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1

Influence of Melt Properties on the Dendritic Structure of Steel Castings

Aftandiliants Y., Gnyloskurenko Svyatoslav, Meniailo H., Khrychikov V.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

5--13

EN

The paper presents the experimental results on the determination of melt parameters such as the energy of the boundary, contact angle, density and kinematic viscosity of low and medium alloy steels at different temperatures, as well as the dispersion of their dendritic structure in solidified castings. The analysis of the data obtained allowed revealing using mathematical models the influence of the chemical composition and temperature of melts on their properties and the dendritic structure of castings. It was established the variation of the melt parameters depending on the particular chemical elements of steels as C, Si, Mn, O, P, V, Cr. The established analytical dependences shown that increasing density and viscosity contributes to the dispersion of the dendritic structure and viscosity is of the major effect. The derived quantitative patterns allows to evaluate structure formation of cast structural low and medium alloy steels.

2

Metoda wpływu na jednorodność składu chemicznego spieku cynkowo-ołowiowego w układzie rzeczywistym

Szudy Robert, Sołtysik Marek, Gajdzik Bożena

Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji

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2023

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Vol. 12, iss. 2

43--49

PL

Celem prowadzonych badań było określenie zależności występujących pomiędzy pracą zbiornika namiarowni wydziału spiekalni, a jednorodnością składu chemicznego produkowanego spieku. Rozpatrywany fragment linii technologicznej jest częścią procesu Imperial Smelting Process, z wykorzystaniem którego produkowany jest w głównej mierze cynk i ołów. Skład chemiczny spieku jest istotny w kolejnym etapie produkcyjnym jakim jest proces redukcji w piecu szybowym. Zdefiniowany problem technologiczny polegał na nierównomiernym dozowaniu materiału na taśmę zbiorczą. Nierównomierność w dozowaniu materiałów nie jest kompensowana w kolejnych etapach przygotowywania mieszanki przed procesem spiekania to jest aglomeracji w mieszalnikach bębnowych. Przekłada się to na niestabilne analizy chemiczne półproduktu jakim jest spiek. Głównym założeniem wprowadzonej modyfikacji było zastosowanie jak najprostszych rozwiązań pozwalających uniknąć kosztownych urządzeń i skomplikowanych systemów sterowania. Po modyfikacji sposobu dozowania materiału określono zmianę w jednorodności otrzymywanych analiz chemicznych. W realizacji badań skupiono się na pierwiastkach takich jak wapń, magnez i krzem. Badania zostały wykonane w ramach realizowanego doktoratu wdrożeniowego w Hucie Cynku „Miasteczko Śląskie”.

EN

The purpose of the conducted research was to determine the relationship occurring between the operation of the sintering department's holding tank and the homogeneity of the chemical composition of the produced sinter. The considered part of the process line is part of the Imperial Smelting Process, using which zinc and lead are mainly produced. The chemical composition of the sinter is important in the next production stage, which is the reduction process in the shaft furnace. The defined technological problem was the uneven dispensing of material onto the collecting belt. The unevenness in material dosing is not compensated for in the subsequent stages of mixture preparation before the sintering process, that is, agglomeration in drum mixers. This translates into unstable chemical analyses of the intermediate product, which is sinter. The main objective of the modification introduced was to use the simplest possible solutions to avoid costly equipment and complex control systems. After modification of the material dosage method, a change in the homogeneity of the obtained chemical analyses was determined. The implementation of the study focused on elements such as calcium, magnesium and silicon. The research was carried out as part of an ongoing implementation doctorate at the Zinc Smelter "Miasteczko Ślaskie".

3

Ocena składu parówek na podstawie deklaracji producenta

Żmijewski Tomasz, Modzelewska-Kapituła Monika

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2023

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T. 77, nr 3

28--32

PL

Celem pracy była ocena parówek na podstawie składu deklarowanego na etykiecie produktu. Przeanalizowano dane obejmujące 64 asortymenty parówek. Poddano je analizie w zakresie stosowanych do produkcji surowców oraz wartości odżywczej gotowego wyrobu. Badania wykazały, że według deklaracji producentów 48,5% badanych produktów zawiera ponad 90% mięsa a 17,2% wyrobów powyżej 95%. Mięsem najczęściej wykorzystywanym do produkcji parówek jest wieprzowina i mięso z kurczaka. Według informacji zawartych na etykietach analizowanych produktów w ponad 80% wyrobów nie posiadało w składzie mięsa oddzielonego mechanicznie, a ponad 17% dodatków ujętych w unijnym wykazie dodatków do żywności. Z deklaracji wynika, że większość badanych produktów zawierała między 12% a 14% białka, 15-25% tłuszczu oraz 2,0-2,5% soli.

