Doświadczenie polowe przeprowadzono w latach 2018-2019 w Stacji Doświadczalnej Uniwersytetu Rolniczego w Krakowie. W I roku badania obejmowały 5 obiektów: obiekt kontrolny bez nawożenia, obiekt z na wożeniem pulpą siarkową oraz obiekty z nawożeniem pulpą siarkową w połączeniu z materiałami organicznymi. W II roku doświadczenie kontynuowano celem oceny dwóch strategii nawożenia: ponowne go zastosowania materiałów i nawozów wprowadzonych w I roku badań i wyłącznego nawożenia mineralnego NPK, w celu określenia następczego działania materiałów wykorzystanych w I roku badań. Zastosowane nawożenie miało niewielki wpływ na wartość pH gleby i zawartość węgla organicznego ogółem i korzystny wpływ na zawartość siarki siarczanowej w testowanym materiale glebowym.
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In the two-year field expt., the soil under corn cultivation was fertilized in the first year with S pulp or mixts. of S pulp with org. materials or not fertilized (control) in order to det. the effect of fertilization on soil parameters. In the second year, the expt. was continued to evaluate 2 fertilization strategies: reapplication of materials and fertilizers introduced in the first year of the study and exclusive mineral NPK fertilization, in order to det. the subsequent effect of materials used in the first year of the study. The applied fertilization showed a minor effect on the soil pH value and the content of total org. C, and beneficial impact on sulfate S content.
Abstract: The difference in chalcopyrite's primary ore-hosting rocks (dolomite and carbonaceous slate) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo results in an extremely uneven grain size distribution. Additionally, the presence of 2.21% organic carbon in the gangue impacts flotation efficiency. To address these challenges, ore properties were analyzed using the Mineral Liberation Analyzer (MLA), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), and microscopy. Flotation process was modified to incorporate a "middlings regrinding" processing, utilizing PDEC (an alkyne-based thioester collector, prop-2-yn-1-yl diethylcarbamodithioate) as the collector for experimental studies. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations elucidated the interaction mechanism of PDEC on chalcopyrite's surface. The MLA analysis indicates that chalcopyrite is mainly found in medium to fine grains, with the presence of fine-grained copper minerals smaller than 0.04mm accounting for 16.29% of the sample. This implies that these minerals require fine grinding for effective separation. Despite interference from organic carbon, PDEC demonstrates remarkable selectivity and efficiency in chalcopyrite flotation. By employing the "middlings regrinding" flotation method, a concentrate with a Cu content of 26.79% and a recovery of 87.88% was achieved, representing an increase of 0.17% in Cu grade and 4.09% in recovery rate compared to the conventional flotation process. DFT analysis demonstrates that the S 3p orbitals in carbon-sulfur double bond of PDEC and the C 2p orbitals in its acetylene group significantly affect its collection efficiency, engaging in hybridization with the Fe 3d orbitals on the surface of chalcopyrite, thereby facilitating a robust bonding interaction.
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Wyniki dalszej części badań dotyczących zagospodarowania produktów odpadowych z produkcji alkoholu w kontekście poprawy warunków prowadzenia procesów biochemicznych w oczyszczalniach ścieków. Badania porównawcze tradycyjnych vs. alternatywnych źródeł węgla organicznego w postaci metanolu i oleju fuzlowego do oceny efektywności nitryfikacji - denitryfikacji (z ang. AUR-NUR) w usuwaniu azotu z odcieków w reaktorze typu SBR.
EN
Results of the continuation of the research on management of waste products from the production of the alcohol in the context of improving the conditions for conducting biochemical processes in WWTPs. A comparative study of traditional vs. alternative sources of organic carbon in the form of methanol and fusel oil to assess the effectiveness of nitrification - denitrification (AUR-NUR) in the removal of nitrogen from reject water in an SBR reactor.
The study of soil physico-chemical properties is an important field related to the aspect of climate change and the storage of organic carbon in soil. This field of scientific research aims to identify the impact of land management practices on the physico-chemical parameters of soil composition. This study is based on laboratory analysis and various observations of various soil physicochemical parameters, such as pH-H2 O, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), soil organic carbon (SOC), SOC t/ha, and specific gravity (BD) g/cm3 . This study helps develop strategies to implement improved land management sustainably. The soil specific gravity averages 1.38 g/ cm3, with low variability (Std. Dev. = 0.03337), the coefficient of variation (CV) is 2.410378%, indicating a low variation about the mean, while the skewness is negative (-0.78464), while the kurtosis is positive (1.766186). Some of the differences (OM, SOC, SOC t/ha) have a high variability, while others have a lower variability (EC μS/cm, pH 1:2.5, BD g/cm3). This may indicate that some soil characteristics are more stable, while others have a higher degree of variability.
