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Sejsmiczne obrazowanie złóż karpackich Bóbrka-Rogi i Krościenko

Maćkowski Tomasz, Zając Aurelia

Wiadomości Naftowe i Gazownicze

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2025

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R. 28, Nr 11 (321)

4-12

PL

Zastosowanie migracji PreSDM Reverse Time Migration (RTM) w przetwarzaniu danych sejsmicznych z silnie zaangażowanego tektonicznie obszaru Karpat zewnętrznych pozwala na poprawę jakości i detalizację obrazowania sejsmicznego. Na przykładzie odkrytych jeszcze w XIX w. złóż ropy naftowej, których budowa geologiczna została dobrze rozpoznana na podstawie danych z licznych otworów eksploatacyjnych, wykazano, że migracja RTM umożliwia zobrazowanie elementów strukturalnych, takich jak strome i wąskie fałdy, czy uskoki o niewielkich zrzutach, które nie są lub są słabo obrazowane przez algorytm Kirchhoffa. Istotne znaczenie ma wykorzystanie RTM w wariancie anizotropowym TTI, który daje możliwość poprawnego pozycjonowania poziomego kulminacji potencjalnych struktur złożowych, kluczowego z punktu widzenia projektowania lokalizacji otworów wiertniczych. Głównym wyzwaniem w aplikacji algorytmu RTM pozostaje wciąż opracowanie realistycznego i dokładnego modelu prędkości, co w przypadku skomplikowanej budowy górotworu stanowi poważną trudność. Zaproponowano zastosowanie hybrydowego podejścia łączącego inwersję grawimetryczną oraz inwersję pełnego pola falowego w wariancie wczesnych wstąpień (FWI/EWI), ponieważ standardowe metody, stosowane w basenach platformowych, okazują się w tym rejonie nieskuteczne.

EN

PreSDM Reverse Time Migration (RTM), used in the processing of seismic data from the strongly tectonically disturbed Outer Carpathians, enhances the quality and resolution of seismic imaging. Using the example of oil fields discovered as early as the 19th century, whose geological structure was well characterized based on data from numerous production wells, it was demonstrated that RTM enables imaging of geological features such as steep and tight folds or small-displacement faults, which are either not imaged or poorly imaged by the Kirchhoff algorithm. Of particular importance is the use of TTI RTM, which enables accurate horizontal positioning of the crests of potential reservoir structures, a key factor in the effective planning of drilling sites. The main challenge in applying the RTM algorithm remains the development of a reliable and accurate velocity model, which is particularly difficult in areas of complex geological structure. Since conventional methods used in platform basins prove ineffective in such cases, a hybrid approach was proposed that combines gravity inversion and the Full Waveform Inversion in Early Arrival Waveform Inversion variant (FWI/EWI).

2

Blaski i cienie badań inkluzji fluidalnych w skałach z obszaru Polski

Jarmołowicz-Szulc Katarzyna

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 4

381--385

EN

Fluid inclusion (FI) studies in minerals from different rocks from the Carpathians and the other regions of Poland have been conducted for over thirty years. The minerals under studies (mostly quartz, carbonates, anhydrite, fluorite) build the sedimentary rocks and constitute their cements, being at present localized either at the surface, or in boreholes. Apart from the technological preparing, fluid inclusion analyses comprised ’’fluid inclusion petrography ” and microthermometric measurements. They resulted in homogenization, ice melting and eutectic temperature values, which were later recalculated using standard FI computing methods. The final results, such as the characteristics of fluids filling the inclusions, trapping and pressure-temperature conditions, are widely discussed and interpreted from a diagenetic and genetic point of view.

3

Hydromagnesite from the efflorescence of the Stone Town Nature Reserve in Ciężkowice, the Western Carpathians, Poland

