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1

A Study on Gigantopecten nodosiformis (Pusch and de Serres in Pusch, 1836) (Bivalvia, Pectinidae) from the Middle Miocene of Poland and Ukraine

Studencka Barbara

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2025

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Vol. 75, no. 4

art. no. e58

EN

The year of publication and bibliographic reference of Pecten nodosiformis have been quoted incorrectly. It is concluded herein that the name was originally published in Pusch’s Geognostische Beschreibung von Polen, and that the correct year is 1836. This highly distinctive pectinid species, with the left valve ornamented with nodules, and presently assigned to the genus Gigantopecten Rovereto, 1899, is a reliable guide to the Lower Badenian (upper Langhian, Middle Miocene) of Poland and Ukraine. Its occurrence in this area, restricted to carbonate deposits dated to the Orbulina suturalis planktonic foraminifera zone and the upper NN5 calcareous nannoplankton zone, help to refine the knowledge of palaeoclimatic changes during the Middle Miocene in individual Paratethyan basins. The comparison of many Polish, Ukrainian and Slovak specimens allows the demonstration of changes in the shape of the shell and its ornamentation during ontogeny. This was the reason for assigning herein numerous species as junior synonyms of Gigantopecten nodosiformis. Moreover, this paper presents a review of studies on the Middle Miocene sedimentary succession and its fossil content in Skotniki Quarry, the type locality of Gigantopecten nodosiformis, one of the most important geological exposures in the Holy Cross Mountains, studied already in the early 19th century by Pusch.

2

Tracing the latest Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous paleoenvironment evolution in swell carbonate facies:a case study of the High-Tatric succession (Central Western Carpathians, Tatra Mts, Poland)

Lodowski Damian Gerard, Grabowski Jacek

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2023

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Vol. 73, no. 4

741--772

EN

This paper presents an interpretation of sedimentologic, paleomagnetic, and geochemical data collected in the Upper Kimmeridgian–Valanginian carbonates of the Giewont series (Giewont and Mały Giewont sections, High-Tatric succession, Western Tatra Mountains, Poland). The studied succession provides insight into the sedimentary conditions prevailing in the South Tatric Ridge (Tatricum), a submarine elevation located between the Zliechov Basin (Fatricum) and the Vahic (=South Penninic) Ocean. The sedimentary sequence includes micrites, pseudonodular limestones, cyanoid packstones, lithoclastic packstone, and encrinites. The results are discussed with regards to their significance for detrital input, paleoclimate, and paleoproductivity, which in turn are considered in the context of both local and regional paleoenvironmental trends and events. The greatest depositional depths during the latest Kimmeridgian–earliest Tithonian are documented by the occurrence of pseudonodular limestones. A Tithonian shallowing trend is demonstrated via the increasing size and roundness of cyanoids, while the final (?)emergence and erosion in the South Tatric Ridge is documented by earliest Cretaceous disconformities. This process might have been related to both falling sea-level during the major eustatic regressive cycle and tectonic uplift caused by the mutually related (re)activation in the Neotethyan Collision Belt and rifting in the Ligurian-Penninic-Vahic Oceans. The highest lithogenic influx (although still low; max 0.5% of Al content) during the Late Kimmeridgian is considered as associated with relatively humid climate conditions, whereas a subsequent decreasing trend is thought to result from aridification during the latest Kimmeridgian–earliest Tithonian. Ultimately, deposition in the High-Tatric zone was affected by both large-scale environmental perturbations characteristic of the latest Jurassic (climate changes, variations in sea-water pH, monsoonal upwelling, lithogenic input, etc.), as well as local sedimentary controls, predominantly the oxygenation state of bottom waters and tectonic movements.

3

Evolution of Early Pleistocene fluvial systems in central Poland prior to the first ice sheet advance – a case study from the Bełchatów lignite mine

Goździk J., Zieliński T.