The present study was conducted in monospecific stand of Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) in the Oulmes Central Plateau (Case of Zitchouene Forest), with the following objectives: determination of the organic carbon stock in the different compartments of the forest ecosystem, namely: the soil, the above-ground and below-ground biomass. To achieve these objectives, the biomass of the cork oak tree in the study area was researched using direct dry weight measurements on 30 sample trees. Furthermore, the volume of standing trees was estimated using a volume tariff based on direct measurements of circumference at 1.30 and total tree height, all of which allowed estimating the biomass expansion and conversion factor (BECF) specific to the Oulmes Central Plateau cork oak. As a result, the volume and above-ground biomass were estimated at 55.74 m3 /ha and 20.13 t/ha of dry matter respectively. Soil organic carbon stock and biomass (above and below ground) were estimated at 43.02 t/ha and 16.60 t/ha, respectively. BECF, determined by the ratio between volume and biomass, was 0.59, which approaches the minimum value recorded under the same productivity conditions estimated by IPCC (0.6–1.4).
The purpose of the study is the determination of heavy metals in soil samples and their circulation in the food chain. In this study, the correlation between the presence of heavy metals in agricultural soils and the quality preservation of wheat, specifically Triticum Aestivum and Triticum Durum, was investigated. The results indicate that over 85% of the samples contain a high presence of metals compared to Kosovar standards. Land surveying was conducted at distances ranging from 20 m to 400 m from the highway. The results for Pb at a distance from 20 m showed a value of 2.11 mg·kg-1, while Zn varied with a value of 5.12 mg·kg-1. However, the amount of heavy metals in agricultural soil is not sufficient to determine their risk in the food chain. The samples studied from the wheat varieties exhibited the accumulation of metals in the wheat cultivated in the studied soils. Some wheat samples showed high levels of heavy metals, with Pb varying significantly with a value of 1.99 mg·kg-1, and Cr with a value of 6.12 mg·kg-1. In this study, the circulation of soil metals such as Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn was monitored. The study then continued with the monitoring of soil physicochemical parameters as indicators of soil quality, such as organic carbon. The results showed variations depending on the distance and its concentration. The maximum protein value varied at 11.9%, gluten at 22.8%, moisture at 11.4%, etc., especially for Triticum E. and Triticum D. wheat varieties.
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Na podstawie danych FAO oraz z Monitoringu Chemizmu Gleb Ornych w Polsce przedstawiono bazowe sekwestracje węgla organicznego w glebach Polski w 2020 r., potencjalne sekwestracje w 2040 r. dla scenariusza bez wprowadzenia rolnictwa węglowego oraz potencjalne pochłanianie CO₂ dla scenariusza, w którym praktyki rolnictwa węglowego zwiększą o 20% dopływ węgla organicznego do gleby.
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The baseline sequestration of org. C in Polish soils in 2020 and in the 2040 perspective was statistically estimated and compared based on FAO data and data from the Agricultural Soil Chemistry Monitoring in Poland. Potential sequestration in 2040 for a scenario without the introduction of C farming and potential CO₂ sequestration for a scenario in which C farming practices increase soil org. C inputs by 20% were presented.
