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Skład macerałowy i dojrzałość rozproszonej materii organicznej w wybranych wydzieleniach litostratygraficznych jednostki dukielskiej

Ziemianin Konrad, Spunda Karol

Nafta-Gaz

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2022

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R. 78, nr 2

83--96

PL

Analizy mikroskopowe materii organicznej mają kluczowe znaczenie w analizie systemów naftowych i poszukiwaniach złóż węglowodorów. Informacje o składzie macerałowym oraz stopniu zaawansowania przemian termicznych są nieodzowne w typowaniu perspektywicznych rejonów poszukiwawczych, modelowaniu procesów generacji oraz we wszelkiego typu aspektach geologicznych, w których skały macierzyste pełnią priorytetową rolę. Przeanalizowano skład macerałowy i dojrzałość rozproszonej materii organicznej w wybranych wydzieleniach litostratygraficznych jednostki dukielskiej. Materiał badawczy stanowiło 50 próbek, pobranych z 23 odsłonięć. Próbki pochodziły z warstw inoceramowych, hieroglifowych, menilitowych i krośnieńskich oraz z łupków pstrych i warstw z Majdanu. Zasadnicza część badań obejmowała obserwacje mikroskopowe w świetle odbitym i UV, a także pomiary refleksyjności witrynitu. W celu pełniejszej interpretacji, w przypadku części próbek wykonano pirolizę Rock-Eval. Skład materii organicznej pod kątem jakościowym wydaje się zbliżony – najczęściej obserwuje się zarówno macerały z grupy witrynitu, jak i liptynitu i inertynitu. Ewentualne różnice uwypuklają się w proporcjach pomiędzy udziałem macerałów z tych grup. W obrębie grupy witrynitu wyróżniono większe fragmenty kolotelinitu (>10 µm) oraz mniejsze witrodetrynitu (<10 µm). Grupa macerałów liptynitu zdominowana jest przez alginit, rzadziej natomiast obserwuje się bituminit, liptodetrynit, sporynit i kutynit. Macerały z grupy inertynitu to najczęściej pokruszone fragmenty semifuzynitu oraz fuzynitu oraz drobniejszy inertodetrynit. Dodatkowo w pojedynczych próbkach obecne są stałe bituminy, czasem mogące wykazywać zjawisko fluorescencji. Udział materii organicznej (parametr TOC) jest bardzo zróżnicowany – od <1% do 9%. Ze względu na zasobność w materię organiczną przebadane skały podzielono na skały o niskim (łupki pstre, warstwy z Majdanu, warstwy hieroglifowe), średnim (warstwy inoceramowe), wysokim (warstwy menilitowe) i zmiennym (warstwy krośnieńskie) TOC. Przebadane próbki wykazują również zróżnicowanie w proporcjach grup macerałów, charakteryzując się zarówno dominacją materiału witrynitowo-inertynitowego (warstwy inoceramowe i warstwy z Majdanu), jak też materiału witrynitowego (warstwy hieroglifowe), a także liptynitowego lub witrynitowoliptynitowego (warstwy menilitowe). Przebadana materia organiczna znajduje się na różnym stopniu przeobrażeń termicznych – od fazy niedojrzałej po późne „okno ropne”. Wydaje się, że w ujęciu regionalnym stopień dojrzałości rośnie w kierunku południowym i południowowschodnim.

EN

Microscopic investigations of organic matter play a key role in analyzing oil systems and prospecting for hydrocarbon fields. Information about its maceral composition and the degree of thermal transformations is essential in selecting prospective exploration areas, modelling generation processes and in all types of geological aspects where source rocks play a priority role. Maceral composition and maturity of dispersed organic matter in selected lithostratigraphic divisions of the Dukla Unit were analyzed. The research material consisted of 50 samples collected from 23 outcrops. The samples were collected from Inoceramian, Majdan, Hieroglyphic, Menilite and Krosno Beds, as well as from Variegated Shales. The main part of the research included microscopic observations under reflected light and UV as well as measurements of vitrinite reflectance. For a more complete interpretation, Rock-Eval pyrolysis was performed for some of the samples. In terms of quality, the composition of organic matter seems to be similar – macerals from the vitrinite, liptinite and inertinite groups are observed. Possible differences are emphasized in the proportions between the content of macerals from these groups. Within the vitrinite group, fragments of larger (> 10 µm) collotelinite and smaller (<10 µm) vitrodetrinite can be distinguished. The group of liptinite macerals is dominated by alginite, while bituminite, liptodetrinite, sporinite and cutinite are observed less frequently. Macerals from the inertinite group are most often represented by crushed fragments of semifusinite and fusinite, and finer inertodetrinite. Additionally, solid bitumens, sometimes exhibiting fluorescence, are present in individual samples. The content of organic matter (TOC parameter) is very diverse – ranging from <1% to 9%. Due to the content of organic matter, the studied rocks were divided into groups of low (Variegated Shales, Majdan Beds, Hieroglyphic Beds), medium (Inoceramian Beds), high (Menilite Beds) and variable (Krosno Beds) TOC. The investigated samples also show variability in the proportions of maceral groups. The dominance of vitrinite-inertinite (Inoceramian Beds and Majdan Beds), as well as vitrinite (Hieroglyphic Beds), liptinite and vitrinite-liptinite macerals (Menilite Beds) is observed. Investigated organic matter also varies in the degree of thermal transformations, from the immature phase to the late “oil window”. In regional scale, samples maturity appears to be increasing towards S and SE.

