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1

Shape-memory polymers for biomedical applications: mechanisms, materials, and future perspectives

Śniarowski Patryk, Szymanowski Hieronim

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2026

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vol. 29, no. 174

art. no. 6

EN

Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) represent an emerging class of smart materials capable of undergoing programmed deformations and returning to their original shape upon exposure to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, light, or magnetic and electric fields. Among them, shape-memory polyurethanes (SMPUs) have attracted particular attention due to their segmented structure, tunable thermal and mechanical properties, and, in some cases, biocompatibility. Their versatility enables not only shape recovery but sometimes also biodegradation in physiological environments, which significantly broadens their biomedical applicability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental mechanisms behind the shape-memory effect, including the role of hard and soft segments, transition temperatures, and the influence of structural modifications. Special focus is given to the comparison between SMPs and shape-memory alloys (SMAs), highlighting advantages such as lower density, greater deformability, and biodegradability of some of the SMPs. Current biomedical applications of SMPs include vascular stents, drug delivery systems, sutures, scaffolds for tissue engineering, wound dressings, artificial muscles, and orthodontic devices. Additionally, porous polyurethane foams and biodegradable films offer promising solutions in minimally invasive surgery and regenerative medicine. Perspectives for future development emphasize improving long-term stability and degradation control, ensuring non-toxic by-products, and scaling up production for clinical applications. The integration of SMPs with additive manufacturing techniques, nanofillers, and multifunctional stimuli-responsiveness is expected to significantly expand their role in next-generation medical devices. Collectively, SMPs stand out as one of the most promising groups of materials at the interface of polymer science and biomedicine.

2

Recykling chemiczny poliuretanów dla budownictwa modułowego

Wójcik Jan, Boberski Przemysław, Dzumek Paweł, Gaida Rafał, Torchała Kamila, Koreń-Szwarc Beata, Stanek-Wandzel Natalia

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

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T. 104, nr 1

70--78

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań doświadczalnych procesu chemicznego recyklingu tworzyw poliuretanowych do ponownego spieniania materiałów izolacyjnych, opracowane w ramach projektu EVOTHERM. Wyzwanie podjęte przez Łukasiewicz - ICSO dotyczyło opracowania metody recyklingu chemicznego zużytych pianek poliuretanowych z wytworzeniem ciekłego produktu, który może być ponownie wykorzystany do otrzymania sztywnych pianek typu poliizocyjanurowych (PIR), przeznaczonych do zastosowania w budownictwie modułowym. Proces glikolizy prowadzono wobec glikolu propylenowego, glikolu dietylenowego oraz poliglikoli o masie cząsteczkowej 200 i 600 Da. Wyniki badań wykazały, że dodatek 30% produktu glikolizy nie wpływa negatywnie na proces wzrostu i jakość pianek poliuretanowych (PUR).

EN

Polyurethane foam waste was recycled by catalytic glycolysis with propylene glycol, di(ethylene glycol) and poly(ethylene glycols) for 4 h, at temp. 200°C, under pressure up to 5 bar, in presence of (DBA or sodium methoxide) 1.5% by mass. The glycolyzates were successfully used as raw materials for prodn. of polyurethane foams (addn. up to 30%).

3

Influence of filler introduction method on structure and properties of polymer composites based on polyurethane and silver nanoparticles

Lysenkov Eduard A., Striutskyi Oleksandr V.

Composites Theory and Practice

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2023

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R. 23, nr 3

145--152

EN

Polymer nanocomposites based on segmented polyurethane and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using different methods of nanoparticle introduction. The dependence of their structure, thermophysical and antimicrobial properties on the method of introducing AgNPs was studied. It was established that the method of introduction affects both the spatial distribution of the filler particles and the final properties of the material. The introduction of AgNPs by the ultrasonic dispersion method leads to inhibition of the growth of the crystalline phase, which is associated with the formation of aggregates from AgNPs of small size, which have a large polymer-filler interaction surface. It is shown that the introducing AgNPs from a colloidal solution leads to an increase in the degree of crystallinity of the polymer matrix, which is a consequence of the nucleation effect of nanosized silver particles on the formation of the crystalline phase. It was established that the method of introducing nanoparticles does not affect their final antimicrobial properties. Owing to their unique characteristics, synthesized nanocomposite films can be promising for use as antimicrobial coatings.