EN

The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of homogenized sausages based on the composition declared on the product label. Data covering 64 assortments of sausages was analysed. They were analysed in terms of raw materials used for production and nutritional value of the finished product. The research have shown that, according to producers’ declarations, 48.5% of the tested products contained more than 90% of meat, and 17.2% of the products contained more than 95% of meat. The meat most often used for the production of sausages were pork and chicken. According to producers’ declarations, in more then 80% of the tested products mechanically separated meat was not used, and over 17% of the products were free from additives included in the EU list of food additives. The majority of the tested products contained 12% to 14% of protein, 15-25% of fat and 2.0-2.5% of salt.

4

Czynniki kształtujące wartość odżywczą surowych wędlin dojrzewających

Węsierska Ewelina, Pasternak Małgorzata

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2023

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T. 77, nr 3

23--27

PL

W skład surowych wędlin dojrzewających wchodzą związki o istotnym znaczeniu dla zdrowia człowieka. Takimi składnikami są aminokwasy egzogenne, niezbędne nienasycone kwasy tłuszczowe, niektóre substancje mineralne i witaminy, które po wchłonięciu stają się kluczowymi składnikami tkanek i płynów ustrojowych lub kontrolują procesy fizjologiczne na poziomie komórkowym. Składniki te pełnią m.in. rolę buforów, kontrolują utlenianie wolnych rodników, wspomagają absorpcję wapnia i żelaza niehemowego, regulują poziom cukru we krwi, wykazują właściwości przeciwbakteryjne, przeciwwirusowe, przeciwgrzybiczne lub przeciwnowotworowe. Ze względu na skład chemiczny, surowe szynki dojrzewające postrzegane są jako naturalne źródło żelaza, cynku, fosforu, selenu, tiaminy, ryboflawiny, niacyny i witamin B6 oraz B12.

EN

Raw ripening meats contain compounds that are important for human health. Such components are exogenous amino acids, essential fatty acids, some minerals and vitamins, which after absorption become components of tissues and body fluids. They act as buffers, control the oxidation of free radicals, promote the absorption of calcium and “non-heme” iron, regulate blood sugar levels, and exhibit antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal or anticancer properties. Due to its chemical composition, raw ripening hams are seen as a natural source of iron, zinc, phosphorus, selenium, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamins B6 and B12.

5

Zastosowanie spektrometru XRF do oceny korozyjności zbrojenia w słupie żelbetowym

Palacz Przemysław, Major Maciej

Materiały Budowlane

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2023

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nr 4

1--4

PL

Artykuł zawiera analizę wpływu korozji zbrojenia na zmianę składu chemicznego oraz odczynu pH betonu, który odspoił się od prętów zbrojenia w słupie energetycznym. Badania wykonano za pomocą spektrometru XRF. Wykazano bezpośredni wpływ korozji na zwiększenie zawartości żelaza i tlenku żelaza w betonie w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie skorodowanego pręta. Dzięki temu możliwa jest ocena konstrukcji żelbetowych z wykorzystaniem spektrometru i eliminacja zagrożenia, jakie powstaje z chwilą korozji zbrojenia.

EN

The article contains an analysis of the influence of reinforcement corrosion on changes in the chemical composition and its pH of concrete, which detached from the reinforcement bars in power pole. The tests were performed using an XRF spectrometer. The direct impact of corrosion on the increase in the content of iron and iron oxide in concrete in the immediate vicinity of the corroded rod was demonstrated. Thanks to this, it is possible to diagnose reinforced concrete structures with the use of a spectrometer and to eliminate the threat that arises at the moment of reinforcement corrosion.