Geologos

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2017

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Vol. 23, No. 2

89--107

EN

Deposits formed between the Neogene/Pleistocene transition and into the Early Pleistocene have been studied, mainly on the basis of drillings and at rare, small outcrops in the lowland part of Polish territory. At the Bełchatów lignite mine (Kleszczów Graben, central Poland), one of the largest opencast pits in Europe, strata of this age have long been exposed in extensive outcrops. The present paper is based on our field studies and laboratory analyses, as well as on research data presented by other authors. For that reason, it can be seen as an overview of current knowledge of lowermost Pleistocene deposits at Bełchatów, where exploitation of the Quaternary overburden has just been completed. The results of cartographic work, sedimentological, mineralogical and palynological analyses as well as assessment of sand grain morphology have been considered. All of these studies have allowed the distinction of three Lower Pleistocene series, i.e., the Łękińsko, Faustynów and Krzaki series. These were laid down in fluvial environments between the end of the Pliocene up to the advance of the first Scandinavian ice sheet on central Poland. The following environmental features have been interpreted: phases of river incision and aggradation, changes of river channel patterns, source sediments for alluvia, rates of aeolian supply to rivers and roles of fluvial systems in morphological and geological development of the area. The two older series studied, i.e., Łękińsko and Faustynów, share common characteristics. They were formed by sinuous rivers in boreal forest and open forest environments. The Neogene substratum was the source of the alluvium. The younger series (Krzaki) formed mainly in a braided river setting, under conditions of progressive climatic cooling. Over time, a gradual increase of aeolian supply to the fluvial system can be noted; initially, silt and sand were laid down, followed by sand only during cold desert conditions. These fluvio-periglacial conditions are identified in the foreground of the advance of the oldest ice sheet into this part of central Poland. The series studied have been compared with other fluvial successions which accumulated in the Kleszczów Graben during subsequent glaciations so as to document general changes in fluvial systems as reactions to climatic evolution. Thus, a palaeoenvironmental scenario has emerged which could be considered to be characteristic of central Poland during the Early Pleistocene.

4

Peat decomposition – shaping factors, significance in environmental studies and methods of determination; a literature review

Drzymulska D.

Geologos

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2016

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Vol. 22, No. 1

61--69

EN

A review of literature data on the degree of peat decomposition – an important parameter that yields data on environmental conditions during the peat-forming process, i.e., humidity of the mire surface, is presented. A decrease in the rate of peat decomposition indicates a rise of the ground water table. In the case of bogs, which receive exclusively atmospheric (meteoric) water, data on changes in the wetness of past mire surfaces could even be treated as data on past climates. Different factors shaping the process of peat decomposition are also discussed, such as humidity of the substratum and climatic conditions, as well as the chemical composition of peat-forming plants. Methods for the determination of the degree of peat decomposition are also outlined, maintaining the division into field and laboratory analyses. Among the latter are methods based on physical and chemical features of peat and microscopic methods. Comparisons of results obtained by different methods can occasionally be difficult, which may be ascribed to different experience of researchers or the chemically undefined nature of many analyses of humification.

5

Quaternary stratigraphy and palaeogeography of Poland

Marks L., Dzierżek J., Janiszewski R., Kaczorowski J., Lindner L., Majecka A., Makos M., Szymanek M., Tołoczko-Pasek A., Woronko B.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2016

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Vol. 66, no. 3

403--427

EN

Though the stratigraphical and palaeogeographical framework of the Quaternary in Poland is still to be completed, several crucial points have been confirmed recently. The preglacial series, accepted for years as belonging to the Lower Pleistocene, is undoubtedly of Early Pliocene age, with a huge hiatus above almost until the uppermost Lower Pleistocene. The earliest glaciation in Poland (Nidanian) occurred at about 900 ka BP when the ice sheet reached the mid-southern part of the country. The following Podlasian Interglacial embraced the Brunhes/Matuyama boundary in the middle, in a similar fashion to the corresponding Cromerian Complex in Western Europe. The late Early and early Middle Pleistocene interglacials in Poland comprised 2-3 optima each, whereas every one of the younger interglacials was characterised by a single optimum only. The Late Vistulian ice sheet was most extensive in the western part of Poland (Leszno Phase) whereas the younger Poznań Phase was more extensive in the central and eastern part of the country. This was due to the varied distance from the glaciation center in Scandinavia, making the ice sheet margin reach a terminal position in different times. Palaeoclimatological research in the Tatra Mountains has provided new evidence for the atmospheric circulation over Europe. During cold phases of the Pleistocene in Poland a continental climate extended further westwards, quite the opposite that occurring during warmer intervals.

6

Dinosaur footprints from the Thaiat ridge and their palaeoenvironmental background, Jaisalmer Basin, Rajastan, India

Pieńkowski G., Brański P., Pandey D. K., Schlögl J., Alberti M., Fürsich F. T.

Volumina Jurassica

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2015

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Vol. 13, no. 1

17--26

EN

Two dinosaur footprints: Eubrontes cf. giganteus and Grallator tenuis, both attributed to theropods, have been found in the Lower Jurassic Thaiat Member of the Lathi Formation at the Thaiat ridge, near Jaisalmer in western Rajasthan, India. The footprints were left in sediments of a tidal origin, located in profile a few meters above a marked transgressive/flooding surface. They show different states of preservation – the smaller Grallator tenuis represents a well-preserved concave epirelief footprint on the upper surface of a sandstone containing nerineid gastropod shells, while the bigger Eubrontes cf. giganteus footprint shows a rare state of preservation as a positive epirelief on the top of a calcareous sandstone bed, where recent erosion exposed the footprint cast by removing the mud above and around the footprint. The Thaiat ridge section has been amended in its lower part, to indicate the marked transgressive surface. Geochemical analyses and calculated weathering indices (such as CIA) show that the hinterland climate was seasonal to semi-arid during deposition of that part of the succession.

