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1

Drop Tower Charpy Impact Tests of Additively Manufactured ABS Samples with Various Printing Orientations

Dziewit Piotr

Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa

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2025

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Vol. 16, Nr 4 (62)

87--102

EN

Due to its rapid development, Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a technology that could potentially replace conventional production methods. One of the most common AM techniques is Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), which allows building layer-by-layer prototypes created in computer-aided design (CAD). Due to the layered structure of the manufactured components, it is important to assess the impact of print orientation on the properties of the finished product. Although most of the mechanical properties under quasi-static and fatigue conditions have already been described, the dynamic tests have not yet been thoroughly presented. For instance, it was identified that the raster angle significantly influences the strength properties of the tested specimens, as well as their fatigue resistance. Hence, it can be assumed that it also affects the impact response of additively manufactured specimens. This paper focuses on the mechanical response of ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) samples printed in different orientations and raster angles, tested under impact conditions using the Charpy method according to ISO 179-2, with two impact directions (flatwise and edgewise). The tests were performed on unnotched samples manufactured in vertical and horizontal orientations with raster angles of 0°/-90°, 15°/-75°, 30°/-60°, and 45°/-45°. It has been observed that both printing parameters significantly affect the mechanical behaviour of the tested samples, with a difference in impact toughness of up to 50%.

PL

Ze względu na szybki rozwój, wytwarzanie przyrostowe (AM) jest technologią, która potencjalnie może zastąpić konwencjonalne metody produkcji. Jedną z najpopularniejszych technik AM jest Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), która pozwala na budowanie warstwa po warstwie prototypów zamodelowanych w programach do projektowania wspomaganego komputerowo (CAD). Ze względu na warstwową strukturę wytwarzanych elementów ważne jest, aby ocenić wpływ orientacji druku na właściwości gotowego produktu. Chociaż większość wyników badań mechanicznych w warunkach quasi-statycznych i zmęczeniowych została już opisana, testy dynamiczne nie zostały jeszcze dokładnie przedstawione. Stwierdzono, że kąt wypełnienia ma znaczący wpływ na właściwości wytrzymałościowe badanych próbek, a także na ich odporność na zmęczenie. Można zatem założyć, że wpływa on również na reakcję dynamiczną próbek wytworzonych metodą addytywną. Niniejszy artykuł koncentruje się na reakcji mechanicznej próbek ABS (akrylonitryl-butadien-styren) drukowanych w różnych orientacjach i z różnymi kątach wypełnienia. Próbki materiałowe były badane w warunkach dynamicznych metodą Charpy'ego za pomocą młota spadowego zgodnie z normą ISO 179-2, w dwóch kierunkach uderzenia (płaskim i krawędziowym). Testy przeprowadzono na próbkach bez karbu, wytworzonych w orientacji pionowej i poziomej, przy kątach wypełnienia 0°/-90°, 15°/-75°, 30°/-60° i 45°/-45° Zaobserwowano, że oba parametry drukowania mają znaczący wpływ na zachowanie mechaniczne badanych próbek, przy czym różnica w odporności na uderzenia wynosiła nawet 50%.

2

Durability of involute gear pairs manufactured by rapid prototyping methods

Kozik Bogdan, Pisula Jadwiga, Dębski Mariusz, Dziubek Tomasz

Polimery

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2025

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Vol. 70, nr 5

340--344

EN

The durability of cylindrical spur gears made of ABS and PU manufactured using the FDM (Fused deposition modeling) additive method and vacuum casting was investigated. The tests were carried out for pairs of gears with an involute profile for three values of the profile angle: 20, 25 and 30° to determine the effect of the profile angle on the gear operation time. The effect of running-in on gear durability was also assessed.

