Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Ścieki przemysłowe jako zewnętrzne źródło węgla dla procesu denitryfikacji w miejskiej oczyszczalni ścieków

Gielniak Wiktor, Szulc-Kłosińska Paulina, Dymaczewski Zbysław, Jeż-Walkowiak Joanna

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2025

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Nr 2

20-28

PL

Nowa dyrektywa ściekowa UE z listopada 2024 r. nakłada na oczyszczalnie ścieków szereg wymagań, w tym zaostrzone limity azotu i fosforu w odpływie, dążenie do samowystarczalności energetycznej i raportowanie śladu węglowego. Osiągnięcie wymaganego stężenia azotu w ściekach oczyszczonych może wymagać zwiększenia efektywności procesu denitryfikacji. W praktyce, aby zapewnić stabilną i wydajną denitryfikację, często dawkuje się do komory anoksycznej dodatkowe źródło łatwo przyswajalnego węgla organicznego, takie jak metanol, produkty kwaśnej fermentacji lub dedykowane do tego celu produkty handlowe. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad przydatnością wybranych ścieków przemysłowych jako alternatywnego źródła węgla dla bakterii denitryfikacyjnych w jednej z oczyszczalni ścieków na terenie Wielkopolski. W pierwszym etapie przeanalizowano charakterystykę ścieków dowożonych od 51 podmiotów przemysłowo-usługowych. Na tej podstawie wytypowano cztery zakłady, z których ścieki wykorzystano do dalszych badań. W drugim etapie wyznaczono szybkość usuwania azotanów w warunkach bez dodatkowego źródła węgla, z dodatkiem środka komercyjnego oraz z wykorzystaniem ścieków z przetwórstwa rybnego, produkcji kremów i lukrów cukierniczych, produkcji alkoholu oraz z firmy cateringowej. Mimo, iż ścieki z poszczególnych zakładów w różny sposób zwiększały efektywność procesu, w każdym z eksperymentów szybkość denitryfikacji była wyższa od uzyskiwanej w próbie kontrolnej. Badania w skali laboratoryjnej wykazały wysoką przydatność wybranych ścieków przemysłowych do zwiększenia efektywności usuwania azotu w miejskiej oczyszczalni ścieków. Największymi przeszkodami przy wdrażaniu tego rozwiązania w skali technicznej jest zmienność składu i niejednostajność dostaw oraz z reguły niewystarczająca ilość w stosunku do zapotrzebowania.

EN

The new EU wastewater directive from November 2024 imposes a number of requirements on wastewater treatment plants, including more restrictive limitations on nitrogen and phosphorus in the effluent, the pursuit of energy self-sufficiency and carbon footprint reporting. Achieving the required nitrogen concentration in treated sewage may require increasing the efficiency of the denitrification process. In practice, to ensure stable and efficient denitrification, an additional source of easily degradable organic carbon, such as methanol, volatile fatty acids or commercial products dedicated to this purpose, is often added to the anoxic chamber. The paper presents the results of research on the suitability of selected industrial wastewater as an alternative carbon source for denitrifying bacteria in one of the wastewater treatment plants in Greater Poland region. In the first stage, the characteristics of sewage delivered from 51 industrial and service entities were analysed. On this basis, four companies were selected from which the wastewater was used for further research. In the second stage, the nitrate utilisation rate was determined for the process without an additional carbon source, with the addition of a commercial agent and with the use of sewage from fish proces sing, the production of creams and confectionery icings, alcohol production and from a catering company. Although wastewater from individual entities increased the efficiency of the process in different ways, in each of the experiments the denitrification rate was higher than that obtained in the control reactor. Laboratory-scale tests have shown the high suitability of selected industrial wastewater to increase the efficiency of nitrogen removal in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The biggest obstacles to the implementation of this solution on a technical scale are the variability of the composition and non-uniformity of supplies and, usually, insufficient quantity in relation to demand.