4

Biobased poly(3-hydroxybutyrate acid) composites with addition of aliphatic polyurethane based on polypropylene glycols

Zarzyka Iwona, Czerniecka-Kubicka Anna, Hęclik Karol, Dobrowolski Lucjan, Krzykowska Beata, Białkowska Anita, Bakar Mohamed

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2022

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Vol. 24, no. 1

75--89

EN

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) is the most important of the polyhydroxyalkanoates. It is biosynthesized, biodegradable, biocompatible, and shows no cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. P3HB is a natural metabolite in the human body and, therefore, it could replace the synthetic, hard-to-degrade polymers used in the production of implants. However, P3HB is a brittle material with limited thermal stability. Therefore, in order to improve its mechanical properties and processing parameters by separating its melting point and degradation temperature, P3HB-based composites can be produced using, for example, linear aliphatic polyurethanes as modifiers. The aim of the study is a modification of P3HB properties with the use of linear aliphatic polyurethanes synthesized in reaction of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and polypropylene glycols (PPG) by producing their composites. Prepared biocomposites were tested by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA). Furthermore, selected mechanical properties were evaluated. It has been confirmed that new biocomposites showed an increase in impact strength, relative strain at break, decrease of hardness and higher degradation temperature compared to the unfilled P3HB. The biocomposites also showed a decrease in the glass transition temperature and the degree of crystallinity. Biocomposites obtained with 10 wt.% polyurethane synthesized with polypropylene glycol having 1000 g · mole–1 and HDI have the best thermal and mechanical properties.

5

Epoksydowane oleje roślinne : zastosowanie w nowoczesnych materiałach polimerowych

Janus Ewa, Musik Marlena, Wilpiszewska Katarzyna, Sałaciński Łukasz, Milchert Eugeniusz

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2021

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[Z] 75, 9-10

1395--1411

EN

The growing, global concern for the natural environment contributes to the intensive research on at least partial replacing of petroleum-based raw materials with bio-renewable resources on an industrial scale. The chemical composition and oligomeric nature of plant oils make them a promising bio-renewable base for development of new polymer materials. The conversion of plant oils and fats to epoxidized plant oils (EO) and polyols are the processes intensively studied. Epoxides based on soybean oil, i.e. one of the most easily available vegetable oils, have a high potential for polymeric materials preparation. In addition, linseed and castor oils are of great importance in this area as well. This article presents the latest achievements in the production of novel polymer materials based on epoxidized vegetable oils and their derivatives. The importance and application of EO for polymer materials should be considered multidirectional. Epoxidized plant oils are the platform chemicals for polyethers, polyesters, polyurethanes and polyhydroxyurethanes, but also can act as modifiers for natural and synthetic polymers. Polymers based on epoxidized vegetable oils in combination with filler – including more and more popular natural fibers, allow to obtain biocomposites. Applying bioresin and natural reinforcement reduces the carbon footprint. Moreover, such materials may exhibit competitive properties against petrochemical polymer products and meet the requirements of the automotive, packaging, furniture, and construction industries. Additionally, obtaining materials showing functional properties, including shape memory and self-healing ability is also possible.

6

Tin-free bioelastomeric polyurethanes for medical applications

Niedźwiedź Malwina, Demirci Gokhan, Kantor-Malujdy Nina, Sobolewski Peter, El Fray Mirosława

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2021

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Vol. 24, no. 163

55

7

Oxygen plasma modification of polyester-based polyurethane surfaces: stability of surface functionalities in time

Chytrosz Paulina, Gogacz Paulina, Gołda-Cępa Monika, Kotarba Andrzej

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2021

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Vol. 24, no. 163

106

8

Zastosowanie biodegradowalnego polimeru jako alternatywnego surowca do produkcji nowego ekopoliolu

Paciorek-Sadowska Joanna, Borowicz Marcin, Isbrandt Marek, Grzybowski Łukasz, Czupryński Bogusław