PL

Zbadano trwałość walcowych kół zębatych o zębach prostych z ABS i PU wykonanych metodą przyrostową FDM (Fused deposition modeling) i odlewania próżniowego. Badania przeprowadzono dla par kół zębatych o zarysie ewolwentowym dla trzech wartości kąta zarysu: 20°, 25° i 30° w celu określenia wpływ kąta zarysu na czas pracy przekładni. Oceniono również wpływ docierania na trwałość przekładni.

3

3D-printed prototypes of ABS gears with improved durability

Sobolak Mariusz, Połowniak Piotr

Polimery

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2025

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Vol. 70, nr 7-8

467--473

EN

The effect of thermal treatment (above the glass transition temperature) on the durability of ABS gears obtained using the FFF method was investigated. During processing, the gears rotated around their axis, which prevented asymmetric deformations resulting from gravity-induced material flow and ensured uniform surface heating. The tests continued until the gears failed, gradually increasing the load. Thermal treatment increased the gears’ durability by over 20%.

PL

Zbadano wpływ obróbki termicznej (powyżej temperatury zeszklenia) na trwałość przekładni kół zębatych z ABS otrzymanych metodą FFF. Podczas obróbki koła obracały się dokoła własnej osi, co pozwalało uniknąć niesymetrycznych odkształceń w wyniku płynięcia tworzywa pod wpływem grawitacji i gwarantowało równomierne nagrzewanie powierzchni. Badania prowadzono do momentu uszkodzenia kół, zwiększając stopniowo obciążenie. Obróbka termiczna zwiększała o ponad 20% trwałość kół zębatych.

4

Wpływ kąta orientacji ułożenia włókien na wybrane parametry wytrzymałościowe próbek wykonanych w metodzie FFF/MEM

Bernaczek Jacek, Dębski Mariusz, Gontarz-Kulisiewicz Małgorzata

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2025

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Vol. 46, nr 4

12--15

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wpływ kierunku ułożenia włókien pod kątami 45° i 135° oraz 0° i 90° na wybrane parametry w próbie statycznego rozciągania. W badaniach wzięto pod uwagę materiał podstawowy PLA, zmodyfikowany materiał PLA Tough i kopolimer ABS w celu porównania wpływu domieszek na rozpatrywane parametry wytrzymałościowe w odniesieniu do materiału podstawowego PLA oraz do materiału najczęściej stosowanego ABS. Stwierdzono, że zmiana kierunku ułożenia włókien ma niewielki wpływ na wytrzymałość na rozciąganie.

EN

The effect of fiber orientation at angles of 45° and 135°, and 0° and 90° on selected parameters in a static tensile test was presented. The study included PLA base material, modified PLA Tough material, and ABS copolymer to compare the effect of admixtures on the strength parameters considered in the PLA base material and the most commonly used ABS material. It was found that changing fiber orientation had little effect on tensile strength.

5

Simulation of an anti-lock braking system in a MATLAB/Simulink environment for various road adhesion properties

Kacprzycki Łukasz, Brukalski Mateusz, Abramowski Michał Mariusz, Sar Hubert, Fundowicz Piotr

Engineering Transactions

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2025

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Vol. 73, iss. 3

339--365

EN

Driving safety is very important to every vehicle user. Automobile manufacturers compete by introducing increasingly advanced safety systems, which, when combined with appropriate driver response, help prevent road accidents. The demand for such systems in vehicles has been driven mainly by the dynamic development of automotive industry and continually increasing number of vehicles on the road. This paper deals with safety systems that monitor wheel longitudinal slip, with emphasis on testing an anti-lock braking system (ABS) in a MATLAB/Simulink environment. The aim of the work is to describe the development and operation of ABS, electronic stability program (ESP), acceleration slip regulation (ASR) and electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD) systems, and to develop a simulation model of ABS. The relationship between the tire-to-road adhesion coefficient and longitudinal wheel slip was modeled using the Magic Formula equation. The contribution of this system to the vehicle’s braking process on various surfaces (dry asphalt, wet asphalt, snow, and ice) and at various initial velocities was analyzed. In particular, braking distance as a function of time comparing scenarios with ABS activated and deactivated is presented. The structure of the paper includes a theoretical part overviewing automotive safety systems, a description of the ABS model, and an analysis of the results.