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This study aims to differentiate bio-mediated and biogenic CO3-2precipitation or terrestrial CO3-2 input using on board incubation techniques, to investigate the effects of resuspension in the coastal environment and to increase our understanding of predicted relationships between silicate releases and other biogeochemical variables in resuspension events. Relationships between dark silicate flux and BSi, CO3-2, OrgC, Mn (manganese) according to the seasons were examined. The silica flux is controlled by the CaCO3 coating on the diatom skeletons due to the fact that diatom skeletonsact as crystallization nuclei in the calcite precipitation that is biologicallya ffected. The reduction in flux with BSi may be due to the reduction in thesurface areas of larger diatom species. The negative linear relationships observed between silica fluxes and CO3-2 is indicative of RSi fluxes constrainedby bio-mediated carbonate increase. Linear relationships which are the samein their slopes but differ in their intercepts, reveal the effect of the changein diatom size on silica flux. Smaller diatoms have more surface area perunit volume, meaning an increased silica flux. On the other hand, seeing different CO3-2 values at stations with the same orgC value have increased the confidence interval (CI) 95% in the linear relationship. The presence ofdifferent silica flux values in stations with the same carbonate value may beexplained both by different orgC values and by diatoms containing different group sizes. The silica flux is controlled by the CaCO3
This study aimed to determine the seasonal change of the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) and one of the newly emerging byproducts haloacetonitriles (HANs), the most abundant group of some disinfection by-products (DBPs) forming as a result of chlorination of drinking water supplied from 2 different reservoirs to the city centre of Muş for disinfection purposes and called chlorinated organic halogens. The quantitative determination of these compounds, some of which may have carcinogenic properties, and the evaluation of their possible effects on public health constitute the importance of the study. The results show that although there is not sufficient chlorination in both water networks and total organic carbon (TOC) values are low in underground water, the total THMs some-times exceed the 100 μg/dm3 value applied in Turkey and pose a risk. It was observed that the total HAN values remain below the 2 μg/dm3 concentration in both networks.
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Na podstawie dwuletnich badań środowiskowych określono zależności pomiędzy poziomem węgla organicznego w glebach a ich pH oraz zawartością przyswajalnych form fosforu, potasu i magnezu. Stwierdzono, że poprawa zasobności gleb w węgiel organiczny może stanowić skuteczne narzędzie zarówno optymalizacji odczynu, jak i zwiększenia wykorzystania związków magnezu i fosforu zgromadzonych w agroekosystemach w formach niedostępnych dla roślin.
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A relationship between the level of org. C in soils and their pH as well as the content of available forms of P K and Mg was detd. in long-term field studies. The C content was found an effective tool both in optimizing pH and increasing the use of Mg and P accumulated in agroecosystems in forms unavailable to plants.
The presence of organics materials in phosphate ores generates foam during the manufacture of phosphoric acid, thus affecting the production performance and the quality of the products. Today, in the phosphate industry defoamers are used to reduce the negative impact of foam phosphoric production. In the present work, we focused on root cause evaluation for foam generation during the phosphoric acid production process, we evaluated the effect of phosphate rock quality in terms of organic carbon (OC) and carbonate content, on foam generation using a laboratory protocol for foaming ability evaluation. The results show that there is a relationship between the volume of the foam generated and the values of those impurities, while the volume of foam generated is higher when the concentration of OC and Carbonate is high. In our work, we confirm that the foaming ability of the phosphate rock can be avoided if the concentration of organic carbon less than 0.1% and less than 3% for carbonate.
The paper presents a short outline of geochemical and petrographical study of dispersed organic matter in sedimentary rocks that was conducted at the Polish Geological Institute starting with the end of the 70. of the 20th century.
The aim of the study was to determine Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Carbon (BDOC) concentrations, as well as the correlation between them, in the river water of the Strug basin located in the Carpathian Foothills. The Strug river's hydrographic basin was chosen for the study as it is a typical catchment area, which allows ease of measurement. DOC concentrations in the streams (tributaries) and the Strug ranged from 2.71 to 4.88 mgC/dm3 and from 3.62 to 4.19 mgC/dm3 , respectively. BDOC concentrations in the streams and the Strug ranged from 0.40 to 1.09 mgC/dm3 and from 0.64 to 0.77 mgC/dm3 , respectively. BDOC, expressed as the percentage of DOC (%BDOC) ranged from 14.76 to 24.78% in the streams, and from 17.68 to 20.11% in the Strug. The procentage of BDOC is independent of DOC concentrations. The season of the year and the size of the watercourse had the greatest impact on DOC and BDOC concentrations.
Koncepcja gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym (GOZ) - Parlament Europejski pracuje nad przepisami, które mają poprawić gospodarkę odpadami i pomóc w przejściu od gospodarki liniowej do gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym (http://www.europarl.europa.eu). Tradycyjny model ekonomiczny jest oparty o liniowy schemat „weź-wyprodukuj-użyj-wyrzuć”. Kontrastuje on z nową koncepcją produkcji i konsumpcji o obiegu zamkniętym, która polega na „dzieleniu się, pożyczaniu, ponownym użyciu, naprawie, odnawianiu i recyklingu istniejących materiałów i produktów tak długo, jak to możliwe”. W praktyce oznacza to konieczność wydłużenia cyklu i życia produktów, ograniczenia do minimum powstawania odpadów oraz powtórne wykorzystanie surowców i odpadów. Takie działania mają też przyczynić się do zmniejszenia zużycia energii i emisji gazów cieplarnianych.