Polimery

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2020

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T. 65, nr 10

667--671

PL

Aktualnym kierunkiem rozwoju w branży poliuretanowej jest zastępowanie polioli petrochemicznych poliolami pochodzącymi ze źródeł odnawialnych (biopoliolami) lub z recyklingu chemicznego (ekopoliolami). Na podstawie wyników zrealizowanych badań opracowano metodę syntezy nowego surowca poliolowego na bazie czystego polilaktydu (PLA), pochodzącego ze źródeł roślinnych (m.in. z kukurydzy), oraz glikolu dietylenowego (GDE). Analizowano właściwości otrzymanego produktu korzystne pod względem aplikacji w branży poliuretanowej. Wykonano oznaczenia: liczby hydroksylowej, liczby kwasowej, gęstości, lepkości oraz zawartości wody. W celu potwierdzenia zakładanej struktury chemicznej wytworzonego produktu oraz obecności reaktywnych grup hydroksylowych analizowano widma spektroskopowe: FT-IR, 1H NMR i 13C NMR. W celu oznaczenia średnich wagowo i liczbowo ciężarów cząsteczkowych oraz dyspersyjności otrzymanego ekopoliolu wykonano także analizę metodą chromatografi i żelowej (GPC). Badania potwierdziły, że otrzymany produkt poliolowy z powodzeniem może być stosowany w branży poliuretanowej jako alternatywa dla polioli petrochemicznych.

EN

The current development trend in the polyurethane industry is the replacement of petrochemical polyols by polyols derived from renewable sources (biopolyols) or from chemical recycling (ecopolyols). A method of synthesis of a new polyol raw material based on pure polylactide (PLA) derived from corn and diethylene glycol (GDE) was developed as a result of the research. A number of tests were carried out to characterize the obtained product in terms of application for the polyurethane industry. The research carried out determinations of the hydroxyl number, acid value, density, viscosity and water content. Spectroscopy analyses in FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR were model in order to confirm the assumed chemical structure of the obtained product and the presence of reactive hydroxyl groups. GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography) analysis was also performed to determine the average weight and average number molecular weight, and dispersion of the obtained ecopolyol. Studies have confirmed that the obtained polyol raw material can be successfully used in the polyurethane industry and can be a green alternative to petrochemical polyols.

9

Highly porous polurethane-based gradient scaffolds for tissue engineering of osteochondral defects

Domalik-Pyzik Patrycja, Kosowska Karolina, Hunger Martyna, Pielichowska Kinga, Chłopek Jan

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2020

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Vol. 23, no. 158 spec. iss.

66

10

Evaluation of N,N-dimethylacetamide level in polyurethane implant elements manufactured in dip-molding process

Zawidlak-Węgrzyńska Barbara, Gonsior Małgorzata, Czerwiński L., Jarosz Agnieszka, Kustosz Roman

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2020

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Vol. 23, no. 158 spec. iss.

64

11

Properties of polyurethane fibrous materials produced by solution blow spinning

Łopianiak Iwona, Wojasiński Michał, Butruk-Raszeja Beata

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 41, nr 4

267–-276

EN

The study aimed to produce nano- and microfibrous materials from polyurethane (ChronoFlex®C75A/ C75D in 1,1,1,3,3,3–hexafluoro–2–propanol) by solution blow spinning. Experiments were carried out in order to determine the impact of solution blow spinning parameters on fibre diameter and quality of produced materials. The following properties of produced fibre scaffolds were investigated: fibre size, porosity and pore size, wettability, and mechanical properties. The results confirmed that produced nano- and microfibrous materials could be potentially used as scaffolds in three-dimensional cell and tissue cultures.

12

Mechanical behavior of particle-reinforced polyurethane composites for load-bearing drives

Porąbka Anna, Archodoulaki Vasiliki-Maria, Laska Jadwiga

Science, Technology and Innovation

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2019

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Vol. 6, no. 3

33--41

EN

Two series of polyurethane composites were prepared using NDI- and MDI-based prepolymers and common polyol. NDI-based polyurethane is generally resistant to mechanical wear and rebound-resilient whereas MDI-based PU has cushioning and vibration damping features, and both types can be used as a matrix for load-bearing composites. The objective of this study was to compare the mechanical properties of composites containing 5% vol. of ceramic particles prepared with the use of the mentioned PU systems, and unmodified commercial materials. The effect of various ceramic particles on physical and mechanical properties was studied. The results showed that the mechanical properties changed in comparison to reference materials: E’ improved, and impact strength performed favorably in certain materials. Both the tensile strengths and the elongations at break of the composites were found to decrease with the content of ceramic particles; however, the hardness increased gradually. Since ceramic particles offer better stiffness and hardness, the selected composites could be a viable alternative to the pure commercial PUs available in the industry.