6

Analiza wpływu parametrów napawania laserowego LMD na wybrane właściwości napoin wytworzonych z proszku HS6-5-2c na stali 1.4923

Chrzanowski Wojciech, Napadłek Wojciech, Bogdanowicz Zdzisław

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2023

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Vol. 72, nr 1

116--130

PL

W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki badań napoin wytworzonych technologią napawania laserowego LMd (Laser Metal Deposition) z zastosowaniem różnych parametrów wiązki laserowej. na powierzchni podłoży ze stali 1.4923 w kształcie prostopadłościanów wytworzono napoiny wielościegowe z proszków hs6-5-2c o różnym stopniu przykrycia. W ramach prób napawania laserowego wytworzono próbki, na których następnie przeprowadzono badania topografii powierzchni, obserwacje mikrostruktury oraz pomiary twardości w poszczególnych strefach warstwy wierzchniej podłoża, to jest w strefie napoiny, strefie wpływu ciepła (sWc) oraz w strefie materiału rodzimego. obserwacjęi analizę powierzchni napoin oraz mikrostruktury w przekroju poprzecznym próbek po napawaniu LMd zrealizowano z zastosowaniem mikroskopii optycznej ze światłowodową transmisją obrazu. pomiary twardości wykonano, używając twardościomierza Vickersa FLc-50a. na podstawie obserwacji mikroskopowych stwierdzono, że uzyskane napoiny mają regularny i powtarzalny kształt. Ponadto na powierzchniach wytworzonych napoin oraz w strefie wtopienia materiału napoiny z materiałem podłoża nie zauważono występowania wad procesowych. Twardość uzyskanych napoin wynosiła 500-700 hV0,1. Wytworzone na bazie proszku hs6-5-2c napoiny poddano badaniom odporności na erozję, które wykazały znacznie wyższą odporność na zużycie erozyjne (nawet ok. pięciokrotnie) w porównaniu z materiałem podłoża (stal 1.4923) bez napawania.

EN

This paper presents the results of testing surfacings produced by LMd (Laser Metal deposition) laser deposition technology for different laser beam parameters. on the surface layer of rectangular-shaped samples, made of 1.4923 steel, multiwall surfacing was produced from hs6-5-2c powder with different degrees of coverage. as a part of the laser deposition verification and testing, surface topography, microstructure and hardness tests were carried out in the deposition zone, heat affected zone, and the zone of the parent material. The surface of the surfacing and the microstructure in cross-section were observed on an optical microscope with fibre-optic image transmission. Hardness measurements were made in the cross-section of the sample using a Vickers FLc-50a hardness tester. Based on the observations, it was found that the obtained surfacings have a regular and repeatable shape. There were no welding defects on the surfaces of the produced surfacings and in the zone of fusion of the surfacing material with the substrate material. The hardness of the surfacings was obtained in the range of 500-700 hV0.1. The surfacings produced by LMd technology were subjected to erosion resistance tests, which showed significantly higher (about 5 times higher) resistance to erosion wear of the produced surface layers (surfacings based on hs6-5-2c powder) in comparison with the substrate material, i.e., steel 1.4923.

7

Regularities of Crystallization Heat Release During Solidification of Alloyed Cast Irons

Aftandiliants Y., Gnyloskurenko S., Meniailo H., Khrychikov V., Lomakin V.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, iss. 1

110--117

EN

The chemical composition of alloys plays an important role at their crystallization and influences the solid phase formation, and thus, microstructure and properties. The present paper studies the release of the heat of crystallization of alloyed wear-resistant cast irons in order to determine the quantitative patterns of the chemical composition influence to the kinetics of crystallization. The differential thermal analysis was applied to get the data of heat release, its rate at cast iron temperature decrease. The normalized dependence of the amount of crystallization heat over time was obtained. The main temperature parameters were analyzed and four stages at irons crystallization were established and characterized with their duration and released heat. The multiple correlation analysis allowed considering a numerous physical and chemical factors and distinguishing their role at crystallization of irons. As a result, the quantitative regularities are determined of influencing the content of alloying elements, impurities and carbides on a heat and time of crystallization at the different stages of solidification, which are of great importance in developing alloyed irons with required quality and properties.