6

Analysis of the potential use of poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene) in autoclaved aerated concrete

Balonis Magdalena, Stepien Anna, Molendowska Agnieszka, Jasińska Iga, Dachowski Ryszard

Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym

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2025

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Vol. 14

232--239

EN

Industrial activity in the 21st century increasingly emphasizes a low-emission economy, sustainable construction, material recycling, and the closed-loop use of building materials. Concrete, in both cast-in-place and precast structures, remains the most widely used construction material. Numerous approaches to concrete modification have been developed, and the recycling of construction materials became a priority in the late 20th century, particularly in Western Europe and the United States, as well as in the context of the Earth Summits initiated in the 1990s. One such modifier derived from recycled plastics is acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). ABS is an amorphous, metastable polymer characterized by high strength, impact resistance, hardness, scratch resistance, favorable insulating properties, and resistance to light and UV radiation. Its main limitation is its low resistance to acids, esters, and ketones. To evaluate the effect of ABS modified with basalt powder on the properties of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), compressive strength was adopted as the primary performance indicator, and a functional usability profile was developed.

7

The influence of polymer materials and internal density on the parameters of fused filament fabrication samples during tensile testing

Gontarz-Kulisiewicz Małgorzata, Budzik Grzegorz, Dziubek Tomasz, Sobolewski Bartłomiej, Przeszłowski Łukasz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 9

410--427

EN

This article presents a strength analysis of selected polymer materials (ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), PLA (polylactic acid), HABS (hard acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), HIPS (high-impact polystyrene), PC/ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene with polycarbonate), and S&S (strong and soft)) used in the FFF method based on a static tensile test. Standardized type 1A specimens with varying filling densities of the internal grid structure were tested, specifically at densities of 13%, 15%, 20%, 65%, 80%, and fully filled. Additionally, the fractures of the samples following the strength tests were examined and described.

8

Testing of the prototype of a one-way fuel system valve

Bernaczek Jacek, Cichosz Piotr

Polish Technical Review

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2024

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No. 4

2--8

EN

The subject of the publication is the research of a prototype of a one-way fuel system valve manufactured using the additive technique. The valve design was developed in the CAD environment in the aspect of manufacturing the model using the additive technique. The models were subjected to numerical analysis of stress distribution using the finite element method FEM in order to confirm the dimensional, shape and material conditions. The manufacturing process was developed using the thermoplastic modeling technique FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication) from two commonly used model materials, i.e. PLA and ABS. The physical models were subjected to bench tests. Based on the numerical analysis of FEM and experimental tests based on the manufactured prototypes, the specified assumptions were confirmed.

PL

Przedmiotem publikacji są badania prototypu jednokierunkowego zaworu instalacji paliwowej wytwarzanego techniką przyrostową. Opracowano konstrukcję zaworu w środowisku CAD w aspekcie wytworzenia modelu techniką przyrostową. Modele poddano numerycznej analizie rozkładu naprężeń metodą elementów skończonych MES celem potwierdzenia uwarunkowań wymiarowo kształtowych i materiałowych. Opracowano proces wytwarzania techniką modelowania tworzywem termoplastycznym FFF (ang. Fused Filament Fabrication) z dwóch powszechnie wykorzystywanych materiałów modelowych, tj. PLA i ABS. Modele fizyczne poddano badaniom stanowiskowym. Na podstawie analizy numerycznej MES oraz badań doświadczalnych w oparciu o wytworzone prototypy potwierdzono sprecyzowane założenia.

