Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Magazyny szukają nowych miast - które lokalizacje będą zyskiwać na znaczeniu?

Niezgodzka Agnieszka

Logistyka

|

2025

|

nr 3

50--53

PL

W ciągu ostatniej dekady polski rynek magazynowy przeszedł dynamiczną transformację. Podczas, gdy jeszcze kilka lat temu dominującą rolę odgrywały największe aglomeracje - Warszawa, Górny Śląsk, Poznań - dziś coraz silniejszą pozycję zajmują mista średniej wielkości.

2

From competitiveness of enterprises to competitiveness of cities - a theoretical review

Józefowicz Karolina

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

|

2024

|

z. 198

181--195

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to present international studies concerning competitiveness, focusing on competitiveness of cities. Design/methodology/approach: First a review of literature is provided referring to multifaceted definitions of competitiveness. Next selected approaches to city competitiveness are presented. Methods applied to measure city competitiveness are described, while examples of studies on city competitiveness both on the international and national scale are given. The article did not impose any restrictions regarding the time or territorial scope of scientific literature. Findings: Rankings provide cities with a certain potential for promotion and marketing among similar entities. They need to be considered a key tool for the understanding of processes related to urban transformation. Quantitative studies concerning city competitiveness are not only attempts to identify the competitive position, but rather they represent the need for continuous identification and utilization of the competitive potential of cities. Originality/value: The findings serve as both a theoretical resource for researchers. The research examples indicated can serve as a point of reference for competitiveness indices being developed at national and international level.

3

Factors for the development of the „bleisure” trend in cities on the example of the KRAKDENT® International Dental Fair

Paliś Beata, Siwek Matylda

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

|

2024

|

z. 202

447--459

EN

Aim: The aim of the research conducted during the fair on 30.03-5.04.2023 was to identify the factors for the development of the bleisure trend in cities based on the preferences of the participants of the 29th edition of the KRAKDENT® International Dental Fair The research mainly concerned the "bleisure" trend, which in business tourism concerns the combination of business and leisure, i.e., business duties and leisure. Design/methodology/approach: The research was not commercial and was carried out as part of the cooperation of the Targi w Krakowie Ltd. with the Jagiellonian University in Krakow and the University of the National Education Commission in Krakow. The research was conducted based on primary data - a questionnaire collected between 30 March and 1 April 2023 during the 29th edition of the KRAKDENT® International Dental Fair held at the International Exhibition and Congress Centre EXPO Kraków. The research was conducted among exhibitors and visitors, although the primary respondents were exhibitors. Results: The research indicates expectations and contemporary trends in traveling among business tourists participating in the fair. The research verified the main research hypothesis as follows: The primary determinant of the development of the "bleisure" trend in cities is the discounts offered in the area of city attractions and infrastructure. Research limitations/implications: The difficulty obtaining questionnaires from visitors to the fair was a significant limitation. In the future, it would be essential to continue this type of research among participants at trade fairs or other business events. Practical implications: The research aimed to learn about the preferences of both exhibitors and visitors to prepare a better or tailored offer for them for subsequent editions of the event. Social implications: The research subject has significant social implications, as bleisure tourism is an essential factor affecting human well-being and health. Bleisure tourism is of great social importance for people's mental comfort. Originality/value: In the Polish literature on the subject, this type of research has not been carried out so far.

4

Smart and sustainable urban mobility - public and shared transport users’ behavior in Gdynia city: a case study

Przybyłowski Adam, Kaszuba Agnieszka, Suchanek Michał

Transport Problems

|

2024

|

T. 19, z. 2

33--46

EN

Novel technologies have resulted in the unprecedented and dynamic development of transport systems - one of the most important sectors of the economy. The implementation of smarter commuting solutions, in order to improve the processes of transportation, allows for cost and energy saving, better organization of time, and, as a result, an increase in quality of life. Also, this supports the operationalization of the sustainable development concept, enabling a compact and efficient urban transport system to be developed. The purpose of this paper is to analyze smart urban mobility development prerequisites and challenges, taking Gdynia city public and shared transport users’ preferences and transport behavior as a case study. A research hypothesis has been formulated stating that most commuters have sufficient digital competencies and benefit from the available modern technological solutions contributing to smarter and more sustainable urban development. The obtained results prove the importance of the role the digital world plays these days and show how the impact of technology on the transportation sector has helped to develop new opportunities for urban mobility.