2

Characteristics of Nitrifying Biomass from Sidestream Process Operated at Various Ph

Pytiak Magdalena, Muszyński-Huhajło Mateusz, Janiak Kamil, Miodoński Stanisław

Environment Protection Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 51, nr 1

133--144

EN

The nitritation process, i.e., ammonia to nitrite oxidation, is effectively utilized in various methods for treating reject water. The impact of pH on characteristics of nitrifying biomass was investigated in three experiments performed at pH 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0 using real dewatering liquor from the Wrocław Wastewater Treatment Plant. A comprehensive analysis was conducted by applying both microscopic examination and digital imaging to assess the morphology of activated sludge flocs. The aim was to understand how process conditions impact the physical properties and functional performance of nitrifying biomass. The study revealed significant differences between the results of experiments, i.e., considerable changes occurred in the morphology of the activated sludge flocs, mainly their size and structure, as well as filamentous bacteria content. The most substantial changes occurred in the experiment at pH 7.0, which can be attributed to the combined effect of process conditions, i.e., the optimal pH, sludge retention time, and dissolved oxygen concentration as well as the lowest free nitrous acid and free ammonia concentration.

3

Analiza technologiczno-ekonomiczna metod poprawy własności sedymentacyjnych osadu czynnego

Góra Wojciech

Technologia Wody

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2024

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Nr 1 (83)

37-44

PL

W artykule przedstawiono problem wypływu osadu czynnego z osadników wtórnych w komunalnych oczyszczalniach ścierów wraz z technologiczno-ekonomiczna analizą porównawczą metod poprawy jego własności sedymentacyjnych. We wstępie opisano współzależne czynniki wpływające na zdolność osadu do sedymentacji i zagęszczania oraz przedstawiono wpływ tężenia osadu czynnego w odpływie z oczyszczalni na wartości stężeń podstawowych wskaźników zanieczyszczenia ścieków czyszczonych. W zasadniczej części artykułu przedstawiono wyniki testów sedymentacyjnych wykonanych dla trzech metod intensyfikacji procesu sedymentacji: koagulacji, flokulacji oraz zastosowania balastu mineralnego. Uzyskane wyniki dla każdej : konfiguracji procesów przeliczono na koszt jednostkowy poprawy indeksu osadowego Mohlmana [zł/cm3 Vg], który stanowi miarodajny wskaźnik do analizy ekonomicznej. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników sformułowano wnioski i rekomendacje dla oczyszczalni ścieków borykających się z problemem okresowego wypływu osadu czynnego do odbiornika z uwzględnieniem różnych przyczyn powodujących taki stan.

EN

The paper presents the problem of activated sludge outflow from secondary settling tanks in municipal wastewater treatment plants, along with a technological and economic comparative analysis of methods for improving its sedimentation properties. The introduction describes the interdependent factors affecting the sludge's ability to sediment and thicken and presents the influence of the concentration of activated sludge in the outflow from the treatment plant on the concentration of the basic pollutants in treated sewage. The main part of the article presents the results of sedimentation tests performed for three methods of intensifying the sedimentation process: coagulation, flocculation and the use of mineral ballast. The results obtained for each process were converted into the unit cost of improving the Mohlman index (SVI - Sludge Volume lndex) [PLN/cm3/g], which is a reliable indicator for comparative economic analysis. Based on the results obtained, conclusions and recommendations were formulated for sewage treatment plants struggling with the problem of periodic out flow of activated sludge into the receiver, taking into account the various reasons causing such a condition.

4

Reuse of Treated Municipal Wastewater for the Production of Water for Agriculture

Szymański Kazimierz

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2024

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Tom 26

684--690

EN

Treated municipal wastewater may be a source of water that can be used for a wide range of industrial applications, municipal services, agriculture, and environmental protection. It must meet the criteria for environmental protection and human and animal health. Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and the Council covers the shared use of spatial information, including data sets on various issues in the field of environmental protection. The provisions of the above regulation on access to information and agreements mustn't constitute a separate legal system. Data provided by the Member States are necessary for the Commission to conduct monitoring. At present, it can be stated that the reuse of treated municipal wastewater reflects the state of scientific knowledge and international standards and practices of using treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation. Such policy promotes a circular economy, supports adaptation to climate change, and contributes to achieving the assumed objectives. Published Regulation (EU) 2020/741 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 2020 on minimum requirements for water reuse does not exclude food business operators from obtaining water quality parameters required to ensure compliance with the provisions of this regulation. New solutions for eliminating micropollutants from treated municipal wastewater will support these assumptions.