Marszałek Mariola

Mineralogia

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2025

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Vol. 56, iss. 1

74--93

EN

Hydromagnesite, Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2⋅4H2O, is a naturally occurring mineral belonging to the group of hydrated magnesium carbonates containing hydroxyl groups, part of the MgO–CO2–H2O system. Its formation requires high Mg/Ca ratios, typically linked to ultramafic rock weathering, and is influenced by pH, with alkaline conditions being favorable. Hydromagnesite commonly forms in alkaline lakes, as efflorescences on carbonate rocks, and even in meteorites, and plays a key role in CO2 capture and storage. This study characterizes natural hydromagnesite forming as spring efflorescences on a sandstone tor in the Stone Town Nature Reserve, Ciężkowice, Poland. The site hosts pickeringite, MgAl2(SO4)4⋅22⋅H2O, and alunogen, Al2(SO4)3∙17⋅H2O, rich efflorescences during summer, reflecting significant seasonal pH variations. This represents perhaps the first discovery of hydromagnesite on such rocks in Poland. The paper describes mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the efflorescence and hydromagnesite itself, using methods SEM-EDS, XRPD, EPMA, Raman spectroscopy, and STA coupled with QMS for the analysis of evolved gases. Hydromagnesite crystals exhibit an acicular to flame-bladed habit, often with irregular surfaces covered by flaky and flocculent grains, clustering in aggregates. The calculated formula is Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2⋅5.14 H2O (based on five cations). Crystals of hydromagnesite are monoclinic (space group P2₁/c) with: a = 10.050(8) Å, b = 8.921(7) Å, c = 8.384(6) Å, β = 114.291(25)°. Raman spectra reveal intense bands at 1119 cm⁻¹ (ν₁ CO3 2 ⁻), weaker bands at 710, 732, 762 cm⁻1 (ν₄ CO3 2 ⁻), 646 cm⁻1 (ν₄ HCO3⁻), and OH-stretching vibrations at 3515, 3445, and 3373 cm⁻1 . Thermal effects associated with hydromagnesite occur at 270°C and 390°C, corresponding to dehydration and overlapping dehydroxylation and decarbonation, respectively. The relatively low decarbonation temperature likely results from crystal morphology enhancing heat transfer and earlier CO2 release. Although the efflorescence contains minor hexahydrite, gypsum, and quartz, the above parameters for the predominant hydromagnesite are consistent with literature values.

4

Archaeological and geomorphological research into a hillfort in the Jasło Foothills (SE Poland) : constraining the origin and age of the earthen ramparts

Pasterkiewicz Wojciech, Gębica Piotr, Sobucki Mateusz

Geological Quarterly

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2025

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Vol. 69, No. 2

art., no. 21

EN

Archaeological and geomorphological research was carried out in the area of a presumed hillfort in Wietrzno-Wola Albinowska, Krosno district, to determine the origin and nature of the earthen ramparts visible at the surface and to describe the changes they have undergone over the past centuries. The oval fortifications have dimensions of 420 x 460 m and an area of >16 ha. The NW section of the hillfort was examined using two trial excavations. Relics of the fortification take the form of a partially preserved earthen rampart, damaged by subsequent geomorphological processes and agricultural activities. The characteristics of the sediments building the earthen rampart show that these are of anthropogenic origin. The hillfort in Wietrzno, due to its form, size and settlement context, can be associated with the Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age interval.

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Mélanges against the background of the geodynamic development of the Pieniny Klippen Belt

Waśkowska Anna, Golonka Jan

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2025

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Vol. 95, No. 1

29--43

EN

Both tectonic and sedimentary processes (undersea mass movements) contributed to the formation of mélanges in the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB). The name Klippen Belt comes from the presence of “Klippen” (German for “cliffs”) in this structure, i.e., elements that contrast in elevation with the surroundings. The “klippen” that are harder and more resistant to erosion are located among less resistant clastic formations, i.e., sandstones, mudstones, and marls. These klippen are composed of limestone and siliceous rocks, deposited on the ridge and slope parts of the PKB basins. In contrast, the flysch complexes, containing sandstones, mudstones, and marls, were deposited in the deeper parts of these basins. Some of the klippen are olistoliths, i.e., homogeneous or complex rock blocks of various sizes that were moved by gravity to the deeper zones of flysch basins. Other klippen entered the flysch formations as a result of tectonic deformations that took place during orogenic movements. Collisions and relative shifting of lithospheric plates resulted in the formation of the structure of the PKB, the western segment of which takes the form of a flower structure, bounded on both sides by deep faults. After uplift, the PKB was subjected to erosion processes, which led to the removal of the less durable complexes to reveal the shallower limestone blocks, which today form the klippen, clearly visible in the landscape.

