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Effect of polyethylene cross-linking on properties of foams

Głuszewski W., Stasiek A., Raszkowska-Kaczor A., Kaczor D.

Nukleonika

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2018

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Vol. 63, No. 3

81--85

EN

The process of cross-linking of polyethylene using gamma radiation (γ) and electron beam (EB) was tested from the point of view of density of foam. Particular attention was paid to the postradiation oxidation effect of the polymers. The study used two types of radiation sources of varying dose rates: gamma radiation (4 kGγ/h) and EB (14 000 kGy/h). Radiolysis studies of the polymers used the radiation yield of hydrogen evolved (GH2 , approximately proportional to the number of radicals) and radiation yield of oxygen absorbed by the polymer (GO2 ). Oxidation of polymer due to radiation was also evaluated using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.

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The salinity of groundwater in Mesozoic and Cenozoic aquifers of NW Poland - origin and evolution

Kaczor D.

Studia Geologica Polonica

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2006

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Vol. 126

5-76

EN

Chemical composition of saline groundwaters occurring in the Mesozoic deposits of NW Poland, based on 285 archival chemical analyses from 113 deep boreholes, shows much similarity within particular aquifers. These are mostly chloride-sodium waters. Chloride-sodium-calcium waters predominate only within the Lower Triassic aquifer. Chloride-sodium-magnesium waters appear only at isolated locations. All the waters studied are typical of a high mineralization (TDS), the latter increases with the aquifer depth up to a maximum of 328 g/dm3 (Objezierze IG-1 well). The TDS of these brines, measured systematically over the last 40 years at production wells in the health resorts Kołobrzeg, Kamień Pomorski, Świnoujście and Połczyn Zdrój, is nearly constant and directly proportional to the concentration of Cl– ion. The brines in Mesozoic aquifers of NW Poland are polygenetic. Their main components are fossil seawater and meteoric water. Holocene infiltration water is a local admixture in the upper part of the Mesozoic succession only. The hydrochemical indicators (Br–:J–, Cl–:J–, Cl–:Br–, Ca2+:Sr2+, rNa+:rCl–) and the isotope ratios of oxygen, hydrogen and strontium suggest that the salinity of waters in the Mesozoic deposits is related to their marine origin and, to a lesser extent, to the dissolution of Zechstein and Triassic salts. Dissolution of Zechstein salts could occur in contact zones with groundwaters within the Mesozoic until the chemical balance between them has been established. Such contacts are currently observed at base of the Lower Triassic rock as well as in 18 salt structures piercing the Triassic aquifers. Brines within the Triassic rock contain an admixture of residual (evaporite-related) liquids associated with the Zechstein and Triassic salt series. The saline waters within the Mesozoic rock complex are under pressure, which enables their upward migration through a system of fractures and faults towards the Cenozoic aquifers. This process is most intense in hydrogeological windows developed in areas of erosional reduction of the overlying Oligocene clays on uplifted tectonic blocks and salt-cored anticlines. The extent of increased groundwater salinity zones in Cenozoic deposits depends on flow directions in the active circulation zones. Therefore, these salinity zones, which occupy 33% of the study area, do not always coincide with the zones of brine ascension. The ascent of saline water is hazardous to the quality of Major Groundwater Reservoirs (MGR). This concerns the MGRs of Uznam (101) and Wolin islands (102), Rościno (103) and Dębno (134), as well as large municipal groundwater intakes, such as those in Świnoujście (“Wydrzany”), Wolin, Trzebiatów, Gryfice, Kołobrzeg (“Rościęcino” and “Bogucino”), Koszalin, Goleniów, Nowogard, Gryfino (“Tywa” and “Dolna Odra”), Krzypnica, Stargard Szczeciński, Choszczno, Wałcz and Czarnków locations.