13

The study of poly(ε-caprolactone)-based polyurethanes for biomedical applications

Szlachta Monika, Pielichowska Kinga

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2019

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Vol. 22, no. 153 spec. iss.

89

14

The influence of phase change material (PCM) on selected properties of polyurethane/magnetite systems

Lach Aleksandra, Pielichowska Kinga

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2019

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Vol. 22, no. 153 spec. iss.

95

15

Moja droga do poliuretanów

Wirpsza Z.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2018

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T. 97, nr 8

1205--1206

16

Ograniczenia w stosowaniu fluorowanych gazów cieplarnianych do produkcji pianek i systemów poliuretanowych

Kozakiewicz J.

Polimery

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2018

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T. 63, nr 10

663--671

PL

W artykule dokonano przeglądu przepisów dotyczących ograniczeń w stosowaniu fluorowanych gazów cieplarnianych (F-gazów) w produkcji pianek i systemów poliuretanowych (PUR) na poziomie światowym (Poprawki z Kigali do Protokołu montrealskiego), europejskim [Rozporządzenie (UE) nr 517/2014] i krajowym (znowelizowana Ustawa o substancjach zubożających warstwę ozonową i o niektórych fluorowanych gazach cieplarnianych). Omówiono obowiązki podmiotów prowadzących działalność w sektorze pianek i systemów PUR odnoszące się do F-gazów, wynikające z przepisów Unii Europejskiej i przepisów polskich. Przedstawiono F-gazy i ich zamienniki stosowane obecnie w piankach PUR, prognozę dotyczącą zwiększenia ich zapotrzebowania na świecie, a także procentowy udział poszczególnych F-gazów w całkowitej ilości F-gazów wykorzystanych w produkcji pianek i systemów PUR w Polsce.

EN

The paper contains a review of limitations in the use of fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) in production of polyurethane foams and systems (PUR) at a global level (Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol), European level [Regulation (EU) No. 517/2014] and national level (revised Act on substances that deplete the ozone layer and on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases). The obligations of entities conducting activities in PUR foam and systems sector that relate to F-gases and result from European Union and Polish legislations are described. The list of F-gases and their alternatives which are currently used in PUR foams and systems is revealed and the forecast of the increase of global demand for those substances as well as percentage of share of individual F-gases in total quantity of F-gases applied in production of PUR foams and systems in Poland is presented.

17

Odporność poliuretanowych powłok typu high solid na działanie biotycznych i abiotycznych czynników degradacyjnych

Wojturska J.

Polimery

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2018

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T. 63, nr 10

708--715

PL

Powłoki poliuretanowe (PUR) typu high solid, o wysokim połysku i niewielkiej chropowatości powierzchni, otrzymano z wykorzystaniem biopolioli zsyntetyzowanych z oleju sojowego (BPS), lnianego (BPL) i rzepakowego (BPR) oraz poliizocyjanianów będących pochodnymi diizocyjanianu izoforonu (IPDI), diizocyjanianu trimetylo-1,6-heksametylenu (TMDI) lub diizocyjanianu 4,4’-dicykloheksylometanu (HMDI) i ksylenu jako rozpuszczalnika. Wszystkie wytworzone powłoki zawierały ok. 40 % składników pochodzenia naturalnego. Powłoki PUR charakteryzowano na podstawie oznaczonych wartości: chropowatości, swobodnej energii powierzchniowej (SEP) oraz właściwości mechanicznych, takich jak: twardość względna, tłoczność, przyczepność, odporność na zarysowanie i uderzenie. Analizowano degradację biotyczną w środowisku wodnym i w symulowanych warunkach kompostowania oraz odporność na działanie czynników abiotycznych (wody, wody morskiej, solanki, zmiennej temperatury). Stwierdzono, że otrzymane powłoki poliuretanowe wykazują dobre właściwości mechaniczne, doskonałą odporność korozyjną, nie są podatne na hydrolizę katalizowaną przez enzymy i mogą być z powodzeniem stosowane jako skuteczne zabezpieczenie powierzchni stalowych.