5

Zero-emissions, off-grid, autonomous houseboat – a case study of selected locations in Europe

Gorzka Jakub, Karczewski Artur, Litwin Wojciech, Matej-Łukowicz Karolina, Nawrot Nicole, Nyka Lucyna, Piątek Łukasz

Polish Maritime Research

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2024

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nr 3

42--60

EN

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of creating a prototype of a self-sufficient houseboat that is capable of prolonged independence from power grids and freshwater sources. In this design, electricity demand is met by a photovoltaic installation, and the energy is stored in batteries. Fresh water for living needs may be obtained from many sources, depending on the environmental conditions, such as through purifying outboard water, desalinating seawater, and collecting and storing rainwater. No waste production of the vessel can be achieved in two ways: waste can be treated and discharged into a body of water, or processed into fertiliser for later use in agriculture. Four possible locations were analysed: Rome, Lisbon, Gdańsk and Stockholm. The findings reveal that the length of time for which the unit is autonomous and emission-free depends on the geographical location of the facility. In periods when there is overproduction of energy, the system can produce hydrogen, donate energy to the grid, use it for the needs of its own movement, or perform other useful work, e.g. cleaning or aerating the water body on which it is floating.

6

Lipid content and wastewater treatment potential of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus isolated from Uzuncayır Dam Lake

Can Şafak Seyhaneyıldız, Can Erkan, Yılmaz Kadir

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2024

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Vol. 53, No. 3

310--320

EN

Production of microalgae for biodiesel, one of the alternative renewable energy sources, is costly due to nutrient media. Industrial and domestic wastewater contains nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients that are the primary food source for algae. Releasing this environmentally harmful effluent into receiving bodies of water, such as the sea or a freshwater reservoir, without prior treatment causes serious problems. Combining microalgae cultivation with wastewater treatment is a promising strategy for improving wastewater and reducing the cost of nutrient media required for algae production. In this study, wastewater obtained from a wastewater treatment facility was diluted with clean water to 0.25%, 50%, and 75% concentrations, and Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus were cultured in these nutrient media for 20 days. As a result, microalgae increased their biomass and lipid content, while consuming nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and ammonium from the wastewater as nutrients.

7

Study of the Ecotoxicity of Oil-Containing Wastewater Treated in the Helio Installation by Biotesting Method

Taizhanova Lyailim, Serikbayeva Akmaral, Boranbayeva Asiya, Koibakova Symbat, Aitimova Ainazhan, Myrzabekova Asem

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 4

352--359

EN

The article discusses the ecotoxicological properties of wastewater from a bitumen plant, as well as water treated in a solar installation. It also examines the toxicity of its constituent components. To assess the quality of purified water and its effect on plant vital activity, crops of oats, cucumbers and beets were grown as a test sample. The results of this research showed that water obtained through distillation of wastewater and decomposition of light petroleum fractions using ozone oxidation in a helium-containing setup is suitable for the cultivation of garden crops.

8

Radiant Remedies – Maximizing Wastewater Treatment Efficiency with Optimized Photo-Fenton Techniques

Hamed Mohamed Ahmed Reda, Hussein Hossam Mostafa, Khaled Elmaadawy

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 12

324--332

EN

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the efficacy of advanced oxidation treatment methods, focusing on the photo-Fenton process for removing organic pollutants from wastewater. Despite prior research, significant knowledge gaps persist regarding the optimal operational conditions for maximizing pollutant removal efficiency. This manuscript fills those gaps through extensive batch experiments, meticulously evaluating the impacts of irradiation time, pH levels, and ferrous sulfate and hydrogen peroxide concentrations on treatment outcomes. Our results indicate that an irradiation time of 140 minutes and a pH of 3.1 are critical for achieving remarkable pollutant removal efficiencies: 91.57% for color, 85.14% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 79.87% for total organic carbon (TOC) over a 180-minute treatment period with optimal dosages. To further enhance understanding, we employed predictive models utilizing response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD), rigorously assessing their statistical performance. The models demonstrated strong alignment with experimental data and existing literature, showcasing their reliability. This research not only provides novel insights into optimizing wastewater treatment processes but also holds significant practical value for industries aiming to implement effective strategies for mitigating organic pollution. By addressing critical knowledge gaps, this study lays a foundation for improved environmental remediation practices, offering a vital framework for industries committed to sustainable wastewater management.