9

Innovative polymer composites based on biomedical materials - Rapid communication

Bulanda Katarzyna, Bartusik-Aebisher Dorota, Oleksy Małgorzata, Aebisher David

Polimery

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2024

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Vol. 69, nr 5

318--324

EN

The article presents preliminary research on the influence of calcium phosphate (10–40 wt%) on the functional properties of ABS. Maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene was used as a compatibilizer (0.5 wt%). The mass flow rate, tensile properties and hardness were determined. The effect of the filler on the color change of the polymer matrix was also examined. For a composite containing 20 wt% calcium phosphate, the mechanical properties of samples obtained by 3D printing and injection molding were compared, with worse properties obtained by 3D printing. This can be explained by limited adhesion between the printed layers.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wstępne badania wpływu fosforanu wapnia (10–40% mas.) na właściwości użytkowe ABS. Jako kompatybilizator użyto polietylen szczepiony bezwodnikiem maleinowym (0,5% mas.). Określono masowy wskaźnik szybkości płynięcia, właściwości mechaniczne przy rozciąganiu i twardość. Zbadano także wpływ napełniacza na zmianę barwy osnowy polimerowej. Dla kompozytu zawierającego 20 wt% fosforanu wapnia porównano właściwości mechaniczne próbek uzyskanych metodą druku 3D i formowania wtryskowego, przy czym gorsze właściwości uzyskano metodą druku 3D. Można to wyjaśnić ograniczoną przyczepnością pomiędzy drukowanymi warstwami.

10

Comparison of the strength of popular thermoplastic materials used in 3D printing - PLA, ABS and PET-G

Stecuła Beniamin, Sitko Jacek, Stecuła Kinga, Witkowski Mirosław, Orzeł Bartosz

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 4

97--103

EN

This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of three prevalent materials used in 3D printing. PLA (Polylactic Acid), ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene), and PET-G (Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol). The study includes strength testing using a tensile testing machine. Beginning with the selection of the input material used in the 3D printing process, the research aimed to provide insights into the strength properties of these materials. Autodesk Fusion 360 software was used for the precise design of the 3D model, ensuring suitability for subsequent tensile testing. The physical samples were then printed using 3D printing technology. The samples were subjected to a strength examination using a tensile testing machine. The data collection phase recorded and compiled the results of each strength test, forming the foundation for a comprehensive analysis. Using statistical methods and comparative analyzes, the data were thoroughly examined, allowing the derivation of conclusive observations and insights into the comparative strengths of PLA, ABS, and PET-G. The findings not only contribute to a deeper understanding of material performance but also provide a guide for material selection in 3D printing applications, guiding future research endeavors and industry applications in the ever-evolving landscape of additive manufacturing.

11

Mechanical properties of ABS samples manufactured under different process conditions

Czyżewski Piotr, Marciniak Dawid, Sykutera Dariusz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 1

art. no. e147065

EN

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of manufacturing conditions on the mechanical properties and structure of ABS parts. Two sets of samples with the same geometric characteristics were produced by fused deposition modelling (FDM) and injection molding (IM). The molding pressure and cooling rate were found to have a significant effect on shaping the mechanical properties and structure of ABS products. The manufacturing method and adopted process parameters have a significant impact on the degree of packing of macromolecules in the volume of the product and thus determine its density. Selected mechanical properties were determined and compared with their specific gravity. The research was carried out using tools and machines, i.e. injection molds of unique design and standard measuring stations. Tensile and bending strengths and Young’s modulus were related to the density of products obtained under different process conditions and having gradient and solid structures. The results provide useful information for engineers designing products using FDM technology. Relating tensile and flexural strength and Young’s modulus to the specific gravity of the product. It was found that the value of product properties is closely related to various process conditions, which further provides a true description of the products.