7

Triassic-Jurassic flora of Poland; floristical support of climatic changes

Barbacka M., Pacyna G., Feldman-Olszewska A., Ziaja J., Bodor E.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2014

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Vol. 64, no. 3

281--309

EN

Plant macroremains from five boreholes in Poland were studied. Two of them (Huta OP-1 and Studzianna) from the northern margin of the Holy Cross Mountains, yielded several taxa. In the other three boreholes determinable fossil plants were sporadic, albeit important. Most of the taxa from the Huta OP-1 and Studzianna boreholes are typical of the European Early Jurassic (Hettangian and Sinemurian). Both localities, although close to one another, show quite different taxonomic floral compositions. The Huta OP-1 flora is fern-dominated with the presence of ginkgophytes and conifers (a new species incertae sedis, Desmiophyllum harrisii Barbacka et Pacyna is herein proposed), which would suggest rather wet and warm conditions. This flora is typical of the European Province of the Euro-Sinian Region. In Studzianna the Siberian elements dominate, gymnosperms, mainly Czekanowskiales, which indicate a drier and colder environment.The palaeobotanical data correspond to the results of clay mineral studies, in particular the kaolinite/illite ratio in the source formations. The kaolinite content confirms a decrease in temperature and a reduction in rainfall in the late Early Hettangian and the latest Hettangian in the area.

8

Palinostratygrafia, paleoekologia i paleoklimat późnego permu i triasu niecki Nidy

Fijałkowska-Mader A.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2013

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nr 454

15--70

PL

Praca stanowi pierwsze kompleksowe opracowanie biostratygrafii utworów permu górnego i triasu niecki Nidy. Wyróżniono dziesięć poziomów palinologicznych. Wyniki badań mikroflorystycznych potwierdziły problematyczną dotychczas obecność utworów późnego anizyku i wczesnego ladynu. Pozwoliły także na sprecyzowanie granic między indem i olenkiem oraz norykiem i retykiem. Wyniki zastosowanych w badaniach palinologicznych analiz paleośrodowiskowej i paleoklimatycznej wykazały dominację form sucholubnych w zespołach miosporowych. Wskazują również na przewagę klimatu suchego w późnym permie i triasie na badanym obszarze. Zwiększoną ilość mikroflory wilgotnolubnej obserwuje się w olenku, ladynie, noryku i retyku. Przeważająca w późnym permie i triasie kontynentalna sedymentacja w środowiskach rzecznych, jeziornych, playi i sebki była przerywana przez transgresje morskie, które miały miejsce w późnym wuchiapingu, wczesnym indzie, anizyku i ladynie.

EN

Ten miospore zones are identified in the Upper Permian and Triassic succession of the Nida Basin. This is the first complete biostratigraphical study of these sediments. The palynological investigation confirmed the presence of the late Anisian and early Ladinian. In addition, they allowed determining more precisely the boundaries between Induan and Olenekian as well as Norian and Rhaetian. Xeromorphic elements dominate the Upper Permian and Triassic palynomorph spectra from the Nida Basin and reflect a mainly dry palaeoclimate. Significant numbers of hygromorphic elements indicating temporarily humid phases, occur in the Olenekian, Ladinian, Norian and Rhaetian. Continental sedimentation in fluvial, lacustrine, coastal, playa and sabkha environments prevailed during most of the Late Permian and Triassic but was interrupted by marine transgressions in the late Wuchiapingian, early Induan, Anisian as well as Ladinian.

9

Przebieg i korelacja sukcesji pyłkowych późnego plejstocenu na terenie Polski i Białorusi

Granoszewski W., Winter H., Rylova T. B., Savcenko I. E.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 11

605–-614

EN

The most representative and long Late Pleistocene pollen sequences covering the late glacial of the penultimate glaciation (Warta/Pripiat), the last interglacial (Eemian/Muravian) and the early glacial of the Last Glaciation (Vistulian/Poozerie) from the territory of Poland and Belarus have been correlated. The resemblance ofpollen spectra in these pollen sequences and a parallel succession of Regional Pollen Assemblage Zones in the considered time intervals suggest that the natural environment of Poland and Belarus underwent synchronous changes under unidirectional climatic transformations. Qualitative and quantitative features of the Regional Pollen Assemblage Zones show similarities and differences in vegetation and climate changes in the study area. A comparison of the pollen spectra from Poland and Belarus suggests that both territories were affected by a similar climate particularly during the cold intervals. Some differences between the compositions of the pollen spectra were noticed as concerns the interglacial period. For instance, Abies and Taxus pollen as well as significantly high percentages of Calluna vulgaris pollen in NE Poland towards the end of the period are present only in the Polish sections. This may suggest a more Atlantic type of the climate during the Last Interglacial in Poland than in Belarus.