6

Climatology and circulation conditions of potential foehn occurrence in the Polish Tatra Mountains

Grajek Zofia, Bednorz Ewa

Acta Geophysica

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2025

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Vol. 73, no. 1

955--967

EN

Foehn wind occurrence has generated great interest among researchers because of the destructive power and impact on the local climate. Based on anemometric data provided by a high-mountain station on Kasprowy Wierch in the Polish Tatra Mountains, the characteristics of the potential occurrence of foehn wind (referred to as halny in the Polish Tatras) are presented, including its speed and duration, as well as the frequency of occurrence on a multiannual, annual and daily basis. Halny winds occur most frequently in the cold period of the year (Oct-Feb), with the frequency peaking in November, and sporadically in the summer. The occurrence of foehn winds is strongly dependent on the synoptic situation. Therefore, the main aim of the study was to identify the circulation conditions conducive to their occurrence on the Polish side of the Tatra Mountains. Circulation conditions responsible for foehn formation were analysed using gridded sea level pressure (SLP) data from the NCEP-DOE (National Centers for Environmental Prediction-Department of Energy) reanalyses. The occurrence of foehn wind in the Tatra Mountains is associated with a low pressure system over north-western Europe, and above normal pressure over south-eastern Europe. The location and intensity of the centres of atmospheric influence on foehn days can vary, as indicated by the three types of pressure systems favouring the occurrence of the phenomenon, distinguished by the hierarchical grouping method. In type 1, the cyclonic centre spreads over northern Europe, in type 2 over western Europe and in type 3 over north-western Europe. In types 1 and 3, the air masses come from the south-west, and in type 2 more from the south. Type 3 is characterised by the greatest horizontal pressure gradients among the three circulation types and with the greatest SLP anomalies.

7

Problematyka potencjalnej lokalizacji karpackich grodzisk wczesnośredniowiecznych w oparciu o modelowanie GIS

Konstantinovski Puntos Cyryl

Roczniki Geomatyki

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2024

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T. 22, z. 1(101)

11--40

EN

The research gap is still in studies on the location of Early Medieval hillforts in mountainous areas in Poland. It concerns the difficulties with automatic detection of strategically important places - which are particularly important to geoarchaeological analysis. The most important goal of this study is: to indicate a potential hillfort could be located on the map of Early Medieval Poland. The second goal is: to develop a model of detecting potential archaeological objects and to determine whether these points correlate with current hillforts and the correlation to its extent. After that it's important to find potential archaeological sites based on the developed model. The Polish Carpathians provided a diversified landscape with favourable strategic conditions. For analysis using modern GIS tools, an algorithm was developed based on the Digital Elevation Model, allowing the classification of hills that could have been used by the early medieval population and the Piast Monarchy. The use of this classification makes it easier to recognize whether a given stronghold is in a favourable location for topographic reasons and can be used to search for structures of this type that have not yet been discovered in the field works. Additionally, checking the location conditions and visibility analysis were used to find examples of places outside strategic use in space (lack of protection due to the lack of a nearby hillfort) where an appropriate stronghold should be located. Using the example of one of the potential strongholds (Łososina Dolna), the model was verified to check how well the created model works in practice. In terms of defence, it is a border area, which makes it logical that it was huge in many defensive structures. This opens a lot of research opportunities within this region. As a result, the discussed original model, showing the locations of hillforts and hills, can be more broadly applied to other analysis - conducted by researchers with various specializations. The developed algorithm (after certain changes) can also be used for other mountainous regions.