9

Leather Tannery Wastewater Treatment Using Electro-Fenton Process – Effects on Ammonia, Chromium, Total Suspended Solid, Biological Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand Removal

Alvan Syahreza, Aji Angga Dheta Shirajjudin, Mahendra Ilzam, Al Arif Zulfiqar, Prayogo Wisnu, Azizah Rifka Noor, Awfa Dion, Qadafi Muammar, Suryawan I Wayan Koko, Ratnaningsih Wahyu

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 10

331--338

EN

Electro-Fenton process could remove pollutant in in tannery industry wastewater. The objectives of this is used to know the effect of electro-Fenton on, ammonia (NH3), chromium (III) (Cr(III), total suspended solid (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in tannery wastewater treatment. The voltage variation used to trigger the electro-Fenton reaction was 6 V, 8 V, and 10 V. Observation time at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mins was used to see changes in the sample. The results obtained are electro-Fenton method has an effective time of 30 mins to removal efficiency of 60.7%, 32.9%, 72.8%, 53.4%, and 53.4% for NH3, Cr(III), TSS, BOD, and COD respectively. Pollution from tannery effluent can be eliminated to a sufficient extent using the electro-Fenton technique.

10

Isolation and Characterization of Bacterial Strains with Organic-Degrading Potential for Municipal Wastewater Treatment

Kulzhanova Kamshat, Tekebayeva Zhanar, Temirbekova Aliya, Bazarhankyzy Aidana, Temirkhanov Aslan, Bissenova Gulmira, Mkilima Timoth, Sarmurzina Zinigul

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 11

55-69

EN

The increasing volume of wastewater discharged in urban areas poses a significant environmental challenge, particularly due to the potential for organic carbon overload in aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to identify the bacterial isolates with the potential to mitigate this burden by effectively degrading organic matter and exhibiting antagonistic activity against common aquatic pathogens. Through a screening process, two bacterial strains, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus licheniformis, were isolated based on their high amylolytic, cellulolytic, proteolytic and lipolytic activity indices. In addition, in relation to all effective strains for these activities, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens differed in the cellulolytic index (4.48 ± 0.12), while Bacillus licheniformis had a lipolytic index of 1.73 ± 0.10. Both strains were further characterized by their strong antagonistic activity against Aeromonas, a prevalent pathogen in aquatic environments. These findings suggest that B. amyloliquefaciens and B. licheniformis hold promise as bioremediation agents for wastewater treatment, potentially contributing to the sustainable management of urban wastewater and the protection of aquatic ecosystems.

11

Impact of Pharmaceuticals on the Individual Wastewater Treatment System

Makowska Małgorzata, Spychała Marcin, Gajewska Katarzyna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

257--266

EN

Intensive economic development causes the risk of introducing the so-called emerging contaminants (EC) into the environment. This group of contaminants includes pharmaceuticals, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the consumption of which is steadily increasing in Poland as well as worldwide. Such specific contaminants may also cause problems at the stage of biological treatment of wastewater, especially in individual systems that are sensitive to changes in wastewater composition. The study examined an onsite wastewater treatment system based on the activated sludge technology, to which three different pharmaceuticals were dosed in the quantities normally used in therapy. The operation of the biological reactor under these conditions was analysed by comparing contamination indicators at the inlet and outlet of the treatment plant at different doses of pharmaceuticals. It was found that the doses used did not significantly worsen the effects of wastewater treatment, except for paracetamol, which at a dose above 1000 mg/d caused a slight reduction in the efficiency of the facility. The dosed pharmaceuticals also did not deteriorate the sedimentation properties of the activated sludge. Although typical doses of pharmaceuticals do not interfere with the operation of the biological reactor, residual substances and their metabolites may be released into the environment; it is therefore reasonable to consider the introduction of an additional treatment stage to remove micropollutants from the wastewater.