10

The nature of the Pleistocene-Holocene palaeosols in the Gaza Strip, Palestine

Ubeid Khalid F.

Geologos

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2011

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Vol. 17, No. 3

163--173

EN

The Pleistocene to Holocene succession in the Gaza Strip, Palestine, consists of an alternation of calcareous sandstones and reddish fine-grained deposits (palaeosols). The palaeosols can be subdivided into two main groups based on the sand-sized versus clay- to silt-sized grains: (1) the sandy hamra palaeosols, and (2) the loess and loess-derived palaeosols. The hamra palaeosols can, in turn, also be subdivided into two main types according to their colour and grain size: (1) light brown loamy to sandy hamra palaeosols, and (2) dark brown sandy clay hamra palaeosols. The hamra palaeosols are polygenetic and originated in humid environments. Their red colour results from ferric oxides coating the sand grains, but also by illuviation. The various pedogenitic units and their gradual transition to loess palaeosols are due to different phases of dust accretion. Both groups of palaeosols developed during the last glacial. They are considered to represent different climate environments: hamra palaeosols represent humid climates, whereas the loess and loess-derived palaeosols represent dry and semi-dry climates.

11

Skład minerałów ilastych w osadach triasu i jury basenu polskiego – zapis zmian paleoklimatu i paleośrodowiska

Brański P.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2011

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nr 444

15--31

PL

W artykule podsumowano wyniki ponad 220 badań dyfraktometrycznych, wykonanych we frakcji o śr mniejszej 0,002 mm triasowych i jurajskich kompleksów ilastych w basenie polskim. W przypadku niektórych próbek przeprowadzono także obserwacje w mikroskopie elektronowym. Skład detrytycznych minerałów ilastych warstw zbąszyneckich (noryk), warstw wielichowskich (retyk dolny–środkowy), formacji zagajskiej (retyk górny i hetang dolny), przysuskiej formacji rudonośnej (hetang górny), formacji ciechocińskiej (toark dolny) i częstochowskiej formacji iłów rudonośnych (bajos górny–baton) był przeważnie kontrolowany przez reżim wietrzenia i pośrednio warunki klimatyczne. Przerabianie i resedymentacja osadów starszych (spowodowana przez procesy tektoniczne i/lub wahania poziomu morza), jak również sortowanie hydrauliczne, mogły modyfikować skład mineralny i nieco zacierać sygnał paleoklimatyczny. Zmiany składu minerałów ilastych we frakcji <0,002 mm potwierdziły długookresową ewolucję od klimatu suchego lub półsuchego do wilgotnego. Główna zmiana paleoklimatyczna zachodziła w retyku. Chlorytowo-illitowa asocjacja noryku została zastąpiona we wczesnym–środkowym retyku przez zespół illitowo-smektytowy (lub kaolinitowo-smektytowy). W późnym retyku dominowała już asocjacja illitowo-kaolinitowa. W trakcie jury ustaliła się asocjacja chlorytowo-illitowo-kaolinitowa, odpowiadająca warunkom klimatu umiarkowanego, ciepłego. Wahania temperatury, a zwłaszcza wielkości opadów, zapisywały się tylko w zmianach proporcji kaolinitu i illitu. Odcinki profilu zubożone w kaolinit występowały w późnym pliensbachu, najwcześniejszym toarku oraz w bajosie i batonie, odpowiadając fazom klimatu chłodniejszego i mniej wilgotnego. Mniejsze, cykliczne zmiany składu minerałów ilastych były najprawdopodobniej kontrolowane astronomicznie, głównie przez cykle ekscentryczności orbity ziemskiej. Niektóre warstwy z retyku górnego, początku hetangu i toarku dolnego, wykazujące bardzo wysoki stosunek kaolinit/illit, sugerują ekstremalne wietrzenie chemiczne w klimacie tropikalnym lub subtropikalnym wilgotnym, w następstwie silnego efektu cieplarnianego.