2

Badania mikrotermometryczne i ramanowskie inkluzji w minerałach w rejonie Rabego (Karpaty) : praktyka eksperymentalna

Jarmołowicz-Szulc Katarzyna, Toboła Tomasz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 6

361--364

EN

Fluid and solid inclusions were analyzed in minerals of Carpathian rock samples from the Rabe vicinity by means of microthermometry and Raman spectrometry. Fluid inclusions are present in calcite and quartz that often co-occurwith organic matter in different spatial relationships. In case of the studied Ra 5 sample they fill a cavern in the mélange zone in the Carpathian flysch. The temperatures obtained from the combined research (FI 178.9186°C; Raman 178-205°C) give an insight into the geological history of that fragment of the Carpathians.

3

A 3D model of the thermal field within the Polish Carpathians and the Carpathian Foredeep (S Poland)

Kudrewicz Rafał

Geological Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 65, No. 3

art. no. 39

EN

Numerical 3D parametric models of temperature and thermal gradient distribution within the Polish Carpathians and the Carpathian Foredeep are constructed for the interval between ground level and the 160°C isotherm. The model construction was preceded by detailed analysis of over 500 thermal logs from the area investigated and its closest vicinity. This analysis showed that the vertical changes in temperature and thermal gradient have a non-linear character with no regular pattern in the distribution of the parameters modelled, so a 3D modeling approach was chosen as the most appropriate method for their quantitative description. Furthermore, standardization of the thermal logs was recognized as mandatory so the influence of drilling process would be eliminated. Among a broad array of methods and their preconditions discussed, the Kukkonen-Szewczyk method was selected for the data collected in the study area. Modeling results show a close relationship between thermal gradient, lithology and petrophysical rock properties as well as a correlation between the distribution of positive thermal anomalies and yield of hydrocarbon accumulations within the Carpathian Foredeep. The accuracy of the model has been assessed as ~10%. The model was then used for discussion of hydrocarbon generation and prediction of formation temperature.

4

On imperfectly known Hauterivian representatives of the families Holcodiscidae Spath, 1923 and Barremitidae Breskovski, 1977 in Butkov Quarry (Central Western Carpathians, Slovakia)

Vašíček Zdeněk, Klein Jaap

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2021

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Vol. 71, no. 4

433--451

EN

In Butkov Quarry, ammonites of the families Holcodiscidae Spath, 1923 and Barremitidae Breskovski, 1977 occur in the pelagic Lower Cretaceous pelagic deposits of the Manín Unit. This contribution discusses the taxonomy of both families and presents their distribution in the layered sequences of the quarry. The genus Spitidiscus Kilian, 1910 classified as a member of the Superfamily Perisphinctoidea Steinmann in Steinmann and Döderlein, 1890 is an important representative of the Holcodiscidae from a stratigraphic point of view. In areas where the zonal index Acanthodiscus radiatus (Bruguière, 1789) does not occur, as in Butkov Quarry, the first representatives of Spitidiscus indicate the base of the Hauterivian. The genus Plesiospitidiscus Breistroffer, 1947 was long regarded as a member of the Superfamily Desmoceratoidea Zittel, 1895. This superfamily was based on its type species, Eodesmoceras celestini (Pictet and Campiche, 1860), which is not Valanginian in age, as now clearly proven. As a consequence, this superfamily is considered invalid. Vermeulen and Lahondère (2011) proposed an alternative by selecting a suitable initial genus, namely Plesiospitidiscus, for the Family Barremitidae, Superfamily Barremitoidea Breskovski, 1977 (nom. transl. Vermeulen and Lahondère, 2011).