12

Evaluating Microplastics Removal Efficiency of Textile Industry Conventional Wastewater Treatment Plant of Thailand

Rasheed Zulakha, Tshomo Ugyen

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 7

256--264

EN

Global plastic pollution is a serious problem. From manufacture to disposal, microplastics appear at every point in the textile life cycle. Numerous case studies demonstrated that wastewater treatment facilities cannot remove the microplastics they produce. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount of microplastics that leaks into the canal and adjacent water bodies from a wastewater treatment facility serving the textile industry in Thailand, as well as to discover the differences between the samples taken upstream and downstream. NOAA protected laboratory investigation based findings indicated that 590–601 microplastics particles per cubic meter (particles/m3) flowed into the canal; however, the upstream sample (344–349) had more particles/m3 than the downstream sample (246–252). The industry leaked microplastics on average 172 particles/m3 upstream and 123 particles/m3 downstream. Our research revealed that the wastewater treatment plant’s ability to capture microplastics particles was insufficient. A reliable mechanism to remove microplastics particles from wastewater treatment is required to protect environment, aquatic life, and water quality without interfering with industrial operations. This research emphasizes the Sustainable Development Goals, Responsible Production and Consumption (Goal 12), and Life below Water (Goal 14).

13

Effect of Short Heat Treatment of Amorphous Metal Alloy on Decolorization Dye Mendola Blue

Khrushchyk Khrystyna, Balin Katarzyna, Kordan Vasyl, Golba Sylwia, Karolus Małgorzata, Boichyshyn Lidiya

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 3

243--252

EN

It was established that the change in the structure of the amorphous metal alloy (AMA) as a result of heat treatment of the amorphous metal alloy Al87Gd5Ni4Fe4 at T=645±1 K significantly affects the decolorization of the dye Basic Blue 6/Mendola Blue (BB6/MB) at pH=1.7±0.3. The MB solution with a concentration of 4.39 μM was decolorized by 99% within 27 hours, in the case of annealed AMAs for 30, 45, 60 min., which is 3.8 times more effective than in the case of as-cast AMAs. A change in the AMA structure due to annealing was established by X-ray analisys; kinetic analysis was performed based on experimental data and the kinetic parameters (kobs, t1/2, ksa, etc.) of the MB decolorization reaction were calculated. The surface of AMAs after reaction with aniline dye MB and the proposed scheme of decolorization of aniline dye MB using AMAs Al87Gd5Ni4Fe4 were suggested.

14

Constructed Wetland as a Low-Energy Technique for Wastewater Treatment – Seasonal Impact, Performance and Phytomanagement

Benbouzid Maria, Al-Jadabi Naif, Bensemlali Meryem, El Hajjaji Souad, Labjar Najoua

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 10

176--188

EN

This work aims to study the seasonal impact on pollutant removal efficiency of constructed wetland (CW) units which treat domestic wastewater in the region of Rabat, Morocco. In this context, four vertical flow-constructed wetlands (VFCWs) were investigated for one year. Each CW unit has a surface area of 1m² and a depth of 60 cm. The difference between the units is the vegetation. The experiments are conducted on a laboratory scale and outdoors, to investigate also the direct effect of the climate. The purpose is to investigate the CWs performances with two different plant species (Phragmites Australis and Arundo Donax) and plant arrangements (mono-culture and poly-cultures). Since the region of Rabat has a semi-arid climate, plants behave during seasonal changes was explored. The elimination of organic matters showed a seasonal variation in the CW systems, with higher rates during the hot season and lower rates during the cold ones. Planted systems outperformed the unplanted system and the polyculture system was the most effective, reaching removal rates of 99.47%, 99.58%, and 85.64%, for, COD, BOD5, and TSS in the summer season where the temperature reaches its maximum promoting plant growth as well as microbial activity. Anyhow, results showed that the VFCWs used in this study are a successful technology for the region that is cost-effective and requires low energy.