EN

This paper summarizes over 220 results of XRD research carried out on <0.002 mm fraction of Triassic and Jurassic clay successions from the Polish Basin. SEM observations of some samples were also performed. The composition of detrital clay minerals of the Zbąszynek Beds (Norian), Wielichowo Beds (Lower–Middle Rhaetian), Zagaje Fm. (Upper Rhaetian and Lower Hettangian), Przysucha Ore bearing Fm. (Upper Hettangian), Ciechocinek Fm. (Lower Toarcian) and Częstochowa Ore-bearing Clay Fm. (Upper Bajocian and Bathonian) was controlled mostly by a weathering regime and, indirectly, by climatic conditions. Reworking and redeposition of ancient sediments (caused by tectonic processes and /or sea-level changes) and differential settling might have modified the mineral composition and partly erased the palaeoclimatic signal. A long-term evolution from arid or semi-arid to humid climatic conditions was confirmed by changes in the clay mineral composition of the <0.002 mm fraction. The major change of palaeoclimate took place during the Rhaetian. The Norian chlorite-illite association was replaced by the Early–Middle Rhaetian illite-smectite (and kaolinite-smectite) assemblage. Next, in the Late Rhaetian the illite-kaolinite association predominated. In the Jurassic, the chlorite-illite-kaolinite association was established due to a warm-temperate climate. Only changes in the kaolinite/illite ratio recorded the fluctuations in temperature and especially rainfall. Kaolinite-depleted intervals occurred in the Late Pliensbachian, Earliest Toarcian and Bajocian–Bathonian, due to cooler and less humid climatic phases. Minor cyclic variations in the clay mineral composition were most probably astronomically controlled, mainly due to the orbital eccentricity cycles. Some levels of the very high kaolinite/illite ratio in the Upper Rhaetian, at the beginning of Hettangian and in the Lower Toarcian suggest extreme chemical weathering in a humid-subtropical to tropical climate in the aftermath of a powerful greenhouse effect.

12

Climate change at the Triassic/Jurassic boundary in the northwestern Tethyan realm, inferred from sections in the Tatra Mountains (Slovakia)

Michalik J., Biron A., Lintnerova O., Gotz A., Ruckwied K.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2010

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Vol. 60, no. 4

535-548

EN

Sedimentological, palynological, clay mineralogical and carbon isotope studies were carried out on the Triassic/Jurassic (T/J) boundary interval in the NW Tethyan Realm. The analyses are based on two sections in the Slovakian Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians): the Siroky Zl'ab section in the Med'odoly Valley and the Furkaska section above the Juranova Valley. Clay mineralogical analysis suggests an increasing intensity of chemical weathering in the hinterland due to increasing humidity. The palynological data do not allow the inference of a major T/J boundary mass extinction event. The observed striking increase in spores points instead to sudden climatic change, interpreted as a result of distant volcanic activity associated with the onset of rifting of Pangea. The [delta^13]C[org] excursion across the T/J boundary follows the globally documented perturbation of the carbon cycle during this period. it may be used for a more precise regional and global correlation.

13

Epizody intensywnego wietrzenia chemicznego zapisane w profilach hetangu z obrzeżenia Gór Świętokrzyskich (wyniki nowych badań)

Brański P.

Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie

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2009

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T. 35, z. 3/1

21-30

EN

Results of new mineralogical and geochemical research on clay deposits of the Rhaetian-Hettangian successions from the Holy Cross Mts. margin (south-eastern part of the epicontinental Polish basin) are presented. The clay mineral assemblages were mostly controlled by climatic conditions and weathering regime. Reworking of ancient sediments and the early diagenesis could modify the clay mineral composition. Some levels of the high kaolinite content at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary suggest intense continental weathering in the humid-subtropical to tropical climate related to the global warming episodes that were recorded on isotope curves from a number of sections in the world.

14

Unique geological, palaeobotanical and archaeological site in Witów near Brzesko Nowe (southern Poland)

Bochnak A., Brud S., Gawlik A., Godlewski P., Worobiec G.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

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2004

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Vol. 13

125-130

EN

The study area near village Witów situated about 50 kilometres north-east of the Kraków city is famous for its exposed deposits called the "Witów Series" on which palaeobotanical, micro- and macrofaunistic, malacological, sedimentological and petrographical studies have already been performed. From deposits of the Witów Series, plant macroremains belonging to gymnosperms and angiosperms were reported. Pinus cf. palaeostrobus, Zelkova zelkovifolia and Spirematospermum wetzleri are particularly interesting. Results of investigations on fossil plant remains point to the Late Miocene to Pliocene age of the Witów Series. Plant communities that existed in the vicinity of Witów could be compared to recent warm temperate and humid forests of the Colchis and Talysh Lowland in Transcaucasus and to forests of Central China. Presence of remains of termophilous taxa point to warmer climate of the period of sedimentation of the Witów Series than recent climate of Poland. The Witów region is also famous for archaeological localities that has been known since the turn of the twentieth century. The site was being repeatedly settled beginning with the late Stone Age (the Neolithic Period). Traces of the most intensive periods of settlement come from the late Bronze and early Iron Ages (1000-600 BC) and are attributed to the so-called Lusatian culture. The site also yielded a medieval cemetery that can be dated to the turn of the twelfth century AD. This is the first confirmation of the presence of medieval settlements on this site. Location of Witów in the Vistula river valley may have allowed this settlement to control nearby routes and possibly river fords and also probably exercised political control over the surrounding areas. Considering scientific value of the Witów locality and necessity of their protection, creation of natural reserve on this area is suggested.