5

The significance of extreme floods in the transformation of mountain valleys and causing flood risk, on the example of the July 2001 flood that occurred in the upper catchment of the river Skawa

Franczak Paweł

Science, Technology and Innovation

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2020

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Vol. 9, no. 2

10--20

EN

In July 2001, in the Carpathian basin of the Vistula, there was a lot of rainfall and storms. The meteorological situation of that time was similar to that of 1934 when a great flood occurred. On 25 July (2001st), in the upper part of the Skawa catchment, a violent storm occurred. Its centre was located right at Makowska Góra. The daily precipitation in Maków Podhalański was 190.8 mm that day. Most of the precipitation occurred during a storm. Although the precipitation was much lower in the other stations located in the drainage basin, the flow of the Skawa in Sucha Beskidzka was 660 m3 s-1, while the constructed dam in Świnna-Poręba – 1019 m3 s-1. Precipitation was so abundant that the floodplains terraces of the Skawa have been inundated, and made the streams flowing down the Makowska Mountain spill out of the trough. The centre of Maków Podhalański and the neighbouring streets were destroyed. The main current flowed through the streets of Źródlana, Krótka, Kościelna, Rynek, and Wolności. The biggest losses were caused by the Księży Potok and several smaller streams (Rzyczki, Grabce, and Czarny Potok) that poured out of the trough and flowed through them. The biggest losses have been incurred by the Budzów and Zembrzyce municipalities located on the other side of the mountain. The losses were caused by a small Paleczka stream.

6

The origin and chemical composition of Carpathians chloride CO2-rich waters in the light of stable chlorine isotope studies (37Cl and 35Cl)

Dembska-Sięka Paulina, Pelc Andrzej, Rajchel Lucyna

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 1

197--204

EN

Investigations into chloride CO2-rich water occurring in the Polish and Slovakian Carpathians were carried out to gain a better understanding of the Cl- sources. The primary Cl- concentration in sea water, processes accompanying diagenesis, together with water-rock-gas interactions, have undoubtedly influenced the present content of chlorides. The Cl-- concentrations in the waters analysed vary from 35.5 to 4148.3 mg/l, lower than in sea water, with a mean ~19000 mg/l. The measured δ37Cl values range from -1.15 to -0.26‰, below the typical sea water value of 0‰. It might be concluded that the chemical and isotopic composition of these waters are the result of reactions during diagenesis (e.g., ion exchange or diffusion through low-permeability clay layers) as well as meteoric water influx.

7

Palynofacies analysis, sedimentology and hydrocarbon potential of the Menilite Beds (Oligocene) in the Slovakian and Romanian Outer Carpathians

Filipek Anna

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 3

589--610

EN

The sedimentary organic matter (SOM) assemblages and sedimentology of the Menilite Beds from the Dukla, Grybów and Vrancea units in the Slovakian and Romanian Outer Carpathians are described. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the SOM help ascertain depositional conditions, while the thermal maturity of the organic matter studied is estimated utilizing the Spore Colour Index and UV light excitation techniques. The sedimentary organic particles were grouped into ten SOM categories: marine palynomorphs (dinoflagellate cysts), sporomorphs (saccate and non-saccate, pollen and spores), freshwater algae (Botryococcus sp., and other freshwater microplankton), phytoclasts (cuticles, translucent wood, opaque wood), resin and amorphous organic matter (AOM). All samples are dominated by AOM. The presence of Botryococcus sp., Pediastrum sp., Pterospermella sp. and Campenia sp., in some samples points to deposition under hyposaline conditions. It is interpreted that the freshwater influx induced water column stratification in the basin, leading to the development of dysoxic to anoxic bottom-water conditions that enhanced the preservation of AOM. Kerogen analysis in UV light and evaluation using the Spore Colour Index demonstrated different thermal maturation patterns from the Slovakian (post-mature) and Romanian (immature) sections. Integrated palynofacies analysis (notably, the presence of freshwater algae) and sedimentological observations (e.g., hummocky cross-stratification) lead to the conclusion that the deposition of the Menilite Beds in the Vrancea Unit (Romania) was relatively proximal to the shoreline, above storm wave base, whereas the Slovakian units (Dukla and Grybów) were deposited in a more distal setting.

8

Origin and evolution of basins in the eastern part of Jasło-Sanok Depression (Polish Carpathians) in the Late Vistulian and Holocene

Gerlach Tadeusz, Gębica Piotr, Szczepanek Kazimierz, Nalepka Dorota, Walanus Adam

