sea. Most of the ships in the world are equipped with GNSS receivers. GPS provides the fastest and most accurate method for mariners to navigate, measure speed, and determine location. However, its performance can be enhanced by taking advantage of augmentation systems such as differential GNSS or Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS/EGNOS), especially in terms of accuracy. Direct access to EGNOS in vessels can be achieved through EGNOS-enabled navigation receivers and EGNOS-enabled AIS transponders. This paper provides an analysis of the number of onboard devices, mainly devoted to navigation purposes, and AIS transponders which are SBAS compatible. In addition, other equipment using GNSS positioning in the maritime and inland waterways domains are also considered for the analysis of SBAS compatibility, including inland AIS, Portable Pilot Units (PPUs) and Dynamic Positioning (DP) equipment. A first survey was done in 2017 to have an overview of the percentage of SBAS enabled devices available in the maritime market [8]. Since then, the analysis has been yearly updated to understand the market evolution in terms of SBAS compatibility and its main results are summarised in this paper.

14

Development of precise point positioning algorithm to support advanced driver assistant functions for inland vessel navigation

Lass C., Ziebold R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 4

781--789

EN

Bridge passing and passing waterway locks are two of the most challenging phases for inland vessel navigation. In order to be able to automate these critical phases very precise and reliable position, navigation and timing (PNT) information are required. Here, the application of code-based positioning using signals of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is not sufficient anymore and phase-based positioning needs to be applied. Due to the larger coverage area and the reduction of the amount of correction data Precise Point Positioning (PPP) has significant advantages compared to the established Real Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning. PPP is seen as the key enabler for highly automatic driving for both road and inland waterway transport. This paper gives an overview of the current status of the developments of the PPP algorithm, which should finally be applied in advanced driver assistant functions. For the final application State Space Representation (SSR) correction data from SAPOS (Satellitenpositionierungsdienst der deutschen Landesvermessung) will be used, which will be transmitted over VDES (VHF Data Exchange System), the next generation AIS.

15

Application of radio beacons in SAR operations

Bakota M., Lušić Z., Pušić D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14. no. 3

621--628

EN

This research features an overview of the available PLB technologies, their advantages, shortcomings and areas of their optimum application. A test of the locator transmitter emitting both 406 MHz AIS and 121.5 MHz signals was performed with a focus on tracking the homing 121.5 MHz signal. The efficiency of the homing signal was examined by using two separate radio locating systems. One of them comprised multi-purpose and widely available components and programs, while the other was a specialised radio beacon system with dedicated components. In addition to the results, their analysis and evaluation of efficiency, the paper discusses the applicability of the available PLB technologies and provides guidelines for adequate selection of the PLB devices and position indicating radio equipment.

16

A Study of Correlation between Fishing Activity and AIS Data by Deep Learning

Shen K. Y., Chu Y. J., Chang S. J., Chang S. M.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14. no. 3

527--531

EN

Previous researches on the prediction of fishing activities mainly rely on the speed over ground (SOG) as the referential attribute to determine whether the vessel is navigating or in fishing operation. Since more and more fishing vessels install Automatic Identification System (AIS) either voluntarily or under regulatory requirement, data collected from AIS in real time provide more attributes than SOG which may be utilized to improve the prediction. To be specific, the ships' trajectory patterns and the changes in course become available and should be considered. This paper aims to improve the accuracy in the identification of fishing activities. First, we do feature extraction from the AIS data of coastal waters around Taiwan and build a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) model. Then, the activity data of fishing vessels are divided into fishing and non-fishing. Finally, based on the testing by feeding various fishing activity data, we can identify the fishing status automatically.

17

AIS based shipping routes using the dijkstra algorithm

Silveira P., Teixeira A. P., Guedes-Soares C.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2019

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Vol. 13, no. 3

565--571

EN

This paper proposes an approach for identifying and characterizing shipping routes using information contained in Automatic Identification System messages broadcasted by ships and recorded by the coastal Vessel Traffic Service centre. The approach consists of using historical Automatic Identification System data to build a graph, where nodes are cells of a grid covering the geographical area being studied and the weights of directional edges are inversely related to ship movements between cells. Based on this graph, the Dijkstra algorithm is used to identify a potential safe route, assumed to be the most used route by ships between two locations. A second graph is created simultaneously, with the same nodes and edges, but with edge weights equal to the average speed of transitions between cells, thus allowing the determination of the average speed profile for any possible path within the graph. The proposed approach is applied to two scenarios: an approach to the port of Lisbon and the entry through the fairway to a RO-RO terminal in the port of Setubal in Portugal.

18

Method foranalyzing AIS data and determination of simultaneously ships passage via strait of split

Bukljaš M., Vukša S., Pavić I.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2018

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Vol. 12, no. 4

679--684

EN

The traffic density is a basic characteristic of marine traffic for some navigational area. In the case of narrow channels such as Strait of Split (Splitska vrata), apart from the traffic density, the number of simultaneous ship passages is also important as well as ships characteristics. Based on such data, additional navigational safety guidelines and regulations may be planned for the observed area. The purpose of this research is to determine the number of simultaneous ship passages via Strait of Split for a certain period of time. Collected AIS data in SPNMEA format was decoded by AIS Decoder online program to csv file. For five randomly selected days in the summer period, based on AIS data, the number of simultaneous ship passages was determined and ships information presented.

19

Comparative Study of the Accuracy of AIS and ARPA Indications. Part 1. Accuracy of the CPA Indications

Wawruch R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2018

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Vol. 12, no. 3

439--443

EN

According to the IMO recommendation when the target data from radar tracking and AIS are both available and the association criteria are fulfilled such that the radar and AIS information are considered as for one physical target, then as a default condition in radar equipment should be automatically selected and displayed the AIS target symbol and the alphanumerical AIS target data only. The article presents research conducted in real sea conditions on the reliability of information presented by the ship's AIS and ARPA about the passing distance with the other vessel tracked by radar equipment and fitted with AIS.

20

Comaparative study of the accuracy of AIS and ARPA indications. Part 2. Accuracy of the opposite vessel true course and true speed indication

Wawruch R.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2018

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Vol. 12, no. 4

673--678

EN

The article presents analysis of the automatic radar plotting aid (ARPA) and automatic identification system (AIS) indications reliability performed on the base of the results of measurements conducted on merchant vessels at sea. In the first part of the article titled “Comparative study of the accuracy of AIS and ARPA indications. Part 1. Accuracy of the CPA indications” are described: vessels on which the tests were carried out, AIS and radar equipment installed on them, observed meeting situations and accuracy of the CPA indication. In this article are discussed, for the same meeting situations, accuracy of the information on true course and true speed of the opposite vessel presented by ARPA and AIS and correlation between this accuracies and errors of the CPA indication.