12

Addition of Modifying Agents vs Basic Functional Properties of Moldings Made of ABS

Trzaskalska Milena

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2024

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Vol. 69, iss. 1

375--380

EN

Unconventional injection methods include i.e. blowing injection that allows for production of moldings with a lower weight while maintaining mechanical properties of detail. Due to the fact that most polymers are dyed at the processing stage, it is important to examine the simultaneous effect of blowing and colorbatch, as well as variable processing conditions, on the functional properties of moldings made of the most popular construction material, i.e. ABS. Samples were made of ABS polymer without and with the addition of a colorbatch containing brown pigment on ABS matrix, and blowing agent. Variable processing conditions were: mold and injection temperature, holding pressure and time. Other parameters were constant. Samples were tested for basic functional properties such as color, gloss, mass, density and thickness. Moldings produced with a higher blowing agent content and a higher injection temperature were characterized by lower mass. No significant influence of processing parameters and content of colorbatch on mass of samples was found. Blowing agent has no significant impact on thickness of moldings, regardless of processing conditions. Addition of a colorbatch influenced samples’ gloss. Increase in colorbatch and blowing agent content and mold temperature allow to obtain moldings with a higher surface gloss. Colorbatch also changed color of samples - a decrease in luminance L even by about 40% and great changes in parameters “a” and slight changes in parameter “b”. It was found that blowing agent content had the greatest influence on density of moldings. Injection temperature and colorbatch, do not significantly affect density of moldings.

13

Wpływ sposobu przechowywania filamentu ABS, PLA, PET-G na właściwości wyrobów wytwarzanych przyrostowo metodą FDM

Góralski Błażej, Siergiej Joanna

Zarządzanie Przedsiębiorstwem

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2023

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Vol. 26, nr 1

7--11

EN

The subject of the article is the influence of filament moisture on the quality of products manufactured using the additive method using the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) method. Three types of thermoplastic polymers were tested: ABS, PLA and PET-G. The polymers were stored in environments with different humidity. The moisture content of the filament was determined as the water content in the material expressed as a percentage by weight. To obtain the expected humidity of the samples, they were conditioned for 7 days in tightly closed containers with constant humidity of 40%, 60% and 80%. After the sample conditioning process was completed, they were removed from the container and subjected to further tests. The influence of filament humidity on selected properties of manufactured products is presented, such as: surface quality of the obtained samples, tensile strength and dimensional repeatability. To sum up, the method of storing the filament affects the moisture content of the filament. The humidity of the filament, in turn, affects the quality of products manufactured using the FDM method, including: on: mechanical properties, dimensional stability, Surface appearance. Therefore, it is important in what conditions the filament is stored before the production process begins.

14

Correlation between printing parameters and residual stress in additive manufacturing: a numerical simulation approach

Alzyod Hussein, Ficzere Péter

Production Engineering Archives

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2023

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Vol. 29, Iss. 3

279-287

EN

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a widely used 3D printing technology that can create a diverse range of objects. However, achieving the desired mechanical properties of printed parts can be challenging due to various printing parameters. Residual stress is a critical issue in FDM, which can significantly impact the performance of printed parts. In this study, we used Digimat-AM software to conduct numerical simulations and predict residual stress in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) material printed using FDM. We varied six printing parameters, including printing temperature, printing speed, and infill percentage, with four values for each parameter. Our results showed that residual stress was positively correlated with printing temperature, printing speed, and infill percentage, and negatively correlated with layer thickness. Bed temperature did not have a significant effect on residual stress. Finally, using a concentric infill pattern produced the lowest residual stress. The methodology used in this study involved conducting numerical simulations with Digimat-AM software, which allowed us to accurately predict residual stress in FDM-printed ABS parts. The simulations were conducted by systematically varying six printing parameters, with four values for each parameter. The resulting data allowed us to identify correlations between residual stress and printing parameters, and to determine the optimal printing conditions for minimizing residual stress. Our findings contribute to the existing literature by providing insight into the relationship between residual stress and printing parameters in FDM. This information is important for designers and manufacturers who wish to optimize their FDM printing processes for improved part performance. Overall, our study highlights the importance of considering residual stress in FDM printing, and provides valuable information for optimizing the printing process to reduce residual stress in ABS parts.