Studia Quaternaria

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2019

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Vol. 36, Nr 2

171--194

EN

Results of a geomorphologic study as well as radiocarbon and pollen analyses of sediments in small basins of the Jasło-Sanok Depression (Western Carpathians) are summarised. Floors of these basins, carved in soft shale-sandstone Krosno Beds, are covered with channel fluvial deposits and oxbow-lake sediments with lake chalk and peat accumulated in the Late Vistulian and Holocene. Since the early Atlantic Phase (ca 8,400–7,900 BP) the apparent acceleration of overbank (flood) deposition intermitting the peat accumulation is observed. The plant succession includes the Late Glacial (pre-Allerød, Allerød and Younger Dryas) with coniferous park forests, through mixed deciduous forests of the Holocene with elm, hazel, oak and lime as well as spruce-elm forests with alder in wetlands, up to present-day hornbeam forests (Tilio-Carpinetum of various types) and extra-zonal Carpathian beech forests (Dentario-Glandulosae-Fagetum). Abies alba (fir) is frequent in both these association types. First evidences of synanthropic plants that prove presence of prehistoric man appeared in the Subboreal Phase. The oldest radiocarbon date 13,550±100 BP (Gd-7355) [16,710–16,085 b2k], from a bottom part of the Humniska section is probably overestimated. This is indicated by palynological data, which suggest attribution of this section to the older Allerød. Small thickness of gravel blanket from the Plenivistulian termination and the beginning of the Late Vistulian, as well as large areas devoid of weathering and solifluction covers indicate that during the Plenivistulian weathering processes and removal of silt-clay material predominated in the basins. In that time the deflation was among important processes, which is proved by deflation troughs, faceted cobbles and thick covers of the Carpathian type of loess. The Besko Basin has pre-Vistulian tectonic foundation, while landforms of its floor are of erosion-degradation origin and formed during the last Scandinavian glaciation. In the Holocene the basin floors were overbuilt with fluvial deposits up to 8 m thick.

9

Zagrożenia osuwiskowe dla sztucznych zbiorników wodnych w Karpatach

Perski Zbigniew, Nescieruk Piotr, Wojciechowski Tomasz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 5

332--338

EN

Starting from 2011, landslides in Łaski over the Żywieckie lake and in Piaski-Drużków over the Czchowskie Lake have been included into the landslide monitoring program as a part of the SOPO project of PGI-NRI. Both landslides present a real hazard to hydrotechnical constructions. In 2018 the monitoring has been extended for the Łaski landslide including the on-line component. The article presents the subsurface and surface monitoring systems and discusses the results of over 7-years observations. In both discussed cases, the landslides have long, multi-stage history. The measurement data show that, their activity has decreased since the activation impulse in 2010. However, they remain active, especially on the deep slip surfaces. High porosity and, consequently, rapid changes in the groundwater level and rainfall intensity confirm the unstable nature of these landforms. This also confirms that the possibility of further activation or sudden landslide descent into water reservoirs is still a real hazard.

10

Stanisław Krajewski : geolog karpacki i naftowy, redaktor i historyk geologii

Miecznik Jerzy B.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 4

227--234

EN

Polish geologist, Dr. Stanisław Krajewski (1890-1968), studied geology and geography at the Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów (Lviv) and geology at the University of Lausanne under the guidance of Professor Maurice Lugeon. He participated in World War I as a Polish Legion soldier. After the war, Stanisław Krajewski worked as a petroleum geologist at Borysław (Boryslav), which was the major petroleum mining center in the Polish Carpathians. He also conducted research on the geological structure of the Flysch Carpathians in terms ofprospecting for crude oil and natural gas occurrences. In 1931, Stanisław Krajewski was employed at the Polish Geological Institute (PGI) in Warsaw for editing and publishing jobs, while not abandoning seasonal geological investigations in the Carpathians, which he continued until the outbreak of World War II in 1939 and later during the wartime. In 1945, he returned to work as a publishing editor at the PGI, and participated in the post-war reorganization of the Polish geology. In the period of 1951-1961, Stanisław Krajewski was a lecturer at the Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw. In 1953, he became the Editorin-Chief of the newly formed Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, in which he worked until his death, dealing with the history and popularization ofgeological sciences.

11

Aktywność neotektoniczna Pasma Lubania (Gorce) na podstawie analizy parametrów morfometrycznych

Buczek Krzysztof, Górnik Marek

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2019

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Vol. 67, nr 4

270--278

EN

The aim of this paper is to use a relative tectonic index (Iat) in order to evaluate tectonic activity in the intermediate mountain area of the Lubań Range. To estimate the tectonic activity in the study area, we analyzed 6 DEM derived geomorphic indices for 66 basins: the stream-gradient index (SL), asymmetry factor (Af), basin shape ratio (Bs), hypsometric integral (Hi), valley floor width-valley height ratio (Vf) and mountain-front sinuosity (Smf). These parameters were combined to obtain the relative tectonic activity index (Iat). According to Iat values, ca. 25% of the Lubań Range was classified as areas of relatively high tectonic activity and ca. 72% as moderately tectonically active. The Iat values suggest a higher relative tectonic activity in the western part of the range, since some morphometric indices, like HI and SL, indicate a higher rate of tectonic uplift along the Dunajec Fault and normalfaults on the northern slopes of the Lubań Range. The rate of the tectonic uplift obtained from the Iat values is similar to that derivedfrom river incision. Morphometric analysis as well as field evidence of active tectonics, such as triangularfacets, suggest a high rate of tectonic uplift along the northern margins of the range and probably along the eastern slopes of the Lubań Range. The high relative tectonic activity on the southern slopes in the western part of the Lubań Range is probably related to active subsidence of the Nowy Targ Basin