Soil is a huge reservoir of carbon, which is both organically and chemically bounded. Sequestration ability of soil amounting to 0.9±0.3 Pg C.y-1represents significant item in carbon balance. Reclamation activities aimed at soil creating contributes to the carbon binding in the form of complex compounds. This work characterizes fluctuations of organic carbon in post-lignite-mining sites located in Leknica (Poland, Lubuskie Province) after afforestation with Pinus sylvestris. The results present the situation 25 years after the reclamation field experiment commencement Satisfactory effect in growth and development of pine forest was accomplished by liming and NPK application. After 25 years of the experiment start point, the litter deposition gained 2.5-4.0 cm and the initial humic horizon, lying directly beneath reached 4.0-6.5 cm. An average carbon accumulation in surface litter amounted to 2.86 kg.m-2and in initial humic horizons to 0.68 kg.m-2. This indicates an average sequestration of 130 Mg CO2per 1 ha of reclaimed area.
A novel heterogeneous catalyst, Fe/Mn supported on NaY zeolite, was effectively applied for treating pulp mill effluents. The results of the wastewater quality analysis showed that aromatic structures were present in raw pulp mill effluents, which indicated the difficulty for biodegradation treatments. Two different catalysts were prepared by impregnation (Fe-Mn/NaYim) and sol-gel (Fe-Mn/NaYsg) methods, respectively. The Fe-Mn/NaYsg catalyst demonstrated higher COD removal efficiency and was more stable than the Fe-Mn/NaYim catalyst. The synergistic effects were found between Fe and Mn for COD removal. The highest COD removal efficiency (75.2%) was yielded with the Fe-Mn/NaYsg catalyst (Fe/Mn molar ratio of 2) with 4 mmol/dm3 of H2O2 and 1.2 g/dm3 of catalyst addition. A constant COD removal over time was obtained; the COD removal efficiency amounted to 45% after the Fe-Mn/NaYsg catalyst repeatedly degrading pulp mill effluents for five times. The distribution and transformation of the polarity and molecular weight (MW) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the heterogeneous Fenton process were also studied. Experiments showed that the hydrophobic fraction comprised the largest fraction of DOC (60%) in raw wastewater and high MW molecules were transformed into low MW molecules after the heterogeneous Fenton process. This study broadened the application of the Fenton technology.
The growing demand for solutions of household sewage treatment plants means that many new or improved technological solutions are available on the market. The implementation of these technologies is associated with the need to known the mechanisms of the unitary biological processes occurring when removing organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. Determining the optimal conditions for these processes will determine the correct operation of the household sewage treatment plant.
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Rosnący popyt na rozwiązania oczyszczalni przydomowych spowodował, że na rynku dostępnych jest wiele nowych lub ulepszonych rozwiązań technologicznych. Wdrażanie tych technologii wiąże się z koniecznością poznania mechanizmów jednostkowych procesów biologicznych zachodzących podczas usuwania ze ścieków związków węgla organicznego, azotu i fosforu. Ustalenie optymalnych warunków prowadzenia tych procesów decydować będzie o poprawnej eksploatacji przydomowej oczyszczalni ścieków.
Celem podjętych badań było określenie wpływu zmian w użytkowaniu terenów założeń rezydencjonalnofolwarcznych powiatu kamieńskiego, w których funkcjonowały państwowe gospodarstwa rolne, na właściwości chemiczne i biochemiczne gleb. Badania przeprowadzono na próbkach gleby pobranych z głębokości 0–30 cm przy wejściu do dworku lub pałacu i na obszarze parku, w miejscowościach: Gadom, Samlino, Benice, Margowo, Stuchowo i Miłachowo. Wybrane obiekty różnią się sposobem użytkowania i zagospodarowania. W pobranych próbkach oznaczono: skład granulometryczny, zawartość węgla organicznego, azotu ogółem, azotu amonowego, azotu azotanowego, pH oraz aktywność dehydrogenaz, fosfatazy kwaśnej, fosfatazy zasadowej i ureazy. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały brak wyraźnej zależności między właściwościami gleby a lokalizacją miejsca poboru próbek. Można jednak stwierdzić, że gleba na terenach, na których rezydencje zachowane są w dobrym lub bardzo dobrym stanie, a założenia parkowe zostały poddane rewaloryzacji charakteryzowała się lepszymi właściwościami chemicznymi oraz wyższą aktywnością enzymatyczną.