8

Effects of EDM on the Chemical Composition and Microstructure of the Surface Layer of Alnico Alloys

Bańkowski Damian, Młynarczyk Piotr, Szwed Bartłomiej

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, iss. 2

106--111

EN

This article deals with the effects of electrical discharge machining (EDM) on the chemical composition and microstructure of cast Alnico alloys, i.e., iron-based alloys composed of aluminum, nickel and cobalt. The experiments focused on determining the chemical composition of the surface layer before and after the EDM process. The microstructure of the material altered by the EDM was also examined. The study included measurement of the thickness of the white layer characteristic of EDM. It is evident that low values of the surface roughness parameters can be obtained by correctly selecting the EDM process parameters. The average surface roughness reported in the experiments was 1 μm. The surface roughness measurements were conducted with a Talysurf CCI lite non-contact profiler. The metrological results also indicate that lower surface roughness can be obtained at small discharge energies.

9

Characterization of Ijero-Ekiti Quartz as Refractory Raw Material for Industrial Furnace

Omidiji B. V., Ogundipe O. B., Owolabi H. A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, iss. 4

14--21

EN

This study investigated the suitability of Ijero-Ekiti quartz as a refractory raw material for industrial furnace applications. In order to ascertain its prospective applications, the thermal behaviour, mineralogical composition and chemical composition were determined. Ijero-Ekiti quartz was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermal analysis (TGA and DTA). Its thermal conductivity with specific heat coefficient was determined. The outcome revealed that the quartz sample has a high purity of 94.3% SiO2, making it suitable as a refractory material. The XRD analysis revealed the presence of alpha-quartz as the dominant crystal phase, which is desirable for refractory applications. The FTIR analysis indicated the absence of hydroxyl (-OH) groups. This indicates a low risk of failure and damage such as spalling, cracking and other forms of damage when produced into bricks. The TGA and DTA displayed significant mass losses and large endothermic bands, which were connected to the dehydroxylation of the quartz rock samples. Based on the demonstrated qualities, the quartz rock sample could be subjected to thermal processing. This study therefore established that Ijero-Ekiti quartz is a suitable raw material for refractory applications due to its high purity, alpha-quartz dominant crystal phase, absence of hydroxyl groups, and uniform morphology.

10

Assessment of Stability the Chemical Composition of Slags

Sitko Jacek

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, iss. 2

145--150

EN

Metallurgical slags are an object of the increasing interest in terms of the possibility of their utilization, especially as materials used in the construction and road building industries, in the foundry industry for refining and purifying liquid alloys, the production of abrasives for surface treatment of remanufactured machine parts, as mine backfill materials. Metallurgical slags, in order to be used in foundry processes, should be characterized by the stability of the chemical composition. This paper presents the results of statistical analysis calculations, in which using a specific group f samples, knowing their chemical composition, the mean value Ā, variance Ϭ2, standard deviation Ϭ and the classical coefficient of variation V were determined. The research and its results report the amount of variation in considered components of the slags.

11

The effect of air plasma cutting on the quality, structural transformations and changes in the chemical composition of structural steel

Górka Jacek

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, no. 3

art. no. e215, 2023

EN

The article presents results of tests concerning the effect of technological parameters of the plasma arc cutting process (involving the use of air as plasma gas) on the quality of cut surfaces as well as on structural transformations and changes in the chemical composition of 14 mm-thick plates made of steel S235JR. The tests revealed that the adjustment of optimum parameters of the cutting process enabled the obtainment of cut surfaces representing quality class I in accordance with the ISO 9013 standard. Only the surfaces processed using the maximum cutting rates represented quality class II. The chemical composition analysis was performed using an ICXA 733 X-ray microanalyser (Jeol) equipped with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and an ISIS 300 analytical system (OXFORD). The cut surfaces were observed and their characteristic areas were photographed using an X-ray microanalyser and the backscattered electrons (BSE) technique. The phase analysis was performed using a PHILIPS PW 1050 X’Change machine operated in the B–B (Bragg–Brentano) geometry. It was observed that the application of the air plasma cutting process led to the formation of an amorphous phase on the cut surface. The amorphous phase was characterised by a very high nitrogen content (of approximately 1.6%) and a hardness of 750 HV 0.2. The intense nitration resulted from the diffusion of nitrogen from the plasma gas. At the same time, the effect of air plasma arc gases on the liquid metal was responsible for the carburising of the cut surface (up to approximately 0.5%) and the burnout of alloying components (in accordance with the theory of the selective oxidation of chemical elements). The quality of the cut surfaces was primarily affected by the cutting rate. An increase in the cutting rate was accompanied by the deterioration of the geometric features of cut surfaces. In addition, higher cutting rates also translated into the significant reduction of the HAZ width and that of the size of the zone of chemical composition changes. The tests revealed that, in terms of the 14 mm-thick plates made of steel S235JR, the optimum cutting rates were restricted within the range of 600 mm/min to 1500 mm/min. The tests carried out made it possible to determine the influence of the active plasma gas (oxygen, nitrogen) both on changes in the chemical composition of the tested steel and on the quality of the cut surfaces obtained.