12

Zagrożenia walorów fizjonomicznych krajobrazu terenów przyległych do dróg o znaczeniu turystycznym przez obiekty reklamy zewnętrznej na przykładzie drogi krajowej Myślenice – Zakopane

Badora Krzysztof, Biegun Magdalena

Prace Komisji Krajobrazu Kulturowego

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2019

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nr 41 (1)

131--146

PL

W artykule przedstawiono ocenę zagrożenia walorów fizjonomicznych krajobrazu wzdłuż drogi krajowej Myślenice – Zakopane, jednej z najważniejszych dróg turystycznych Polski. Podstawą analizy była inwentaryzacja obiektów reklamy zewnętrznej po obydwu stronach drogi w pasmach o szerokości 100 m. Badany obszar ma bardzo istotne znaczenie w percepcji krajobrazów górskich polskiej części Karpat. W wyniku przeprowadzonej analizy stwierdzono bardzo wysoki stopień zagrożenia walorów widokowych przez reklamy. Zinwentaryzowano 1096 obiektów reklamowych, co daje średnie zagęszczenie ok. 18 reklam na 1 km drogi. Na najbardziej zagrożonych odcinkach w Zakopanem i Rabce obiekty reklamowe występują średnio co 15 m. Najbardziej narażonymi krajobrazami na degradację są otwarte krajobrazy łąk i pastwisk oraz zabudowane krajobrazy miejscowości górskich. Obiekty reklamy zewnętrznej są bardzo poważnym zagrożeniem dla tożsamości i odrębności krajobrazów gór Polski. Stopień zagrożenia wymaga pilnego uruchomienia przez samorządy terytorialne narzędzi prawnych ochrony krajobrazu w procesach planowania i zagospodarowania przestrzennego.

EN

This article presents an assessment of the threat to the physiognomic values of the landscape along the national road from Myślenice to Zakopane, one of the most important tourist routes in Poland. The basis for the analysis was an inventory of outdoor advertising facilities on both sides of the road in 100-meter wide bands. The studied area is very important in the perception of mountain landscapes in the Polish part of the Carpathians. As a result of the research, it was found that advertisements pose a very high degree of threat to scenic value . 1096 advertising objects were inventoried, which gives an average density of around 18 ads per 1km of road. On the most endangered sections in Zakopane and Rabka, advertising objects occur on average every 15m. The most exposed landscapes for degradation are open landscapes of meadows and pastures, as well as built-up landscapes of mountain towns and villages. Outdoor advertising facilities are a very serious threat to the identity and uniqueness of the landscapes of Polish mountains. The level of danger requires the urgent use of legal tools by local governments for the protection of landscapes in spatial planning and development processes.

13

New interpretation of the provenance of crystalline material from Oligocene flysch deposits of the Skole Nappe, Poland: evidence from heavy minerals and clasts in the Nowy Borek section

Salata Dorota, Uchman Alfred

Geologos

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2019

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Vol. 25, No. 2

163--174

EN

The Futoma Member (Oligocene, Rupelian) of the Menilite Formation is present only in the northern part of the Skole Nappe. Some diatomitic layers of this member in the Nowy Borek section contain coarse-grained detrital material composed of a variety of metamorphic, volcanic and sedimentary rock fragments. The material derives from primary and secondary sources. Most abundant are debris of metamorphic rocks, mostly gneisses and mica schists. The metamorphic origin of these rocks is confirmed by the composition of heavy mineral assemblages and garnet chemistry. These rocks could have been transported from a local source located close to the margin of the Skole Basin or within that basin. The volcanic rocks reflect Paleogene volcanic activity that was widespread in the Carpathian region. Cherts, which could have been subjected to synsedimentary erosion, may have been derived from the older portions of the same formation.

14

Occurrence of clastic injectites in the Oligocene strata of the Carpathians and their significance in unravelling the Paleogene and Neogene evolution of the Carpathian orogeny (Poland, Ukraine and Romania)

Jankowski Leszek, Wysocka Anna

Geological Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 63, No. 1

106--125

EN

The irregular distribution of sand injections, traditionally termed “dykes” in the Polish geological literature, within individual Carpathian units and within individual lithofacies were observed during long-lasting field works. Injectites have been observed in the Magura Beds and in the Inoceramian Beds of the Polish and Romanian Carpathians, and in the Central Carpathian Paleogene deposits. However, they are most common in the Oligocene-Miocene Menilite Beds, where they are typical and abundant, particularly in the Skole Unit. Two clastic injectite types were distinguished: sedimentary (S-type) and tectonized (T-type). Based on the occurrence and interpretation of these injectites a new two-stage conceptual model is proposed for the Polish segment of the progressive Oligocene-Miocene Carpathian orogenic belt evolution. Type S clastic injectites are interpreted as having formed in the compressional stage, during foredeep basin migration while depositional slope changes were taking place in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene. Type T injectites are interpreted as having formed by reactivation of S-type injectites in the last, mainly strike-slip, phases of Carpathian orogenic belt formation.