5

Elektryfikacja miast województwa poznańskiego w okresie międzywojennym

Urbaniak Miron

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

|

2024

|

T. 69, nr 4

109--131

EN

During the partitions, electric energy was used in approximately 30 of the 129 towns of the Poznań Province, as the vast majority of towns used various types of gas. However, due to World War I, many gasoline and coal gasworks ceased to exist, and their deficit was compensated by local and small municipal direct current power plants. At the same time, attempts were made to develop a more economical district energy system based on several large plants supplying electricity to neighboring towns and villages. In the 1920s, the concept of electrification of the province was also renewed, based on district power plants and electric power stations of Greater Poland sugar factories, generating alternating current collectively. Nevertheless, until the outbreak of World War II, small power stations predominated in the towns, and the level of advancement of long-distance (district) electrification was low. At the end of 1938, electric energy was used by the population of approximately 65 out of 101 towns in the province.

6

Influence of transport operations on the changing local climate in Nigeria’s southwestern cities

Salisu Umar Obafemi, Fasina Simeon Oluwagbenga, Shodunke Hazzan Tunde, Akanmu Ayobami Ademola, Sanni Sekinat Motunrayo, Olorunfemi Samuel Oluwaseyi

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

|

2023

|

z. 121

203--222

EN

The activities of transport operations exhibit both positive and negative outcomes. Its negative effects on human health and the sustainability of the environment are of interest in this study. As a result, the study investigated the influence of transport operations on the changing local climate in Nigeria's southwestern cities. It investigated motorists' socioeconomic status (SES) and travel characteristics; the salient components of transport operations contributing to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions); the effect of GHG emissions from transport operations on the local climate; transport externalities contributing to local temperature changes; and the effect of GHG emissions from transport operations on human health in the research location. This study employed a cross-sectional research design, utilizing systematic sampling to collect 580 copies of questionnaires administered to commercial motorists found in queues across two randomly selected parks in each capital city within the region. Both descriptive and inferential statistics (ANOVA and Linear Regression) were used to analyze the data. The study found that 60% of the motorists were middle-aged (aged between 36 and 45). The majority (70%) drive an average of 100 to 150 km, and premium motor spirit (PMS) is the primary source of energy for 95% of them. The nature and condition of the fuel in use are the top-ranked components of transport operations contributing to GHG emissions. The result of the ANOVA revealed a significant variation among the components of transport operations contributing to GHG emissions (F = 28.302, p = 0.000<0.05). Meanwhile, the linear regression results indicate that vehicular GHG emissions have a significant impact on the local climate (F1⁄578=30.091, p=0.000<0.05). Traffic congestion and bad road conditions were the top-ranked transport externalities contributing to the changing local climate. The most common effects of GHG emissions on human health were headaches and difficulty breathing. Considering these findings, this study suggests the best tactics to lessen the effects of GHG emissions from transport operations, which adversely affect the local climate and human health in the study area.

7

Raport o terenie - pakiet danych, który pomoże ocenić potencjał inwestycyjny działki

Technologiczny Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Poznański Instytut Technologiczny

Logistyka

|

2023

|

nr 4

48--49

PL

Efektywna infrastruktura logistyczna stanowi ważny element umożliwiający płynne funkcjonowanie miast przyszłości.

8

Nowoczesne zarządzanie infrastrukturą drogową w miastach na podstawie danych, czyli digital twin w smart city

Ciupa Szymon

Logistyka

|

2023

|

nr 4

20--21

PL

W dzisiejszych czasach zarządzanie infrastrukturą drogową w miastach przechodzi dynamiczną transformację. Rozwoj technologii digital twin umożliwia tworzenie wirtualnych odpowiedników fizycznych obiektów i systemów, które mogą zostać wykorzystane do usprawnienia zarządzania infrastrukturą miejską. Ciekawym polskim przykładem są rozwiązania firmy Smart Factor.