12

Improvement of the technology of marshmallow with the addition of plant raw materials

Artamonova Maiia, Piliugina Inna, Aksonova Olena

Acta Innovations

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2023

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no. 48

38--47

EN

Every year, the interest in functional nutrition is growing in the world. Consumers are increasingly rejecting products containing sugar, artificial preservatives, dyes, flavorings, flavor enhancers, etc. There is a growing public interest in healthy food products and the ingredients used in these products. Despite the increase in the price of such products, marketing research confirms the demand for them and the willingness of the population to "overpay for naturalness". The article is devoted to the development of the formulation and technology of a pastila-type product with a functional purpose using non-traditional raw materials (coconut sugar, fructose and blueberry powder) instead of sugar. The organoleptic and physicochemical indicators of the quality of new products were determined. The pastila-type products are enriched with protein, dietary fibers, minerals (potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc) and vitamins (C, PP, groups B, A).

13

Metale ciężkie w deszczówce

Żądło Laura

Wodociągi - Kanalizacja

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2022

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nr 7-8

16--18

14

Cegły szklane o podwyższonej wytrzymałości mechanicznej powstałe na bazie surowców odpadowych

Łączka Karolina

Szkło i Ceramika

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2022

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R. 73, nr 4

22--23

PL

Cegły szklane są interesującą alternatywą dla powszechnie stosowanych luksferów. Te monolityczne, proste w formie odlewy ze szkła mogą być wykorzystywane zarówno we wnętrzu, jak i na zewnątrz budynku. Umożliwiają skuteczne doświetlenie pomieszczenia światłem dziennym, mogą także być elementem dekoracyjny przegrody, bądź tworzyć całą ściankę działową.

15

Chemical Composition of Industrial Wood Waste and the Possibility of its Management

Malinowski Ryszard, Meller Edward, Ochman Ireneusz, Malinowska Katarzyna, Figiel-Kroczyńska Monika

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2022

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Vol. 32, no. 4

167--183

EN

Organic wood waste (sawdust, shavings, pieces of wood and bark), is widely used as a secondary raw material and, after composting, for soil fertilisation and substrate production in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, urban landscaping and rehabilitation of degraded land. However, problematic to process is wood waste that is very dirty with soil. They have limited calorific value and cannot be used in the R10 recovery process of land treatment benefiting agriculture or improving the environment. However, the morphological composition of these wastes indicates that they have good properties and can be used for agricultural use and for the reclamation of degraded land. The research involved wood waste with the code 03 01 99 (other unspecified waste from wood processing and the production of panels and furniture) generated during the preparation of deciduous tree logs for the veneer production process, and ashes from the burning of wood waste generated in the veneer production factory. The aim of the study was to assess the chemical composition of these wastes and the possibility of their agricultural use. In the samples of wood waste and ashes there was determined: pH; chlorines content; conductivity; hydrolytic acidity; content of micro and macroelements and heavy metals. The morphological composition of the waste is dominated by sawdust, with a smaller share of shavings, bark and earth parts, and a small addition of pieces of wood of various sizes. It is rich in easily bioavailble as well as total macroelements and is not contaminated with heavy metals. Analyzed wood waste has deacidifying properties, high sorption and buffering capacity. Studies have shown that the wood waste produced at the veneer factory, can be used as an organic fertiliser, a component of other organic fertilisers, for soil mulching, horticultural substrate and soil and land reclamation.The ash obtained from burning wood is strongly alkaline and rich in alkaline cations, mainly Ca, Mg and K. It is not contaminated with heavy metals. The ash can be used for soil deacidification and fertilization, especially for soil reclamation. The waste from the heap can be used as an organic fertilizer, a component of other organic fertilizers, for mulching soils and as a gardening substrate. However, the possibilities for non-agricultural (e.g.: for the production of pallet, particle board) use are limited due to the high proportion of earthy parts.

