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Development of Wetting-Drying Curves from Elastic Wave Velocities Using a Novel Triaxial Test Apparatus

Irfan Muhammad, Rasool Ali Murtaza, Aziz Mubashir, Ali Umair, Niazi Fawad, Uchimura Taro

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2024

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Vol. 46, nr 2

111--124

EN

The relationship between the soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) and the mechanical behavior of unsaturated soil is imperative and has been well investigated. However, the correlation between elastic wave velocity along the wetting and drying paths of SWCC is largely unknown due to the nonavailability of a standard experimental setup for such a purpose. An ordinary triaxial apparatus has been modified for laboratory assessment of SWCCs under different Ko stresses, along with the measurement of shear and compression wave velocities in due course. The main aim of the study is to draw SWCC, wave velocity characteristic curve (WVCC), and a Poisson’s ratio characteristic curve (PRCC) and to establish the phenomenon that these curves possess hysteresis. The Poisson’s ratio was obtained indirectly by measuring Vp and Vs. Three soil samples with relative densities of 85%, 56%, and 39% were prepared and placed in a modified triaxial test apparatus under wetting and drying cycles. The test results showed that the newly developed apparatus is accurately capable of measuring SWCC. Owing to the similarity in the shape of wave velocity and Poisson’s ratio, response to SWCC, WVCC, and PRCC are drawn. The phenomenon of stress history and the effective stress of the soil affected the behavior during wetting and drying paths.

2

Fault diagnosis of electrical faults of three-phasei nduction motors using acoustic analysis

Glowacz Adam, Sulowicz Maciej, Kozik Jarosław, Piech Krzysztof, Glowacz Witold, Li Zhixiong, Brumercik Frantisek, Gutten Miroslav, Korenciak Daniel, Kumar Anil, Lucas Guilherme Beraldi, Irfan Muhammad, Caesarendra Wahyu, Lui Hui

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 1

art. no. e148440

EN

Fault diagnosis techniques of electrical motors can prevent unplanned downtime and loss of money, production, and health. Various parts of the induction motor can be diagnosed: rotor, stator, rolling bearings, fan, insulation damage, and shaft. Acoustic analysis is non-invasive. Acoustic sensors are low-cost. Changes in the acoustic signal are often observed for faults in induction motors. In this paper, the authors present a fault diagnosis technique for three-phase induction motors (TPIM) using acoustic analysis. The authors analyzed acoustic signals for three conditions of the TPIM: healthy TPIM, TPIM with two broken bars, and TPIM with a faulty ring of the squirrel cage. Acoustic analysis was performed using fast Fourier transform (FFT), a new feature extraction method called MoD-7 (maxima of differences between the conditions), and deep neural networks: GoogLeNet, and ResNet-50. The results of the analysis of acoustic signals were equal to 100% for the three analyzed conditions. The proposed technique is excellent for acoustic signals. The described technique can be used for electric motor fault diagnosis applications.

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Robust estimation based nonlinear higher order sliding mode control strategies for PMSG-WECS

Nazir Awais, Khan Safdar Abbas, Khan Malak Adnan, Alam Zaheer, Khan Imran, Irfan Muhammad, Rehman Saifur, Nowakowski Grzegorz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 5

art. no. e147063

EN

The wind energy conversion systems (WECS) suffer from an intermittent nature of source (wind) and the resulting disparity between power generation and electricity demand. Thus, WECS are required to be operated at maximum power point (MPP). This research paper addresses a sophisticated MPP tracking (MPPT) strategy to ensure optimum (maximum) power out of the WECS despite environmental (wind) variations. This study considers a WECS (fixed pitch, 3KW, variable speed) coupled with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and proposes three sliding mode control (SMC) based MPPT schemes, a conventional first order SMC (FOSMC), an integral back-stepping-based SMC (IBSMC) and a super-twisting reachability-based SMC, for maximizing the power output. However, the efficacy of MPPT/control schemes rely on availability of system parameters especially, uncertain/nonlinear dynamics and aerodynamic terms, which are not commonly accessible in practice. As a remedy, an off-line artificial function-fitting neural network (ANN) based on Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is employed to enhance the performance and robustness of MPPT/control scheme by effectively imitating the uncertain/nonlinear drift terms in the control input pathways. Furthermore, the speed and missing derivative of a generator shaft are determined using a high-gain observer (HGO). Finally, a comparison is made among the stated strategies subjected to stochastic and deterministic wind speed profiles. Extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulations assess the effectiveness of the suggested approaches.

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A review of the importance of synchrophasor technology, smart grid, and applications

Baba Maveeya, Nor Nursyarizal B. M., Sheikh Aman, Nowakowski Grzegorz, Masood Faisal, Rehman Masood, Irfan Muhammad, Arefin Ahmed Amirul, Kumar Rahul, Baba A. Momin

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 6

art. no. e143826

EN

The electrical network is a man-made complex network that makes it difficult to monitor and control the power system with traditional monitoring devices. Traditional devices have some limitations in real-time synchronization monitoring which leads to unwanted behavior and causes new challenges in the operation and control of the power systems. A Phasor measurement unit (PMU) is an advanced metering device that provides an accurate real-time and synchronized measurement of the voltage and current waveforms of the buses in which the PMU devices are directly connected in the grid station. The device is connected to the busbars of the power grid in the electrical distribution and transmission systems and provides time-synchronized measurement with the help of the Global Positioning System (GPS). However, the implementation and maintenance cost of the device is not bearable for the electrical utilities. Therefore, in recent work, many optimization approaches have been developed to overcome optimal placement of PMU problems to reduce the overall cost by providing complete electrical network observability with a minimal number of PMUs. This research paper reviews the importance of PMU for the modern electrical power system, the architecture of PMU, the differences between PMU, micro-PMU, SCADA, and smart grid (SG) relation with PMU, the sinusoidal waveform, and its phasor representation, and finally a list of PMU applications. The applications of PMU are widely involved in the operation of power systems ranging from power system control and monitor, distribution grid control, load shedding control and analyses, and state estimation which shows the importance of PMU for the modern world.

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Fly ash/phenolic resin composite for brake pad application : fabrication, materials and thermal properties

Savetlana Shirley, Lubis Asnawi, Aditya Lingga, Irfan Muhammad, Siadari Dedi, Efendi Gunawan, Yusuf Muhammad, Jefri Hel

Composites Theory and Practice

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2020

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R. 20, nr 3-4

95--101

EN

Nowadays, many parts of automotive components are made of composites. One application of composites is brake lining material in braking systems. Fly ash is waste from burning coal in the power plant industry. Fly ash was added to a polimer matrix to enhance the wear properties of the composite. The appropriate temperature and pressure for composite fabrication were chosen from the composite which has the highest hardness. The addition of 30 wt.% fly ash to the phenolic resin matrix resulted in the lowest specific abrasion of the composite. Additions of graphite, iron powder and nitrile butadiene rubber increased the specific abrasion of the fly ash/phenolic resin composite. Scanning electron microscope micrographs showed the distribution and agglomeration of the particles in the phenolic resin matrix. The addition of fly ash to the phenolic resin matrix also increased the temperature resistance of the composite. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the starting temperatures for decomposition of the composite constituents shifted to higher temperatures as the fly ash content increases.