9

Głównym celem inteligentnych rozwiązań w miastach jest polepszanie jakości życia mieszkańców

Szczerbowski Radosław, Mincewicz Janusz

Logistyka

|

2023

|

nr 4

54--61

PL

W Polsce na 100 km dróg przypada jedynie 0,7 stacji ładowania, co plasuje nas na piątym od końca miejscu w całej UE. Dla porownania w Holandii jest ich 64,3, a w Portugalii - 24,9.

10

Wpływ rozwoju infrastruktury drogowej na historyczne układy urbanistyczne małych miejscowości i „miast zdegradowanych”. Analiza i ocena problemu na wybranych przykładach z Mazowsza

Krawiec Iwona

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Architektura, Urbanistyka, Architektura Wnętrz

|

2022

|

Z. 11

147--161

PL

Od ponad stulecia trwa proces niwelacji dysproporcji w sieci połączeń drogowych pomiędzy terenami kraju, które przez ponad 120 lat znajdowały się pod trzema zaborami i rozwijały się w różnym tempie. W wyniku przeprowadzonych w XX i XXI w. prac modernizacyjnych istniejących dróg lub wytyczenia nowych tras niejednokrotnie modyfikacji ulegały układy przestrzenne, zarówno dużych aglomeracji, jak i mniejszych miejscowości oraz wsi o tradycji miejskich. W przypadku tych ostatnich jakiekolwiek ingerencje mogły mieć znaczący wpływ na całą strukturę osady. W niniejszym tekście przedstawiono autorską systematykę i ocenę wpływu rozbudowy sieci dróg krajowych na historyczne układy urbanistyczne małych miejscowości i tzw. „miast zdegradowanych” z terenu Mazowsza Wschodniego i Południowego. Zaproponowana systematyka została oparta na analizie 20 miast, z których dokładniej w tekście omówione zostały cztery. Na podstawie wybranych przykładów przedstawiono różne skale bezpośredniej ingerencji w historyczną strukturę miejscowości oraz ich konsekwencje.

EN

For over a century, the process of reducing the disproportions in the network of road connections between the territories of the country, which over 120 years ago was under three different partitions and developed at a different pace, has been constantly ongoing. As a result of the modernization works on existing roads or the marking out of new routes carried out in the 20th and 21st centuries, the spatial arrangements of large agglomerations as well as smaller towns and villages with urban traditions were modified many times. In the case of the latter, any interference could have significantly impacted the entire structure of the settlement. This text presents the original systematics and assessment of the impact of the expansion of the national road network on the historical urban layouts of small towns and the so-called cities degraded in eastern and southern Mazovia. The proposed systematics was based on the analysis of 20 cities, of which 4 examples were discussed in more detail in the text, presenting various scales of direct interference in the historical structure of the city and the impact they had on it.

11

Web data scraping for digital public relations analysis based on the example of companies installing photovoltaic systems

Zdonek Dariusz

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

|

z. 161

365--380

EN

Purpose: The first objective of this article was an attempt at identifying the major differences between such terms as public relations (PR), digital public relations (DPR) and digital marketing (DM). The second objective was to employ selected web data scraping techniques to analyse DPR of service providers installing photovoltaic systems. Design/methodology/approach: The first objective of this article was achieved by analysing reference works. To achieve the second objective, the author used MS Excel, web scraping and proprietary computer scripts in R and Python. In this way, selected details were obtained from the companies catalogue at panoramafirm.pl and Google search engine, and then the received results were compared and analysed. What is more, the results from Google search engine were obtained and analysed for 964 towns and cities entered in the engine with the “photovoltaics” phrase. Findings: 50 thousand URLs were obtained and 1,755 unique website domain addresses were extracted. Analysing the content of websites at the obtained Internet domains, 6 major categories of websites were identified, which appeared in the first 10 search results for the photovoltaic-related queries. These are: Company Websites (CW), Blog Websites (BW), Announcement Services (AS), SEO Landing Pages (SLP), Public Announcement Pages (PAP) and Social Media Page (SMP). Each of these categories is characterised briefly and a few examples are provided for each of them. Research limitations/implications: The limitations of this article include the focus on one companies catalogue, i.e., panoramafirm.pl, and the results from Google search engine solely for the Polish language. Moreover, only the results of the first 10 links from Google engine for the single “photovoltaics” phrase and town/city name were taken into consideration. Originality/value: This article has a theoretical and practical value. The analysis allowed to identify six categories of websites, which may be analysed with respect to digital public relations in the area of photovoltaic system installation. The most important of them are the websites belonging to the Company Website (CW) and Social Media Page (SMP) types. This article is addressed to anyone interested in obtaining data from the Internet using web scraping technique and data analysis in the area of digital public relations (DPR).