PL

Stanowisko w Witowie, położone ok. 50 kilometrów na północny wschód od Krakowa, jest znane z odsłonięcia osadów określanych mianem serii witowskiej. Były one przedmiotem badań paleobotanicznych, paleozoologicznych, sedymentologicznych i petrograficznych. W osadach serii witowskiej znaleziono oznaczalne makroszczątki roślin iglastych i okrytozalążkowych. Szczególnie interesujące są kopalne gatunki Pinus cf. palaeostrobus, Zelkova zelkovifolia i Spirematospermum wetzleri. Wyniki badań szczątków roślinnych wskazują na późnomioceński lub plioceński wiek serii witowskiej. Kopalne zbiorowiska roślinne, które występowały w okolicy Witowa można porównać do współczesnych podzwrotnikowych lasów wilgotnych obszaru Kolchidy i Niziny Tałyskiej na Zakaukaziu oraz środkowych Chin. Obecność szczątków roślinności ciepłolubnej wskazuje na cieplejszy niż obecnie klimat okresu sedymentacji serii witowskiej. Witów jest znany także ze stanowisk archeologicznych. Obszar ten od neolitu był wielokrotnie zasiedlany. Ślady najintensywniejszego osadnictwa pochodzą z końca epoki brązu i początków epoki żelaza (1000-600 BC) i są odnoszone do kultury łużyckiej. Na stanowisku w Witowie znaleziono także średniowieczny cmentarz datowany na koniec jedenastego wieku po Chrystusie, będący pierwszym dowodem na obecność średniowiecznego osadnictwa na tym terenie. Położenie Witowa na brzegu doliny Wisły zapewne dawało mu kontrolę nad okolicznymi szlakami oraz, być może, także nad brodami. Możliwe, że Witów sprawował także polityczną kontrolę na otaczających go terenach. Biorąc pod uwagę naukową wartość stanowiska w Witowie i wynikającą stąd konieczność jego ochrony, postulowane jest utworzenie na jego obszarze rezerwatu przyrody.

15

Wyniki badań makroszczątków roślin znalezionych w serii witowskiej (południowa Polska)

Brud S., Worobiec G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2003

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Vol. 51, nr 5

392-401

PL

Opisano makroszczątki roślin znalezione w osadach serii witowskiej. Zachowały się one w postaci odcisków w słabozwięzłych piaskowcach i mułowcach. Rośliny iglaste reprezentowane są przez gatunek Pinus cf. palaeostrobus (Ettingshausen) Heer oraz szczątki, których nie udało się oznaczyć. Wśród szczątków roślin dwuliściennych oznaczono liść gatunku Zelkova zelkovifolia (Unger) Bůžek et Kotlaba, liście rodzajów Fagus i Populus oraz owoc z rodziny Juglandaceae. Część okazów roślin okrytozalążkowych, których nie udało się bliżej oznaczyć, opisano jako „Leguminosae” sensu Berger oraz Dicotylophyllum. Rośliny jednoliścienne reprezentuje gatunek Spirematospermum wetzleri (Heer) Chandler oraz odcisk fragmentu liścia Monocotyledonae gen. et sp. indet. Skład oriktocenozy wskazuje, że w czasie sedymentacji osadów serii witowskiej w okolicach Witowa występowały lasy łęgowe oraz mezofilne w warunkach bardzo łagodnego klimatu umiarkowanego ciepłego. Obecność szczątków Pinus cf. palaeostrobus (Ettingshausen) Heer, Spirematospermum wetzleri (Heer) Chandler, Zelkova zelkovifolia (Unger) Bůžek et Kotlaba i przedstawiciela rodziny Juglandaceae oraz wyniki analizy pyłkowej wskazują, że wiek tej części serii witowskiej, z której pochodzą omawiane szczątki roślin odpowiada młodszemu neogenowi (późny miocen-pliocen).

EN

Macroremains of plants (leaves, fruits, shoots) in the Witów Series at Witów us impressions preserved in poorly cemented occur and mudstones. Coniferous plants are represented by Pinus cf. palaeostrobus (Ettingshausen) Heer, and other, indeterminate remains. Remains of dicotyledons belong to species Zelkova zelkovifolia (linger) Buzek et Kotlaba, genera Fagus and Populus, and family Juglandaceae. There are also some dicotyledonous fossils ("Leguminosa" sensu Berger, Dicotylophyllum) whose systematic position is unclear. Monocotyledonous plant remains are represented by Spirematospermum wetzleri (Heer) Chandler and Monocotyledonae gen. etsp. indet. Composition of oryctocoenosis found points to presence of riparian and mesophytic forests, as well as mild, warm temperate climate during the period of origin of the Witów Series. Presence of taxa of Pinus cf. palaeostrobus, Spirematospermum wetzleri, Zelkova zelkovifolia and remains of Juglandaceae, as well as results ofpalynological investigations suggest Younger Neogene (Late Miocene-Pliocene) age of the Witów Series with plant remains.