EN

High solid polyurethane coatings (PUR) with high gloss and low surface roughness were obtained using bio-polyols synthesized from soybean oil (BPS), linseed oil (BPL) and rapeseed oil (BPR), polyisocyanates derived from isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), trimethyl-1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (TMDI) or dicyclohexylmethane-4,4’-diisocyanate (HMDI) and xylene as a solvent. All the obtained PUR coatings contained about 40 % bio-based components and showed good mechanical properties. The characterization of PUR coatings was carried out on the basis of the determination of roughness, surface free energy (SEP) and mechanical properties such as relative hardness, cupping ability, adhesion, scratch, and impact resistance. The biotic degradation behavior in liquid or inert solid media and abiotic degradation behavior (in water, sea water, brine, thermal shock) were analyzed. It has been found that the obtained PUR coatings exhibit excellent resistance to corrosion. Also, they are not susceptible to enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis. Studies showed that the obtained coatings hold promise for use as effective protection of steel surfaces.

18

Nowy biopoliol na bazie oleju z gorczycy białej (Sinapis alba) jako alternatywny surowiec dla przemysłu poliuretanowego

Paciorek-Sadowska J., Borowicz M., Czupryński B., Liszkowska J.

Polimery

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2018

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T. 63, nr 10

694--699

PL

Opracowano nowy surowiec poliolowy na bazie surowego oleju z gorczycy białej oraz 2,2’-tiodietanolu (schemat A i B).Oceniane: liczba hydroksylowa, liczba kwasowa, zawartość wody, gęstość i lepkość wskazują, że otrzymany biopoliol może być alternatywą dla petrochemicznych surowców poliolowych. Analiza spektroskopowa (FT-IR, 1H NMR i 13C NMR) potwierdziła oczekiwaną budowę chemiczną wytworzonego poliolu, w tym obecność w łańcuchach aktywnych grup OH.

EN

New bio-polyol raw material based on white mustard seed oil and 2,2’-thiodiethanol has been developed (Scheme A and B). The hydroxyl number, acid value, water content, density and viscosity of the obtained bio-polyol were determined and the results indicate its applicability as an alternative to petrochemical polyols. The results of spectroscopic analysis (FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR) confirmed the expected chemical structure of the bio-polyol as well as the presence of active OH groups in the polyol chain.

19

The effect of the ageing process on physical properties of selected composite materials used in upholstery systems

Matwiej Ł., Peliński K., Nowaczyk-Organista M., Oleszek T.

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2018

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No. 103

132--145

EN

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ageing processes on selected physical properties of composite materials used in upholstery systems. The authors conducted tests using accelerated ageing methods, which facilitated continuous monitoring of process conditions and simulation of long-term ageing of materials. Tests were conducted on low-resilience (viscoelastic) polyurethanes and reference polyether materials. Tests showed considerable susceptibility to ageing factors in many key properties of low-resilience systems such as rigidity or Poisson’s ratio. Moreover, the analyses confirmed the practicality of applied accelerated testing methods, both in comparative analyses and their implementation in industrial practice.

PL

Celem niniejszej pracy było oznaczenie wpływu procesów starzenia na wybrane właściwości fizyczne materiałów kompozytowych stosowanych w układach tapicerskich. Autorzy przeprowadzili badanie z wykorzystaniem metod przyspieszonego starzenia, co pozwoliło na ciągłą kontrolę warunków procesu i symulację długofalowego starzenia materiałów. Przebadano materiały z grupy poliuretanów niskosprężystych oraz referencyjnych polieterowych. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań wykazano znaczą podatność na czynniki starzenia, wielu kluczowych właściwości układów niskosprężystych jak sztywność czy współczynnik Poissona. Badania potwierdziły ponadto praktyczny charakter wykorzystania przyspieszonych metod badawczych, zarówno w analizach porównawczych, jak i wdrożeniu do praktyki przemysłowej.

20

Influence of the type and thickness of low-density foamed upholstery materials on the comfort of furniture use

Matwiej Ł., Pawlik K.

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2018

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No. 104

504--514

EN

The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the type and thickness of selected polyurethane foams on the comfort of furniture use. The utilitarian objective included development of dependence catalogue of the comfort of polyurethane foams on their type and thickness. The comfort of polyurethane foams was determined using a sensory mat. Obtained results from determinations were elaborated and presented in tables and graphs. The conclusions stated that the best material (the most comfortable in use) for a woman is VP 3545 foam with a thickness of 40 mm and for man VP 2840 foam with a thickness of 90 mm and the dependence catalogue of polyurethane foams on their type and thickness were prepared.