12

Trends of change in the development of sustainable cities and communities in Poland in comparison with European Union countries

Murawska Anna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

|

2022

|

z. 156

303--320

EN

Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to present the diversity and trends of changes taking place in cities and communities in Poland and in other European Union countries with respect of implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Design/methodology/approach: The indicators included in Eurostat, which are collected to analyse the implementation of Objective 11: Sustainable cities and communities, have been used to assess the problem. 10 indicators and 27 European Union countries were analysed. The research period was 2010-2019 and the data was statistically analysed. Variations and distances between countries, trends in the changes taking place, ranking of countries, and relationships between the analysed indicators and the scale of their changes were calculated. Findings: EU Member States (27) are significantly differentiated in terms of household living conditions, environmental conditions, and safety at home. In Poland, dwellings are overcrowded but in relatively good condition. The Polish population is more often exposed to noise and air pollution, and they are at a higher risk of dying in a traffic accident, but they are less likely to report the occurrence of crime and vandalism. The results of the study confirmed important trends towards the development of sustainable cities and communities in Poland and in other EU countries. Research limitations/implications: The study resulted in a confirmation of the hypothesis that sustainable cities and communities have developed in EU countries in the last decade. There has been an improvement in the living conditions, safety, and environment of the population, especially in those countries where 10 years ago the variables describing sustainable cities and communities were the lowest. One of the countries where sustainable development was a priority was Poland, where the dynamics of improvement of almost every indicator was higher than the EU average. Practical implications: The conclusions may be useful for managers of economic entities for making more effective decisions regarding allocation of financial resources and making investments in social and technical infrastructure or safety regarding sustainable development of cities and communities. Social implications: The paper provides useful information for city and community managers and citizens of EU countries and cities about living conditions, quality of life, and safety of inhabitants. Originality/value: The article presents the latest information regarding the conditions of cities and communities in EU countries and compares that data with indicators from previous years. The value of the article lies in identifying and recognising the significance of differences between EU countries and in verifying whether any positive changes towards sustainable development of cities and communities are occurring.

13

Inwentarze ekonomiczne z przełomu XVIII i XIX wieku jako źródło do odtworzenia infrastruktury budowlanej miast

Ślusarek Krzysztof, Dolinovskyi Volodymyr

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2021

|

Nr 67

35--48

PL

W artykule omówiono wykorzystanie inwentarzy ekonomicznych z przełomu XVIII i XIX w. do badań nad odtworzeniem infrastruktury budowlanej miast. Zagadnienie przedstawiono na podstawie analizy kilkudziesięciu inwentarzy miast i miasteczek z obszaru I i III zaboru austriackiego, m.in. Jezupola, Markopola, Mielnicy, Niżniowa, Obertyna, Opoczna, Pacanowa, Pińczowa, Przecławia, Sasowa, Toporowa, Zabłotowa i Zaleszczyk. Tekst składa się z trzech części. Pierwsza omawia konstrukcję inwentarzy ekonomicznych i szczegółowo charakteryzuje zawartość ich elementów (ogólny opis dóbr i zabudowań, wykaz gruntów, wyszczególnienie osiadłości i mieszkańców, opis powinności poddańczych i sumariusza intraty). W drugiej na dwóch przykładach (Zaleszczyki i Pińczów) przedstawiono sposób interpretacji i wykorzystania inwentarzy do odtworzenia infrastruktury budowlanej miast. Część ostatnia zawiera garść praktycznych wskazówek na temat miejsc przechowywania inwentarzy ekonomicznych z badanego obszaru.