16

Modern heat-resistant 11%Cr martensitic steel for power industry

Golański Grzegorz

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 113, nr 1

5--12

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the investigations was to characterise and describe the modern creep-resistant Thor 115 steel for supercritical power units. Design/methodology/approach: The investigations were performed based on the knowledge and experience of the author, the preliminary results of his own research and the available literature on the subject-matter of the considerations presented in the paper. Findings: Modern steel Thor 115 was subjected to overall analysis in terms of its use as a potential heat-resistant structural material for power plant components. Based on the preliminary results of own research and the available literature data, it has been shown that the analysed steel may be a structural material of full value if the assumed creep resistance in the service temperature range of 600-650ºC is confirmed. Research limitations/implications: The comprehensive analysis of degradation of microstructure of the steel after ageing (and/or creep) requires TEM examinations. Finding the correlation between the creep and ageing conditions and changes in the microstructure of the steel. Practical implications: The investigations carried out as part of the paper and the considerations on the subject-matter of the analysed steel may be the basis for the development of a database of material characteristics for steels, alloys and welded joints. Originality/value: The analysis of chemical composition, heat treatment and mechanical properties and the investigations of microstructure of Thor 115 steel are presented.

17

Assessment of the Quality of Ductile Cast Iron EN-GJS-500-7 Through the Influence of its Chemical Composition on the Grain Composition of Spheroidal Graphite

Pacha-Gołębiowska Halina

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, iss. 4

85--89

EN

Quantitative evaluation of the microstructure obtained in a product is nowadays commonly required both in R&D activities and during routine quality control of materials and components. This paper presents an assessment of the quality of ductile cast iron, based on investigations of the effect of chemical composition on the distribution of ductile graphite precipitates in low-alloy cast iron EN-GJS-500-7. The size of graphite precipitates was expressed in terms of equivalent cross-sectional diameter, which made it possible to describe the distribution of graphite precipitates with a function simulating the log-normal distribution of graphite. The resulting U, W and Z parameters were statistically analysed, including the effect of chemical composition on graphite distribution. In the studied cast iron, the components that increase the U parameter are silicon, manganese and phosphorus, thus favourably affecting the total graphite number. In contrast, the constituents that decrease the U parameter are carbon, chromium and aluminium.

18

Węglowe popioły lotne - źródło zanieczyszczenia środowiska naturalnego. Wyzwania i wybrane problemy lat siedemdziesiątych XX wieku

Matusiewicz Henryk

Analityka : nauka i praktyka

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2022

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nr 4

12--17

PL

Poznanie niejednorodności, składu morfologicznego oraz mineralnego i chemicznego mikrocząstek popiołów lotnych węgli, kamiennego i brunatnego, jest niezbędne do oceny ich potencjalnego zagrożenia dla środowiska naturalnego.

19

Określanie składu chemicznego i mineralnego skał z wykorzystaniem przenośnego spektrometru XRF pracującego w atmosferze helu