15

Durability of chain transmission obtained using FFF technology

Budzik Grzegorz, Dziubek Tomasz, Sobolewski Bartłomiej, Borek Karol, Gontarz Małgorzata

Polimery

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2023

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Vol. 68, nr 11-12

617--624

EN

Durability of polymer (PCTG, ABS, PLA) chain gears with a modular chain obtained by 3D printing (FFF - Fused Filament Fabrication) was tested under static and dynamic conditions. An analysis was performed using finite element modeling (FEM). The PLA gear showed the highest tensile strength, and the PCTG gear the lowest. However, in dynamic conditions (rotational speed 750 min-1), the ABS gear was characterized by the smallest deformation and the longest operating time. Chain links were damaged at the point of connection during both static and dynamic tensile tests. Probably the surface of the hole where the chain links were joined was not smooth enough, which could lead to their damage.

PL

W warunkach statycznych i dynamicznych zbadano wytrzymałość na rozciąganie polimerowych (PCTG, ABS, PLA) przekładni łańcuchowych z łańcuchem o budowie modułowej otrzymanych metodą druku 3D. Przeprowadzono analizę metodą modelowania elementów skończonych (MES). Największą wytrzymałość wykazywała przekładnia wykonana z PLA, a najmniejszą z PCTG. Natomiast w warunkach dynamicznych (prędkość obrotowa 750 min-1) przekładnia z ABS charakteryzowała się najmniejszym odkształceniem i najdłuższym czasem pracy. Ogniwa łańcucha zarówno podczas statycznych, jak i dynamicznych testów rozciągania ulegały uszkodzeniu w miejscu ich łączenia. Prawdopodobnie powierzchnia otworu w miejscu łączenia ogniw łańcucha nie była wystarczająco gładka, co mogło prowadzić do ich uszkodzenia.

16

Using Own Algorithms to Increase the Quality and Fatigue Resistance of FDM Printing for Use in Drones and Small Aircraft

Szafran Krzysztof Stanisław, Jeziorek Łukasz Andrzej

Fatigue of Aircraft Structures

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2023

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Iss.15

28--43

EN

The present article discusses the three-dimensional (3D) printing process in the fused deposition modeling (FDM) or the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique using the author’s own philosophy of shaping the printing head path. The main requirements are the possibility of eliminating supports and reducing or even eliminating the need for the mechanical processing of 3D prints before their final assembly. The presented methodology was implemented in a computer program written by the author and was used to print typical parts used in aviation. Individual methods of shaping parts typical for the construction of small flying models, such as wings and fuselages, and methods of strengthening and connecting them have been discussed. The proposed solutions are illustrated with photos of readymade prints. This article also discusses the issues that printing high-quality parts may encounter and how to avoid them. Some attention has also been paid to the materials used for printing and their suitability in the construction of aircraft and their fatigue strength.

17

Viscoelastic characterization of additively manufactured acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

Witek Szczepan

Computer Methods in Materials Science

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2023

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Vol. 23, No. 2

39--44

EN

The main objective of this work was to characterize the viscoelastic properties of additively manufactured Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene based on tensile stress relaxation tests. The stress relaxation measurements were conducted with a temperature range of 25–100°C. The two-layer viscoplastic constitutive model was adopted to describe the elastic and viscous behavior of the investigated material. The model parameters were calibrated using an inverse analysis and stress relaxation data. The model’s predictive capabilities were assessed by comparing the model predictions with experimental data not included in the calibration process.