EN

This paper discusses the use of economic inventories from the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century in research on the recreation of the architectural infrastructure of towns and cities. This subject has been presented on the basis of an analysis of several dozen inventories of cities and towns from the territory of the first and third Austrian partition, including Jezupol, Markopol, Mielnica, Niżniów, Obertyn, Opoczno, Pacanów, Pińczów, Przecław, Sasów, Toporów, Zabłotów and Zaleszczyki. This text consists of three sections. The first discusses the structure of economic inventories and offers a detailed characterization of their elements’ content (a general overview of a property, a description of buildings, land records, a residences and resident record, an overview of subject duties, an income summary). The second, based on two cases (Zaleszczyki and Pińczów), presents a method of inventory interpretation and use in recreating the architectural infrastructure of cities. The final section includes a handful of practical guidelines on the places where a given territory’s economic inventories are stored.

14

Do końca czerwca 2021 r. powstanie w miastach ponad 1100 punktów ładowania

Byliński Szymon, Mincewicz Janusz

Logistyka

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2021

|

nr 2

62--65

PL

Emisje szkodliwych substancji do powietrza z sektora transportu są rzeczywiście wyzwaniem. Tym bardziej, że w ciągu ostatnich 30 latach emisja CO2 oraz tlenków azotu (NOx) w Polsce wzrosła. Jednak rozdzieliłbym problem emisyjności na dwa wątki. Globalnie wszyscy staramy się ograniczyć emisje CO2, jednak lokalnie w Polsce największym problemem dla jakości powietrza są tlenki azotu.

15

Development of selected cities from Masovian Voivodeship in the aspect of the urban resilience concept

Korneć Radosław

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

|

2020

|

z. 145

233--246

EN

Purpose: There are many concepts related to effective management of urban centres that have been advanced recently. One is the concept of urban resilience. This allows determining the level of vulnerability and recovery of city economy to occurring events and phenomenon based on analysis of defined indicators. Design/methodology/approach: The research problem taken up in this article, it concerns the question of how an assessment of urban resilience can be done in an economic context with the use of open-access statistical data. In Polish literature there are some studies concerning the chosen topic, however, they do not relate to the particular subject of research. Findings: The results are a certain confirmation of studies that were developed for other urban centres. One common conclusion is that the main external disturbance that significantly changed the selected values of the dynamics of resilience and vulnerability, as well as the line of trajectory related to the development of the studied cities, was the financial crisis that was observed during the years 2009-2012. This particularly affected Warsaw. Originality/value: The urban resilience concept that was applied in the research is a relatively new approached that is used in diagnosing transitions taking place in cities as a result of external socio-economic conditions. It can be also seen as an important construction for formulating urban policy at the level of municipal government, as well as the direction it will take due to different stages of city development.

16

The Concept of Human Needs in Sustainable Development of Cities

Rodzoś Jolanta

Problemy Ekorozwoju

|

2019

|

Vol. 14, nr 2

91--99

EN

The concept of sustainable development as an idea of a big complexity is very difficult to implement. Cities, despite undertaking the enormous effort, fail to achieve the balance between economic as well as social development and environmental rights. The weakest link of the sustainable management is the social component, because it is more complex and variable than ecological or economic structures and plays a double role: as a beneficiary of the sustainable development and as a key tool for achieving the sustainability goals. That means that social well-being is the objective that needs to be achieved, and, at the same time, it is also a pivotal factor influencing people’s approach to nature and to production processes, determining environmental and economic success. In the light of this conclusion, the concept of social capital and resilient communities is gaining significance. The problem which remains still unsolved is how to develop such communities that are able to face challenges and to adapt to new conditions in an active way. The concept of human needs seems to be very useful to maximise potential of people as agents of sustainable development. It leads to the conclusion, that creating a life environment allowing its resident to meet their needs, including needs for social well-being and for the sense of power, resulting in a higher level of their life satisfaction, may translate into stronger relations with the place of residence and willingness to act in the interest of the living environment.