Skupio Rafał

Nafta-Gaz

|

2021

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R. 77, nr 4

227--234

PL

W pracy przedstawiono możliwości prowadzenia pomiarów chemicznych z zastosowaniem przenośnego spektrometru fluorescencji rentgenowskiej z dyspersją energii EDXRF w atmosferze helu. Metodyka badawcza wraz z tworzeniem modeli i interpretacją danych powstała w oparciu o zastosowanie aparatu XRF firmy Bruker, model Tracer 5g. Prowadzenie pomiarów w atmosferze helu umożliwia obniżenie progów detekcji dla pierwiastków lekkich, w tym określanie udziałów sodu (Na) i magnezu (Mg) oraz pierwiastków wchodzących w zakres spektrometrycznego profilowania gamma: potasu (K), uranu (U) i toru (Th). Jednym z elementów nowej procedury pomiarowej jest przygotowanie preparatów w formie pastylek, przy użyciu prasy hydraulicznej o sile nacisku do 25 ton. Pomiary w atmosferze helu mogą być wykonywane jedynie na materiale skonsolidowanym (lita skała, rdzeń wiertniczy lub twarda pastylka). Materiał do badań został pobrany z rdzeni wiertniczych, następnie skwartowany i rozdzielony na poszczególne analizy. Wyniki analiz XRF uzyskane metodą, w której zastosowano przepływ helu, porównano z wynikami pomiarów wykonanych standardową aparaturą XRF, chemicznych badań laboratoryjnych, analiz składu mineralnego XRD oraz badań naturalnej promieniotwórczości gamma. Analizy XRF bez możliwości prowadzenia pomiarów w atmosferze helu wykonane zostały aparatem Titan S1 (firmy Bruker). Badania przeprowadzono na próbkach skał pochodzących z dwóch otworów wiertniczych – P4 (19 próbek) i J1 (11 próbek). W przypadku P4 dysponowano dokładnymi pomiarami laboratoryjnymi ICP-MS (ang. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry), ICP-OES (ang. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) oraz wynikami XRD, natomiast w J1 – wynikami badań radiometrycznych i mineralnych. W próbkach z otworu J1 występowały skalenie oraz dolomit, co umożliwiło przetestowanie budowy modeli uwzględniających te minerały w odniesieniu do wyznaczenia udziałów sodu i magnezu. W końcowej części pracy przedstawiono wykresy korelacyjne dla wybranych, najważniejszych pierwiastków budujących matrycę skalną, modele mineralno–chemiczne zbudowane na ich podstawie oraz wykresy korelacyjne dla spektrometrycznych pomiarów gamma.

EN

In the paper, author presented the possibility of conducting chemical measurements in a helium atmosphere using a portable Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometer (EDXRF). The methodology, model creation and data interpretation were based on the Tracer 5g XRF (Bruker) application. Measurements in a helium atmosphere enable the reduction of detection limits for light elements, including the determination of sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg), as well as elements applied in the spectral gamma-ray profiling range: potassium (K), uranium (U) and thorium (Th). One of the new measurement procedure aspects is the preparation of pellets using a hydraulic press with a pressure of up to 25 tons. Measurements with helium flow can only be performed on a consolidated material (solid rock, drill core, or pellet). The material for the research was taken from the cores, then quartered and divided into individual analyses. The results of the XRF analyses obtained with the helium flow method were compared to measurements made with standard XRF equipment, chemical laboratory tests, the results of XRD mineral analyses, and tests of natural gamma radioactivity. XRF analyses without the possibility of conducting measurements in a helium atmosphere were performed with the Titan S1 apparatus (Bruker). The tests were carried out on rock samples from two boreholes, P4 (19 samples) and J1 (11 samples). In P4, precise laboratory measurements ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry), ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry) and XRD results were available, while in the J1, radiometric and mineral tests were performed. Feldspars and dolomites were present in the samples from the J1 borehole, which made it possible to test the construction of models incorporating these minerals in relation to sodium and magnesium. The final part of the work presents correlation diagrams for selected, most essential elements forming the rock matrix, mineral and chemical models built on their basis and correlation diagrams for gamma spectrometric measurements.

20

Ocena nośności zabytkowego słupa żeliwnego wiaty peronowej

Domagała Rafał

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2021

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R. 77, nr 9-10

438--441

PL

Dokonano oceny nośności zabytkowego słupa wiaty peronowej wykonanego z żeliwa szarego perlitycznego z grafitem płatkowym w osnowie perlitycznej EN-GJL-100. Obliczenia wykonano według zbioru norm PN-EN 1993 Eurokod 3.

EN

The load-bearing capacity of a historic platform shed made of gray pearlitic cast iron with EN-GJL-100 pearlitic matrix flake graphite was assessed. The calculations were made according to the set of PN-EN 1993 Eurocode 3 standards.