15

Integrating contemporary spatial forest cover data in the polish Carpathians: does abundance of data increase knowledge or uncertainty?

Dobosz Monika, Kozak Jacek, Kolecka Natalia

Geoinformatica Polonica

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2019

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T. 18

31--43

PL

Lasy Państwowe w Polsce utrzymują dokładną przestrzenną bazę danych obejmującą około 80% powierzchni lasów w Polsce. Jednakże pozostałe 20% lasów, głównie prywatnych, jest kartowane ze znacznie mniejszą dokładnością. W ostatnich latach w Polsce zrealizowane zostały różne projekty pozyskiwania danych przestrzennych o zasięgu krajowym, jednakże integracja ich wyników w celu uzyskania wartości lesistości nie jest łatwa, z uwagi na niespójności w przyjętych definicjach lasu. Na przykład, w niektórych zbiorach danych nie uwzględnia się obszarów, które prawnie są lasami, natomiast chwilowo są wylesione wskutek uszkodzeń drzewostanów przez wiatry lub szkodniki. Niepewność w szacunkach powierzchni lasów wprowadza też sukcesja leśna na porzuconych gruntach rolnych, której zasięg przestrzenny jest na ogół nieznany. W naszej pracy zaproponowaliśmy więc półautomatyczny algorytm integrujący dane przestrzenne o lasach pochodzące z różnych współczesnych źródeł, który eliminuje występujące w tych danych niespójności. Badania przeprowadzone zostały w Karpatach polskich, gdzie, z uwagi na duży odsetek lasów prywatnych, rzetelne oszacowanie powierzchni lasów jest szczególnie trudne. Zastosowane podejście łączy informacje o rozmieszczeniu lasów z polskich danych topograficznych, zarówno historycznych (lata 70. XX wieku), jak i współczesnych, oraz z przestrzennych baz danych Lasów Państwowych. Inaczej niż współczesne dane topograficzne, opracowana mapa przedstawia lasy zgodnie z polską definicją prawną i jest w ten sposób porównywalna do wcześniejszych opracowań topograficznych. Nasze wyniki wskazują, że różne współczesne bazy danych zaniżają lesistość Karpat polskich, natomiast fuzja różnych zbiorów danych poparta wiedzą ekspercką pozwala na uzyskanie kompletnej i rzetelnej informacji o współczesnym rozmieszczeniu lasów w tym regionie.

16

A fluorescence contribution to the recognition of fluids trapped in minerals in the Carpathian outcrops

Jarmołowicz-Szulc Katarzyna

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2019

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nr 474

7--22

EN

Based on the assumption that fluorescence studies are an important tool in search and characterization of hydrocarbons, samples of rocks, minerals and the organic matter were collected in the Western Carpathian area spreading from the Mszana Górna region in the west to the Bieszczady Mts. in the east, and continuously, towards SE outside the Polish frontier, in Ukraine and Slovakia. Analytical procedures comprised preparation, microscopic observation of the material (organic matter and minerals) from the point of view of inclusions and fluorescence followed by detailed luminescence studies. Those steps have been followed by the microthermometric determinations. The application of the fluid inclusion methods, which are one of the newest analytical tools in the last two decades have led to the characteristics of fluids trapped in the inclusions in the area. The fluorescence studies showed some diversity of hydrocarbons both in compositions and in distribution. The analyses were performed in double-sided polished thin sections prepared based on cold techniques. Fluorescence of inclusions in two minerals, quartz and calcite, was checked in those specific thin sections either in glued wafers, or loose (single) crystals. The fluid inclusion studies were accompanied later on by solid organic matter inclusion studies. Those point to the presence of the following minerals: quartz, dolomite, calcite, clay minerals, gypsum with anhydrite admixture, traces of pyrite and siderite, feldspars. General distribution of fluorescing and not fluorescing inclusions suggests the presence of light hydrocarbons (methane) in the west and south of the area, being enriched in higher hydrocarbons (oil) towards the east.