PL

Koncepcja rozwoju zrównoważonego, ze względu na swoją złożoność, jest bardzo trudna w praktycznej realizacji. Miasta, pomimo dużych starań, mają duże trudności w osiągnięciu równowagi pomiędzy celami ekonomicznymi a racjami społecznymi i ekologicznymi. Najsłabszym ogniwem w całym procesie zarządzania zrównoważonego wydaje się być komponent społeczny. Społeczeństwo jest systemem bardziej złożonym i zróżnicowanym wewnętrznie niż struktury ekonomiczne, czy przyrodnicze, a ponadto występuje w podwójnej roli: jako beneficjent rozwoju zrównoważonego oraz jako kluczowy element w procesie realizacji całej idei. Oznacza to, że dobrobyt społeczny jest zarazem celem rozwoju zrównoważonego, jak i ważnym czynnikiem wpływającym na stosunek ludzi do przyrody i procesów produkcji, a więc warunkującym sukcesy w sferze ekonomicznej i środowiskowej. W świetle tych wniosków znaczenia nabiera koncepcja kapitału społecznego oraz społeczności adaptacyjnych – trwałych i zdolnych do radzenia sobie w trudnych sytuacjach. Powstaje jednak pytanie, jak budować takie społeczności, które stawiają czoła nowym wyzwaniom i przystosowują się pomyślnie do zmieniających się warunków kulturowych, ekonomicznych, politycznych. Wydaje się, że pomocna w rozwiązaniu tego problemu może być teoria potrzeb ludzkich. Pozwala ona zakładać, że stworzenie warunków życia, które umożliwiają mieszkańcom miast realizować swoje złożone potrzeby, włącznie z potrzebami wyższego rzędu, takimi jak dążenie do samorealizacji, do posiadania wpływu na otoczenie, do wartościowych relacji społecznych może skutkować wyższym poziomem satysfakcji życiowej. Jej osiągnięcie może z kolei przekładać się na silniejsze więzi z miejscem zamieszkania i gotowość do działania na rzecz środowiska lokalnego.

17

Urząd to nie będzie miejsce, tylko cyfrowa usługa : rozmowa z Michałem Łakomskim - Pełnomocnikiem Prezydenta Miasta Poznania ds. Smart City

Łakomski Michał, Morze Magdalena

Logistyka

|

2019

|

nr 5

22--25

PL

W 2018 r. Prezydent Miasta Poznania podjął decyzję o tym, by powołać Pełnomocnika Miasta Poznania ds. Smart City.

18

Smart city to miasto, które inspiruje i stymuluje mieszkańców

Stasik Dariusz, Koralewski Michał

Logistyka

|

2019

|

nr 5

6--10

PL

Rozmowa z Dariuszem Stasikiem, Prezesem Zarządu W.P.I.P. i GOOD TIME FOUNDATION, członkiem Rady Programowej SMART CITY FORUM, inicjatorem powstania pierwszego w Polsce showroomu – Smart Building Center.

19

Smart city po polsku

Sobkowiak Joanna

Logistyka

|

2019

|

nr 5

71--74

PL

Ziemia pustoszeje po wielkiej katastrofie ekologicznej. Ludzie gromadzą się w technologicznie zaawansowanych miastach. Życie ocalałych ułatwiają cyborgi, obdarzone sztuczną inteligencją. Jest rok 2019.

20

Miasto gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym

Sosnowski Łukasz

Energia i Recykling : gospodarka obiegu zamkniętego

|

2019

|

nr 2

17--19

PL

Na odbywającym się w styczniu 2019 roku Światowym Forum Ekonomicznym w Davos Fundacja Ellen MacArthur zaprezentowała dokument „Circular Economy in Cities” Miasta to centralny punkt, jeżeli chodzi o przejście na gospodarkę o obiegu zamkniętym. To nowe podejście pozwala na ponowne przemyślenie naszego podejścia do korzystania z materiałów w miastach. Prowadzi to do zupełnie nowych sposobów tworzenia wartości, a także możliwości wspierania kluczowych priorytetów władz miejskich wokół mieszkalnictwa, mobilności i rozwoju gospodarczego - czytamy we wstępie do tego dokumentu. To tylko jeden z przykładów wielu inicjatyw europejskich i światowych, które pokazują, jak duży potencjał przejścia na GOZ drzemie na terenach zurbanizowanych.