15

Biosorption of Hexavalent Chromium onto Ziziphus lotus Fruits Powder: Kinetics, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamics

El Yakoubi Nosair, El Ansari Zineb Nejjar, Ennami Mounia, El Kbiach Mohammed L’bachir, Bounab Loubna, El Bouzdoudi Brahim

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

321--332

EN

Ziziphus lotus has been the subject of several researchs because of its nutritional benefits and ecological attributes. The removal of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) from a solution using powdered Zizphus lotus fruits, for its qualities of being inexpensive as well as environmentally friendly, was investigated. The results obtained showed that at pH = 2, at 30°C, after 600 min of adsorbent/adsorbate contact, with 100 mg/L as initial concentration of Cr(VI) and a biosorbent dosage of 5 g/L, the biosorption of Cr(VI) on Zizphus lotus fruit powder (ZLFP) is at its maximum rate. The sorption process was exothermic (∆H° = –6.69 kJ/mol), and was characterized by a positive entropy values (∆S° = 46.76 J/K mol) suggesting a high affinity of the ZLFP for Cr(VI). Given that the Gibbs free energy (∆G°) is negative and decreases as temperatures increase from 293 to 323 K, the process of biosorption is both feasible and spontaneous. The Temkin model and the Langmuir model both generated excellent fits to the equilibrium data. The maximum monolayer biosorption capacity was 36.11 mg/g. The pseudo second order model was used to fit the kinetic data relating to the adsorption of Cr(VI) on the ZLFP. The FTIR spectral analysis allowed the characterization of the biochemical groups mainly involved in the sorption of Cr(VI) ions on the ZLFP, and which are: N–C, H-O, O–C, H-C, and O=C. The capacity of Ziziphus lotus fruit as an inexpensive, effective, and ecofriendly biosorbent is confirmed through this study.

16

Zastosowanie techniki FTIR i metod chemometrycznych do oceny procesu biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków komunalnych osadem czynnym

Piaskowski Krzysztof, Walendzik Bartosz

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2024

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Nr 1

32--39

PL

Biologiczny proces osadu czynnego jest najpopularniejszą metodą stosowaną w licznych oczyszczalniach ścieków, która z reguły pozwala na uzyskanie wymaganego efektu ekologicznego. Jednakże charakteryzuje się ona również pewną niestabilnością uzyskiwanych efektów zależną od warunków i parametrów, na które częściowo eksploatator nie ma wpływu. Dlatego też poszukuje się szybkich technik analitycznych do kontroli i oceny osadu czynnego, które w przypadku pojawienia się nieprawidłowości w komorach biologicznych pozwolą na podjęcie decyzji operacyjnych korygujących proces, jak również jego optymalizację. W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano możliwości wykorzystania analizy FTIR-DRIFT zawiesiny osadu czynnego połączonej z analizą chemometryczną wybranych parametrów osadu i ścieków do oceny procesu oczyszczania na poszczególnych etapach pracy reaktora biologicznego. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że zastosowanie techniki FTIR do szybkiej oceny procesu biologicznego jest możliwe, a w połączeniu z modelowaniem PLS i po odpowiednim skalibrowaniu z wartościami parametrów fizyczno-chemicznych może stanowić element kontrolny w eksploatacji oczyszczalni ścieków.

EN

The activated sludge process is the most popular method used in many sewage treatment plants, which usually allows to achieve the required ecological effect. However, it is also characterized by a certain instability of the obtained effects, depending on conditions and parameters which are partly beyond the operator's influence. Therefore, rapid analytical techniques are being sought for the control and assessment of activated sludge, which, in the event of irregularities occurring in biological tanks, will allow operational decisions to be made to correct the process as well as its optimization. This article presents the possibilities of using FTIR-DRIFT analysis of activated sludge suspension combined with chemometric analysis of selected sludge and sewage parameters to assess the course of the purification process at various stages of operation of the biological reactor. The obtained results indicate that the use of the FTIR technique for rapid assessment of a biological process is possible, and in combination with PLS modeling and after appropriate calibration with physical and chemical parameters, it can constitute a control element in the operation of sewage treatment plants.

17

The influence of coagulant/flocculant particle size and mass on the kinetics of coagulation process. Computer simulation. The applicability of the Smoluchowski–Müller theory

Wardzyńska Regina

Environment Protection Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 50, nr 4

69--84

EN

Chemical coagulation is a crucial process in water treatment, hence the need for research on its optimization and increasing efficiency. This study explores coagulant/flocculant particle size, mass, and density’s impact on coagulation kinetics. The study employed a computer program that simulates the perikinetic coagulation processes. The simulation’s reliability was confirmed based on the classical Smoluchowski–Müller equations. Destabilization kinetics of the simulated sol revealed linear relation-ships. The coagulation rate adhered to both first-order (R2 = 0.97) and second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.98). Coagulant/flocculant particle size, mass, and density significantly influenced coagulation kinetics and efficiency. A tenfold increase in coagulant radius led to a fourfold rate increase.