PL

Badania fluorescencji podjęto w skałach, minerałach i bituminach w Karpatach Zachodnich w rejonie rozciągającym się od Mszany Górnej po Bieszczady i dalej – poza granicami Polski – na Ukrainie i Słowacji. Procedury analityczne obejmowały preparatykę, ocenę mikroskopową materiału (organika i minerały) z punktu widzenia występowania wrostków i fluorescencji inkluzji oraz zasadnicze badania świecenia. Po tych analizach wykonano oznaczenia mikrotermometryczne. Wszystkie badania przeprowadzono stosując nowe metody i nowoczesny sprzęt analityczny. W wyniku użycia metod badań inkluzji fluidalnych, będących jednym z najnowszych narzędzi analitycznych w ostatnim dwudziestoleciu, uzyskano charakterystykę fluidów zamkniętych w postaci inkluzji w minerałach. Badania fluorescencji wykazały zróżnicowanie wypełnień węglowodorowych. Analizy przeprowadzano w obustronnie polerowanych płytkach, przygotowanych na zimno. Badano dwa minerały – kwarc i kalcyt – zarówno w preparatach, jak i luźnych kryształach naturalnych (kwarc – diamenty marmaroskie). Badaniom inkluzji fluidalnych towarzyszyły analizy wrostków organicznych (np. badania czarnych agregatów występujących w odkrywkach w formie soczewek). W ich wyniku stwierdzono obecność następujących minerałów: kwarc, dolomit, kalcyt, minerały ilaste, mieszanina gipsu z anhydrytem, ślady pirytu i syderytu oraz skalenie. Ogólny rozkład fluorescencji wrostków w minerałach i inkluzji niewykazujących wzbudzenia sugeruje obecność lekkich węglowodorów (metan) w części zachodniej obszaru i na południu oraz wyraźne wzbogacanie w wyższe węglowodory (ropa naftowa) w kierunku wschodnim.

17

The Jurassic to Palaeogene strata in the northern boundary fault zone in deep borehole PD-9 at Szczawnica, Pieniny Klippen Belt, West Carpathians, Poland : biostratigraphy and tectonic implications

Birkenmajer Krzysztof, Gedl Przemysław

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2019

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Vol. 89, No. 3

233--257

EN

The Jurassic through Palaeogene stratigraphy and tectonic structure of the PD-9 borehole at Szczawnica, Pieniny Klippen Belt, West Carpathians, Poland, is revised. The borehole was drilled in the strongly tectonized northern boundary fault zone of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, of Miocene age. Age revision is given by dinoflagellate cysts. Late Cretaceous taxa are reported from the Hałuszowa Formation. The Bryjarka Member (previously with the rank of formation) yielded rich Early Eocene (Ypresian) assemblages. Similar ones are reported from the Szczawnica Formation. A tectonic thrust sheet of the Jurassic Szlachtowa Formation (Grajcarek Unit) in the Palaeogene of the Magura Nappe is evidenced; it yielded late Toarcian-Aalenian dinoflagellate cyst assemblages. The succession of strata recorded from the PD-9 borehole shows the steep, almost vertical attitude of the Grajcarek Main Dislocation at Szczawnica, separating the structures of the Magura Nappe (to the north) and the Pieniny Klippen Belt to the south.

18

The use of S-guided CREP methodology for advanced seismic structure enhancing processing

Zaręba Mateusz, Laskownicka Anna, Zając Jerzy

Acta Geophysica

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2019

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Vol. 67, no. 6

1711--1719

EN

To acquire refined seismic targets, the use of more accurate and more precise methods of seismic signal processing is crucial. Novel seismic processing approach is even more important in case of the complex geology of mountainous regions (e.g., Carpathians, Carpathian Foredeep) where sub-vertical layering of varying rock complex can be found, but also in case of old seismic data reprocessing (especially when the signal-to-noise ratio and general quality are low). Regardless of many research papers and significant progress in seismic processing techniques, a properly processed and interpreted seismic image is still hardly affordable for this region. Obtaining a new value in seismic data processing is a core function of the presented research. The use of dip-guided filtering combined with beam partitioned analysis and Z-domain dip analysis for reprocessing of 3D and 2D seismic data from the Carpathians region has been studied.

19

Użytkowanie pastwisk górskich sposobem zrównoważonego wykorzystania trwałych użytków zielonych na obszarach karpackich

Twardy S., Mikołajczyk-Rusin K.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2018