PL

W studiach nad lokalizacją wczesnośredniowiecznych grodów obszaru górskiego na terenie Polski istnieje ciągle luka poznawcza. Spowodowana jest ona trudnościami z automatycznym wyznaczaniem miejsc istotnych strategicznie, co jest szczególnie ważne do badań geoarcheologicznych. Jednym z wielu niezbadanych terenów pod tym względem są Polskie Karpaty, mające urozmaicony krajobraz, a ponadto sprzyjające warunki strategiczne. Najważniejszym celem niniejszego opracowania jest wskazanie miejsc, gdzie potencjalnie mogłyby znajdować się grody na mapie wczesnośredniowiecznej Polski, dopiero co się tworzącej. Drugim celem jest opracowanie modelu detekcji potencjalnych obiektów archeologicznych oraz określenie czy punkty te korelują z obecnymi grodziskami i w jakim stopniu, a także znalezienie potencjalnych miejsc archeologicznych (na podstawie opracowanego modelu). Za pomocą współczesnych narzędzi GIS, służących do szczegółowych analiz terenów, opracowano algorytm bazujący na Numerycznym Modelu Terenu. Pozawala on na klasyfikację wzgórz, które mogły być wykorzystywane przez wczesnośredniowieczną ludność i tworzącą się w tym czasie monarchię piastowską. Zastosowanie tej klasyfikacji ułatwia rozpoznanie czy lokalizacja danego grodu jest korzystna z powodów topograficznych i może przysłużyć się do poszukiwania nieodkrytych jeszcze konstrukcji tego typu na badanym terenie. Aby sprawdzić warunki lokalizacyjne, wykorzystano analizę widoczności, by znaleźć przykładowe miejsca poza wykorzystaniem strategicznym w przestrzeni, gdzie powinien znajdować się odpowiedni gród (brak okolicznego grodu - brak ochrony), Na przykładzie jednego z potencjalnych grodzisk (Łososina Dolna) zweryfikowano na ile utworzony model sprawdza się w praktyce. Ze względu na to, że jest to teren przygraniczny, logiczne jest, że obfitował w wiele konstrukcji obronnych, a to daje sporo możliwości badawczych w jego obrębie. W rezultacie omawiany, autorski model, ukazujący lokalizacje grodzisk i wzgórz, może być szerzej zastosowany do wielorakich analiz, prowadzonych przez badaczy o różnych specjalizacjach. Opracowany algorytm (po wprowadzeniu pewnych zmian) można będzie wykorzystać również do badania innych, górskich regionów.

8

The position of the West Carpathians in the Alpine-Carpathian fold-and-thrust belt

Golonka Jan, Krobicki Michał

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2024

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nr 1-2 (76-77)

5--11

9

Tatra Mountains (Figs 53–57)

Krobicki Michał, Golonka Jan

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2024

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nr 1-2 (76-77)

63--67

10

Stop 9 – Flaki range – Jurassic deposits of the Branisko Succession (Figs 35, 37, 38)

Krobicki Michał

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2024

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nr 1-2 (76-77)

43--45

11

Stop 8 – Wżar Mount (Miocene andesites and panoramic view) (Figs 12, 35, 36)

Golonka Jan, Krobicki Michał

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2024

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nr 1-2 (76-77)

41--43

12

Stop 7 – Klubina quarry – siliciclastic flysch (upper Eocene) (Figs 8, 13, 31–34)

Starzec Krzysztof, Barmuta Jan, Ratschbacher Lothar, Seyedi Saeideh Asal, Łapcik Piotr

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2024

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nr 1-2 (76-77)

39--41

13

Stop 6 – Janoszka stream in Kamesznica villagesandy-to-gravelly debris flow deposits (Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene) (Figs 8, 13, 27–30)

Starzec Krzysztof

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2024

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nr 1-2 (76-77)

34--39

14

Stop 5 – Wisła quarry – siliciclastic flysch (upper Cretaceous) (Figs 8, 13, 23–26)

Starzec Krzysztof, Barmuta Jan, Ratschbacher Lothar, Seyedi Saeideh Asal

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2024

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nr 1-2 (76-77)

29--24

15

Stop 4 – Baška village – part of the Hradiště Formation with so-called teschenite volcanics (including pillov lavas) (Figs 8, 21)

Skupien Petr, Vašíček Zdeněk

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2024

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nr 1-2 (76-77)

28--29

16

Stop 3 – Dolní Líštná near Třinec (Moravian part of the Czech Republic) – rare fossil polychelid lobsters in turbiditic palaeoenvironments (Lower Cretaceous, Valanginian) (Figs 8, 13)

Krobicki Michał

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2024

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nr 1-2 (76-77)

27

17

Stop 20 – Kraków vicinity – Middle-Upper Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous deposits

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2024

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nr 1-2 (76-77)

69

18

Stop 2 – Leszna Górna quarry – carbonate flysch (lowermost Cretaceous, Berriasian) (Figs 8, 13, 14, 19, 20)

Barmuta Jan, Starzec Krzysztof, Kowal-Kasprzyk Justyna, Ratschbacher Lothar, Krobicki Michał

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2024

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nr 1-2 (76-77)

25--27

19

Stop 19 – Liliowe pass – Lower Triassic, nappe structures (Figs 54, 55)

Krobicki Michał, Golonka Jan

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2024

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nr 1-2 (76-77)

67--68

20

Stop 18 – Szczawnica (“Orlica”) – history of the discovery of nappes in the Carpathians (Figs 35, 50–52)

Krobicki Michał

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2024

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nr 1-2 (76-77)

60--62