16

Reconstruction of palaeoclimatic changes registered in the Kaletowa landslide (Beskid Makowski Mts., Outer Carpathians, South Poland) on the basis of sedimentological and dendrochronological records

Krąpiec M., Margielewski W.

Folia Quaternaria

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2003

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nr 74

17-34

EN

A depression within the small Kaletowa landslide, Beskid Makowski (Średni) Mts., Outer Carpathians, is filled with 1.8-m-thick organic-mineral sediments of a fen-type peatbog. Some radiocarbon datings using various material (wood detritus, tree trunk, organic silt) obtained from the bottom of the depression show that the landslide was formed at the end of the Subboreal (ca. 3 ka). The peat layer is covered by minerogenic sediments (silty clay, silt-sandy clay), 0.7 m thick, which, in turn, are overlain by a layer of sedge peat. The onset of deposition of this cover has been dated to 2,150-60 years BP, when a strong increase in climatic humidity during the Early Subatlantic took place. At the bottom of a depression excavated during construction of a cultivation pond, trunks of fir (Abies alba Mill.) with roots embedded in the substratum have been found. Their life age was about 120 years. The preserved fir wood, dark grey-brown in colour, is characterized by extremely narrow tree rings, associated with local habitat (periodical inundation of the depression), and climatic changes (strong cooling and wetting) that led to both landslide and depression formation at the end of the Subboreal.

17

Ślady zmian klimatycznych plejstocenu oraz holocenu w profilach temperatury w głębokich otworach wiertniczych na Niżu Polskim

Szewczyk J.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2002

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Vol. 50, nr 11

1109--1114

PL

Zmiany klimatu jakie miały i mają miejsce na Ziemi mogą pozostawiać swoje ślady w postaci zmian temperatury obserwowanych obecnie w profilach otworów wiertniczych. Analiza głębokościowej zmienności tych temperatur może być źródłem informacji o warunkach klimatycznych jakie istniały na badanym obszarze w różnych okresach. Czynnik ten wpływa równocześnie na obserwowaną wielkość ziemskiego strumienia cieplnego i jego uwzględnienie może mieć istotny wpływ na poprawność wyznaczenia tego parametru. Na podstawie przedstawionych w pracy wyników analiz badań geotermicznych opartych zarówno na metodzie konstrukcji syntetycznych profilowań termicznych (Ts), jak i wykonanych modelowaniach geotermicznych przeanalizowano wpływ czynnika paleoklimatycznego związanego ze zlodowaceniem późnoplejstoceńskim na wartości temperatur obserwowanych obecnie w otworach wiertniczych na obszarze Niżu Polskiego. Wstępna interpretacja danych geotermicznych z ponad 30 głębokich otworów z tego obszaru pozwoliła między innymi na stwierdzenie obecności efektu paleoklimatycznego, a także naokreślenie średniej wartości temperatury warstwy przypowierzchniowej (GST) istniejącej na tym obszarze w okresie tego zlodowacenia. (-6.85 deg C).

EN

Past and current climatic changes on the Earth may be recorded in the subsurface temperature profiles observed in deep boreholes. Analysis of such profiles measured in boreholes few thousand metres deep may provide information on past climatic conditions existing in on the studied area. Terrestial heat flow data may be considerably influenced by this factor and should be corrected for all data accordingly. Results of analysis based both on constructions of synthetic thermal logs (Ts) and on the results of further modelling show that the last glaciation has left evident paleoclimatic temperature signals in nearly all observed subsurface temperature profiles in deep boreholes from the Polish Lowlands. Preliminary results on the average annual ground surface temperature for the Polish Lowlands in the Late Pleistocene have been obtained (GST = -6.8°C).