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T. 18, z. 4

93--108

PL

Badania prowadzono w latach 1973–2017 na pastwisku górskim w Małych Pieninach, równocześnie w warunkach badań ścisłych i produkcyjnych. Celem pracy była ocena wpływu wypasu owiec i pozostawianych przez nie odchodów na produkcyjność runi oraz jakość wód powierzchniowych. Posługiwano się metodami analitycznymi powszechnie stosowanymi w doświadczalnictwie łąkowo-pastwiskowym oraz w pracach laboratoryjnych. Wieloletnie badania zrealizowano w trzech etapach. W pierwszym (1973–1988) stosowano nawożenie mineralno-organiczne i równocześnie zwiększano obsadę, osiągając 20 szt∙ha–1, a w dwóch kolejnych (1989–2017) stosowano wyłącznie nawożenie organiczne odchodami owiec, których jednocześnie obsada malała – do 8 szt∙ha–1. Poszczególne rotacje koszarowe różnicowała liczba sezonów wypasowych. Czas ich trwania był uzależniony od liczebności (390–980 szt.) wypasanego stada i poziomu nawożenia. Zwierzęta w ciągu nocy pozostawiały w zagrodzie koszarowej przeciętnie 2,07 kg∙szt–1 stałych i płynnych odchodów, a w czasie wypasu 1,36 kg∙szt–1. Pobierane próbki odchodów poddawano analizom chemicznym. Średnia ważona wartość N wynosiła 1,0%, P2O5 – 0,2%, K2O – 0,76%, CaO – 0,25%, a MgO – 0,16%. Poziom nawożenia organicznego w poszczególnych latach wynosił: N – 41–100 kg∙ha–1, P2O5 – 8–20 kg∙ha–1, a K2O – 31–76 kg∙ha–1. Sumy opadów atmosferycznych w sezonie wypasowym wydzielonych okresów wynosiły 538–655 mm. Plonowanie runi w całym okresie badawczym mieściło się w granicach 4,1–7,3 Mg∙ha–1 s.m. Z płynącego niżej potoku pobierano próbki wody do analiz chemicznych. Średnia zawartość z wielolecia wynosiła w przypadku N-NH4 0,4 mg∙dm–3, N-NO3 – 5,3 mg∙dm–3, PO4 – 0,1 mg∙dm–3, CaO – 62,8 mg∙dm–3, MgO – 15,0 mg∙dm–3, Na2O – 12,9 mg∙dm–3, oraz K2O – 4,7 mg∙dm–3. Uzyskane wyniki świadczą, że racjonalnie prowadzona niskonakładowa gospodarka pasterska ogranicza niekorzystne oddziaływanie wielkostadnych wypasów na plonowanie runi i środowisko wodne.

EN

Research were conducted in years 1973–2017 on mountain pasture in Male Pieniny, simultaneously in exact research and productive conditions. The aim of the study was impact assessment of sheep grazing and its deposited excrements on sward production and quality of the surface waters. Analytical methods applied in meadow and pasture experimentation and laboratory works were used. Long-term research were carried out in 3 phases. In the first one (1973–1988) only mineral and organic fertilization was used together with increasing stocking rate reaching 20 head∙ha–1, and in two more (1989–2017) only organic fertilization with sheep faeces, which stocking rate was decreasing, until 8 pc.∙ha–1. Particular pen rotations was graded by the number of grazing seasons. Its duration was depended on growth of grazing flock (390–980 head) and the level of fertilization. The animals during the night left on the pen stockyard on average 2.07 kg∙pc–1 of solid and liquid effluents, while during grazing 1,36 kg∙pc–1. Samples of effluents were analysed in terms of chemical composition. Weighted average content of N was 1.0%, P2O5 – 0.20%, K2O – 0.76%, CaO – 0.25%, and MgO – 0.16%. In particular years level rates of organic fertilization, in case of N was differenced from 41– 100 kg∙ha–1, P2O5 in the range of 8–20 kg∙ha–1, and K2O 31–76 kg∙ha–1. The sums of atmospheric precipitation in grazing season in particular periods were varied between 538–655 mm. In the whole research period yielding was varied between 4.1–7.3 t∙ha–1 D.M. From the stream flowing below the pasture, water samples were taken and also chemically analysed. Multi-year average of their content amounted for N-NH4 – 0.4 mg∙dm–3, N-NO3 – 5.3 mg∙dm–3, PO4 – 0.1 mg∙dm–3, CaO – 62.8 mg∙dm–3, MgO – 15.0 mg∙dm–3, Na2O – 12.9 mg∙dm–3, and K2O – 4.7 mg∙dm–3. Obtained results show that rational, lower-input farming is limiting negative effects of large-scale grazing on yielding and aquatic environment.

20

Meteorological Observations at Pip Ivan (Chornohora) and Kasprowy Wierch (Tatras) Before the Second World War

Skrynyk O., Rymarowicz L.

Przegląd Geofizyczny

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2018

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Z. 4

363--373

EN

The 80th anniversary of the grand opening of the observatories at the Kasprowy Wierch and Pip Ivan peaks is a suitable occasion to present the results of the meteorological observations of these institutions. During the Second World War, the Pip Ivan observatory was abandoned. This paper presents the meteorological conditions at the Pip Ivan station during in the period of October 1938 – July 1939. This is possible due to the original sheets of meteorological observations from the Pip Ivan observatory found in private collections. They were compared with the results of the meteorological observations from Kasprowy Wierch, acquired with the IMGW-PIB archive (for the period of February – July 1939).