18

Comparative study on the adsorption of lead ions by kaolin loaded chitosan by different modification methods

Zhang Shuqin, Boyue Yuan, Liu Yi, Zhang Kening, Ren Dajun, Zhang Xiaoqing

Environment Protection Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 50, nr 1

27--41

EN

The adsorption effect of two modified kaolin-chitosan composites prepared by different modification methods (cross-linking method (GL-CS) and click reaction method (TGL-CS) on lead ion wastewater was studied. The structure of TGL-CS has a denser pore structure than that of GL-CS, and the distribution of adsorption sites is more uniform. At 25 °C, pH 4, the adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g/dm3, reaction time of 4 h, and initial mass concentration of 150 mg/dm3, TGL-CS had the best effect on Pb2+ wastewater treatment, and the adsorption capacity was 76.159 mg/g. The adsorption studies of kinetic, thermodynamic, and thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption on GL-CS and TGL-CS was best described by the Langmuir model. The adsorption mechanism is mainly chemical adsorption. The adsorption process is spontaneous. These results show that the adsorbent prepared by click reaction has obvious advantages, with more adsorption capacity and adsorption sites, faster adsorption rate, and better application potential.

19

Optimizing the MBBR System and Integrating Nanoparticles to Improve Wastewater Treatment Efficiency

Eid Ahmed, El-Sayed Abd-Elaziz, Ayoub Mohamed, El-Morsy Ahmed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

218--229

EN

Wastewater treatment faces a growing challenge in removing nutrients and organic matter. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) system in removing nutrients and organic from municipal wastewater. The impact of different carrier filling ratios and hydraulic retention times (HRT) on the removal efficiency was systematically investigated. Moreover, the addition of nanoparticle additives to enhance system performance was evaluated. The optimal conditions for the MBBR system were 30–45% filling ratios and a 10-hour HRT, resulting in maximum removal efficiencies for biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia (NH4+-N) with a percentage of 85.23%, 81.69%, and 54.45% respectively. Furthermore, adding nanoparticles improved the BOD5 and COD removal efficiencies by 6.6% and 8.0% respectively, compared to the MBBR system without nanoparticles.

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Optimization of Chromium Removal from Tannery Effluents with the Neonite Natural Zeolite

Barra-Hinojosa Julio, Marrufo-Saldaña Liliana, Salazar-Leiva Victor, Gómez-León Mónica, Solis-Veliz Jose

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

41--53

EN

Chromium is the main constituent of the tanning salts used by tanneries for processing skins into leather, and considered as a pollutant in the effluents that this industry discharge. The present study aimed to evaluate the removal of chromium and other pollutants in effluents from the tanning industry applying the natural zeolite Neonite. Neonite is a commercially available zeolite, which was acquired from NEONITE S.A. Neonite was characterized through FTIR and XRD, identifying clinoptilolite as its main component. Treatment was applied to the samples of real effluents from the tanning stage or chromium bath (CB) and a composite effluent (CE), an experimental design was carried out for each effluent. The designs correspond to 32 factorial designs, the variables tested were the Neonite dosage (NE) measured in g/L, stirring time (StT) expressed in minutes and the pH of the sample, and the response variable was the residual chromium content (RCC). Statistical analysis was performed through R-software version 4.2.3 and included Box-Cox transformation and ANOVA to determine the main effects and the behavior of the response variable in relation to the applied model and its optimization by response surface. In CB, a removal above 95% was obtained for RCC, with optimization values at 32 g/L of NE and pH 7. In the CE, a removal of more than 98% was obtained for RCC and values higher than 60% for BOD, COD, TSS and Fats, being the optimal conditions 4.73 g/L of NE and 12.17 minutes of StT. These results demonstrate that the application of Neonite for the removal of chromium and other pollutants from tanning industry effluents has a great potential.