EN
The aim of study was to assess of chemical properties and enzymatic activity in soil of residential and manor estates areas of Kamieński district, in which State Run Farms (PGR) have functioned. The study was carried out on soil samples collected from 0–30 cm depth at the entrance to the manor house or palace, and in the park in localities: Gadom, Samlino, Benice, Margowo, Stuchowo i Miłachowo. Selected areas differ in the way the use and development. In soil samples granulometric composition, content of organic carbon, nitrogen total, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate ammonium, pH, and activity of dehydrogenases, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, urease were determined. Obtained results showed no relationships between the properties of the soil and the place of sampling location. However, the soil in areas, where residences are kept in good or very good condition and assumptions parks have been subjected to restoration, characterized by better chemical properties and higher enzymatic activity.
W artykule na podstawie badań laboratoryjnych opisano zawartość substancji organicznych i ich skład frakcyjny w glebie industrioziemnej różniącej się pod względem uziarnienia. Próbki do badań pobrano ze zwałowiska zewnętrznego zrekultywowanego w kierunku leśnym KWB „Bełchatów”. Zawartość węgla w materii organicznej oraz w poszczególnych jej frakcjach oznaczono za pomocą metody Tiurina. Oznaczono również odczyn i przewodność elektrolityczną właściwą (PEW) utworów. Wyniki badań wykazały m.in., iż huminy są głównym źródłem węgla organicznego wszystkich swoistych substancji próchnicznych i stanowią około 80 %.
EN
The article describes, on the basis of laboratory tests, the content of organic substances and their fractional composition of the industrial ground soil differentiated in terms of grain size. Samples were taken from the external dump rehabilitated towards forestation at „Bełchatów” lignite mine. The carbon content in organic matter and in its particular fractions was determined by the Tiurin method. Also pH and electrolytic conductivity proper (PEW) of the measures was determined. The results of the investigations showed, inter alia, that humins are a major source of organic carbon of all specific humic substances and represent about 80 %.
Prezentowane badania miały na celu rozpoznanie stężeń submikronowego pyłu (PM1) i związanego z nim węgla organicznego (OC) i elementarnego (EC) w sali wykładowej i tzw. laboratorium studenckim. W pracy omówiono zmienność 24-godzinnych stężeń PM1, OC i EC w obu pomieszczeniach (I, ang. indoor) oraz w powietrzu atmosferycznym (O, ang. outdoor), a także przeanalizowano stosunek I do O. Na przełomie wiosny i lata, niezależnie od lokalizacji (Gliwice – laboratorium studenckie, Warszawa – sala wykładowa), stężenie węgla elementarnego (EC) i organicznego (OC) wewnątrz sal dydaktycznych kształtowała intensywność migracji tych zanieczyszczeń wraz z powietrzem atmosferycznym. Tym samym można uznać, że w żadnym z badanych pomieszczeń dydaktycznych nie występuje istotne źródło OC i EC. Mimo to należy zauważyć, że warunki sprzyjające sorpcji różnych zanieczyszczeń, w tym zwłaszcza związków organicznych tworzących grupę OC na cząstkach pyłu, zmieniają się dynamicznie w czasie i przestrzeni. Wydaje się, że w innym okresie pomiarowym, na przykład w zimie, kiedy wietrzenie sal jest rzadsze a pył atmosferyczny ma inny skład, kumulacja zanieczyszczeń, w tym OC, wewnątrz sal może być większa niż w okresie ciepłym.
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The research presented herein aimed at recognition of submicrone particulate matter concentration as well as organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon bound to it in a lecture room and students’ laboratory. The 24-h variability of PM1, OC and EC concentration in both rooms were also discussed along with I : O ratio. In the analysed period – the turn of spring and summer – independent of the location (Gliwice – students’ laboratory, Warsaw – lecture room) the indoor concentration of elemental carbon EC was conditioned by the intensity of those contaminants migration along with atmospheric air. Because of this, it can be concluded that in neither of the rooms there was an important source of OC and EC. However, it should be noted, that conditions favourable for different contaminant sorption, in particular those belonging to OC bound to particulate matter, vary in time and space. It is expected, that for other measurement period – for instance in winter, when rooms are ventilated seldom and PM has different composition, the cummulation of indoor contaminants, including OC, may be higher than for warm period.
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