18

Prediction of the influence of printing parameters on the residual stress using numerical simulation

Alzyod Hussein, Ficzere Péter

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2022

|

Vol. 4, nr 1

150-156

EN

Fused Deposition Modeling is an additive manufacturing technology that is used to create a wide range of parts and applications. Along with its benefits, there are some challenges regarding the printed parts' mechanical properties, which are associated with printing parameters like layer thickness, printing speed, infill density, printing temperature, bed temperature, infill pattern, chamber temperature, and printing orientation. One of the most crucial challenges in additive manufacturing technology is the residual stress, which significantly affects the parts like fatigue life, cracks propagation, distortions, dimensional accuracy, and corrosion resistance. Residual stress is hard to detect in the components and sometimes is costly to investigate. Printing specimens with different parameters costs money and is timeconsuming. In this work, numerical simulation using Digimat-AM software was employed to predict and minimize the residual stress in printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene material using Fused Deposition Modeling technology. The printing was done by choosing six different printing parameters with three values for each parameter. The results showed a significant positive correlation between residual stress and printing temperature and infill percentage and a negative correlation with layer thickness and printing speed. At the same time, we found no effect of the bed temperature on the residual stress. Finally, the minimum residual stress was obtained with a concentric infill pattern.

19

Experimental research on the volatilization and condensation of ammonium bisulfate as SCR byproduct

Jiao Kunling, Ma Shuangchen, Chen Xiangyang, Liu Jiaming, Qiao Lin

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2022

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Vol. 24, nr 4

30--38

EN

In this paper, the research progress of ammonium bisulfate (ABS) volatilization in coal-fired power plants the SCR denitrification process was reviewed. Combination with self-made experiments, SEM, flue gas analyzer and TG-DTG curves of ABS and ion chromatography. The volatilization and condensation characteristics of ABS were investigated carefully. Results show that as the temperature increased by 50 °C, the ABS/AS volatilization rate increased by an order of magnitude. The decomposition process of ABS should have a two-step reaction. The reaction in the initial volatilization stage is ABS dehydration turned into (NH4)2S2O7. The reaction in the rapid volatilization stage is (NH4)2S2O7 decomposed into NH3, N2, SO2 and H2O. There is an inter-section in the reac-tion temperature range (especially 300 °C) between the two-step reaction. This research provides an experimental basis for temperature control of ABS to avoid air pre-heater fouling.

20

The effect of kenaf loading on kenaf/ABS composites structure and thermal properties

Mashelmie S., Rabiatul Manisah M., Bahiyah Baba N., Mohd A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 111, nr 2

49--56

EN

Purpose: Many manufacturers have recently become interested in using fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) in structural applications. Synthetic fibres, such as carbon and glass fibres, have been commercialised internationally for decades, but they cause environmental issues because synthetic fibres are non-biodegradable and difficult to recycle once they have served their purpose, potentially polluting the environment. Thus, natural fibre composites like kenaf is a possible replacement for synthetic fibre due to their superior physical and mechanical properties. Kenaf appears to be the best candidate for replacing synthetic fibres in order to accomplish the goal of environmental preservation while also displaying excellent properties such as equivalent specific strength, low density, and renewable resources. Design/methodology/approach: The kenaf fiber was treated in KOH and added to ABS matrix to produce new composites at different loading (10, 15, 20 and 25 wt.%) by using Two Roll Mill machine. The influence of the fiber on the composites properties was evaluated. The produced material was subjected to SEM, MFI, TGA and DSC analysis. Findings: The incorporation of the treated kenaf fiber has an influence on the properties of kenaf/ABS composites. The addition of 10 wt.% kenaf was found to be the best loading with MFI value, initial degradation temperature and glass transition temperature at 0.8208 g/10 min, 322.63°C and 130°C respectively. The fiber was well dispersed in the matrix and shown good adhesion to the ABS. The addition of treated fiber contribute to a reduction in the MFI, improved the thermal stability of the composites and typical effects of Tg of the composite compare to pure ABS. Research limitations/implications: The results suggest the need to continue the study in order to further analyse higher kenaf loading and shed more light on the properties of the composites to improve understanding of kenaf/ABS composites. Originality/value: Obtained results are a solution to alternative of synthetic fibers, which may contribute to the sustainable development of composites materials industry through the utilization of kenaf fiber with ABS matrix.