18

Radiocarbon in freshwater carbonates as tool of Late Quaternary studies

Pazdur Anna

Geologos

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2000

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Vol. 5

135--154

EN

Different methods of radiometric dating (14C, U/Th, TL) and stable isotopes composition (13C and 18O) in freshwater carbonates are used for analysis of sedimentologic process and reconstruction of paleoclimatic conditions as well as for stratigraphic purposes. Calcareous tufa and speleothems deposited in karst areas seem to be rightly significant indicators of the past changes because of their direct relation to the environment of deposition. Some important methodical and interpretation problems for Quaternary research in Poland were solved during the last ca. 20 years in Gliwice Radiocarbon Laboratory. Synthetic approach to 14C dating of calcareous tufa from Southern Poland, based on statistical analysis of correlation between lithologic type of tufaceous sediment, carbon isotope composition and apparent age was done. Results of measurements of 8lsO and 8I3C in tufa samples dated with 14C method are used to reconstruct Holocene climatic changes in southern and Eastern Poland. The stable isotope composition was used to estimate the mean annual temperatures in the interval 9500-2000 yr BP. On the basis of statistical analysis of several hundred 14C dates for speleothems from Kraków-Wieluń Upland caves warm and cold climate periods were indicated during the last 50,000 years BP. Distribution of the dates indicate that growth of speleothems between 30 and 20 ka BP may be interpreted as reflecting changes of paleoclimatic conditions. Comparison of measured 14C activities in carbonate fractions of lake marl from Gościąż Lake with their varve ages allowed for accurate determination of secular changes of 14C dilution factor of total dissolved inorganic carbon. Basing on the geochemical model developed by Broecker and Walton it was possible to reconstruct mean lake level during the Late Glacial and Holocene. Basing on 14C dates of lithological boundaries in the cores from Gościąż lake basin the changes of lake level during the last 12 ka BP were reconstructed. Paleokarst forms known as “pipes” from Southwest England and South Wales were dated by 14C, U/Th and TL methods. 14C ages were obtained from carbonate cements within sandrock and on the pipe walls. Statistical analysis of dates and geochemical considerations indicate on periods of pipes pipes and pipes infillings.

19

O możliwości podziału cechsztynu na sekwencje stratygraficzne w Basenie Polskim

Wagner R., Peryt T.M.

Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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1998

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T. 165

129--146

PL

Biorąc za punkt wyjścia exxonowską metodę wyróżniania sekwencji, w cechsztynie Polski można wyróżnić cztery sekwencje depozycyjne, z których pierwsza rozpoczęła się w trakcie depozycji górnej części czerwonego spągowca, czwarta zaś kończyła w dolnej części pstrego piaskowca. Utwory ewaporatowe, choć spotykane w różnych ciągach systemowych, w większości reprezentują osady systemów niskiego stanu względnego poziomu morza (LST). Chociaż odmienny w szczegółach, zaproponowany w tej pracy możliwy dla obszaru Polski podział na sekwencje depozycyjne nawiązuje w pewnym stopniu do zasad zaproponowanych dla obszaru Niemiec i Anglii. Czwarta sekwencja depozycyjna rozpoczyna się utworami ewaporatowymi LST, ale po nich następuje ogólna zmiana charakteru sedymentacji i w rezultacie cechsztyn górny jest zdominowany przez litofację terygeniczno-ewaporatową. W cyklotemach terygeniczno-ewaporatowych nie można wydzielać typowych sekwencji depozycyjnych. Propozycja wyróżnienia sekwencji klimatycznych stanowi duże odstępstwo od zasad wyróżniania eustatycznych sekwencji depozycyjnych, chociaż pomimo zasadniczych różnic w genezie sekwencji klimatycznych i eustatycznych łączy je ważna wspólna cecha - ich granice są izochroniczne. Dla górnego cechsztynu są zatem do wyboru dwie możliwości: wyróżnić nietypowe sekwencje klimatyczne, które umożliwiają określenie izochronicznych systemów osadowych, lub pozostać przy praktycznej stratygrafii cyklotemowej.

20

Architektura depozycyjna basenu czerwonego spągowca w Polsce

Kiersnowski H.

Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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1998

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T. 165

113--128

PL

W aluwialnym basenie czerwonego spągowca wyróżniono trzy podstawowe systemy depozycyjne: fluwialny, eoliczny i playi. Analiza zasięgów przestrzennych tych systemów i ich wzajemnych relacji umożliwiła stworzenie modelu architektury depozycyjnej basenu. W modelu założono możliwość wydzielenia, w skali basenu, sekwencji depozycyjnych przedzielonych granicami, często erozyjnymi, z założenia izochronicznymi. Zaproponowano wydzielenie dwóch takich sekwencji w górnej części czerwonego spągowca dolnego oraz siedmiu w czerwonym spągowcu górnym. Basen ma cechy półrowu tektonicznego z największą subsydencją wzdłuż północno- -wschodniej krawędzi. Wykazano, że czynnikami warunkującymi sedymentację były procesy tektoniczne, a zwłaszcza zmienna subsydencja poszczególnych segmentów basenu, oraz warunki paleoklimatyczne. Nakładanie się tych dwóch diachronicznych i niezależnych od siebie czynników powodowało raptowne zmiany środowisk sedymentacji (np. występowanie naprzemianległych osadów playi i eolicznych lub osadów playi i gruboklastycznych osadów fluwialnych). Rozkład litofacji osadowych w przekroju całego basenu ukazuje ogólny proces ich przekraczającego następstwa, charakterystyczny dla asymetrycznych basenów ekstensyjnych.