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Zasolenie wód podziemnych kenozoiku Polski północno-zachodniej w wyniku ascenzji solanek z mezozoiku

Kaczor D.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2005

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Vol. 53, nr 6

489--499

EN

The salinization of Cenozoic aquifers caused by brines ascending from the Mesozoic was described on the basis of results of 7747 archival chemical analyses. The zones of confirmed aquifer salinization, defined by chloride concentration exceeding 60 mg/dm^3 and 70 mg/dm^3 (upper limits of hydrochemic background values), within the Pleistocene and Paleogene, Miocene and Pliocene usable groundwater aquifers respectively, occupy an area of 8600 km^2 (33 % of the study area), whilst the zones of potential salinization hazard extend on further 4900 km^2 (19%). The groundwater salinization zones are mostly connected with the uplifted tectonic blocks, salt anticlines and fault zones, the structures allowing upwards directed migration of the Mesozoic brines into the Cenozoic useful aquifers. The salinization development is generally controlled by the flow directions within the active circulation zone and causes migration of brines under pressure along the tectonically produced pathways. The salinity increase affecting groundwater in the Cenozoic aquifers does not result from the recent leaching of the Zechstein salt bod-ies, as they are mostly isolated from the groundwater active circulation system. The ascending diluted brines constitute a potential threat to 4 (Uznam–101 and Wolin–102, Rooecino–103, Dębno–134) from among 20 Major Groundwater Reservoirs and to 17 from among 31 main municipal groundwater intakes (total well discharge >100 m^3/h).

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Monitoring niecki osiadania pomiarami elektrooporowymi

Kaczor D.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Górnictwo / Politechnika Śląska

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2002

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z. 254

73-83

PL

Wpływ eksploatacji górniczej na środowisko jest jednym z ważniejszych zagadnień górnictwa. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki pomiarów elektrooporowych wykonanych w celu zbadania przebiegu zmian własności elektrycznych przypowierzchniowych warstw górotworu podczas kształtowania się niecki osiadania. Omówiono wyniki pomiarów elektrooporowych w kontekście deformacji górotworu wywołanej eksploatacją oraz przedstawiono model procesu deformacji. Wydaje się, że tak przeprowadzone badania stanowią kolejne źródło informacji o procesie deformacji przypowierzchniowych warstw górotworu, co może mieć istotne znaczenie dla oceny wpływu danej eksploatacji na środowisko.

EN

One of the most important problem of mining is the influence of underground mining on the natural environment. In the article the author present the results of geoelectrical measurements which were made to research temporal variations of electrical features subsurface rock layers during the process of surface subsidence. These results were discussed in the contest of the deformations of rock mass layers induced by mining exploration and the model of the process of deformation was shown, too. It seems that so prepared studies are next source of information about the progression of deformation of rock mass layers which can have significant role in the estimation of influence of the given exploitation on the environment.

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Obserwacje zmian zachodzących w górotworze podczas jego deformacji za pomocą elektrooporowych

Kaczor D.

WUG : bezpieczeństwo pracy i ochrona środowiska w górnictwie

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2002

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nr 5

43-44

PL

Kształtowanie się niecki osiadania to proces rozciągnięty w czasie, któremu towarzyszą różne zjawiska fizyczne. Zmiany pewnych parametrów lub pól fizycznych lokalizują się w pobliżu miejsc, w których powstają niejednorodności, w stosunku do stanu początkowego, wywołane działającymi naprężeniami .Poprzez obserwacje pośrednie, np. metodami geofizycznymi, bada się rozkład pola naprężeń i wewnętrznych niejednorodności. W celu zbadania zachowania się skał deformowanego górotworu w wyniku kształtowania się niecki osiadania przeprowadzono badania polegające na czasowych pomiarach oporu pozornego przypowierzchniowych warstw górotworu, znajdujących się nad eksploatowaną ścianą węgla. Zastosowano metodę sondowania elektrooporowego.

EN

The process of surface subsidence development is accompanied by various physical phenomena. Variation of the parameters and physical fields localizes in the vicinities of the places where tension induced inhomogenities appear. Distribution of the tension field and internal nonhomogenities is studied using indirect methods. In order to study the behaviour of the rocks induced by the surface subsidence development I carried out temporal measurements of the apparent resistance of the subsurface rock mass layers above the longwall underground mining, using sounding resistivity method.