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1

Investigations of the city bus powertrain efficiency

Wendeker Mirosław, Grabowski Łukasz

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 1

134--139

EN

Research work on the energy efficiency of vehicles is driven, among other things, by limits related to fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. This also applies to city buses, where fuel consumption averages between 25 and 30 dm3 per 100 km, which can be converted into approximately 87 kg CO2 per dm3. This article, therefore, presents the results of a study of the total efficiency of the power train of a city bus, taking into account the internal combustion engine, transmission, torque converter, and tire friction on the rollers. The test object was a 12-metre city bus equipped with diesel engines and an automatic gearbox. The tests were carried out on a chassis dynamometer by implementing the World Harmonized Vehicle Cycle (WHVC). The WHVC driving test is a synthesis of the vehicle's on-road speeds and consists of three stages: Urban, Rural, and Motorway. During the tests, the fuel consumption, vehicle speed, and power generated at the wheels of the bus were recorded. From this, efficiency was calculated as the ratio of the power measured at the wheels of the bus to the power contained in the fuel supplied to the engine. Efficiency was shown to range from 5 to 22%.

2

Combustion stability for early and late direct hydrogen injection in a dual fuel diesel engine

Siadkowska Ksenia, Barański Grzegorz

Combustion Engines

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2024

|

R. 63, nr 1

89--98

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the experimental results of direct hydrogen injection in a dual-fuel diesel engine. The test object is a four-cylinder, four-stroke ADCR engine. The parameters like: indicated mean effective pressure, peak pressure, angle of maximum pressure and released heat were analyzed. Statistical analysis of the obtained results was carried out for each cylinder separately for four different hydrogen doses. Both early and late direct hydrogen injection were analyzed. The significance of the differences for each of the analyzed parameters and type of injection was determined. The stability of the combustion process was evaluated using the coefficient of variation CoV(IMEP).

3

Waste plastic oil as an alternative fuel: A review

Amardeep, Kumar Rakesh, Kumar Naveen

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2024

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Vol. 45, no 1

87--97

EN

Today, with the high population density of the world, the energy demand is increasing continuously. Global dependency on fossil fuels is very strong and there is a compelling need to reduce our energy consumption in order to offset greenhouse gas emissions. Due to regularly increasing prices of fossil fuels alternative fuels are needed to fulfill the requirements of developing countries like India. Plastics in today's world have become crucial. They are excessively used in industry, as well as in households and other fields due to their lightweight, durability, and design flexibility. Plastic demand is growing day by day, which now poses a huge environmental threat. The current study summarizes the use of WPO (waste plastic oil) in the diesel engine and also concludes the combustion, performance, and emission parameters. After an exhaustive literature search, some interesting results have been found. The study reveals that when using WPO as an alternative source in a diesel engine, the combustion, performance, and emissions are similar to those using conventional diesel fuel. An enhanced BTE (brake thermal efficiency) and reduced emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (UBHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) are reported.

4

Analysis of the Influence of Fuel Dose on the Electrical Parameters of the Starting Process of a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine

Caban Jacek, Seńko Jarosław, Słowik Tomasz, Dowkontt Szymon, Górnicka Dorota

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 4

55--65

EN

The start-up is a transient state of operation of an internal combustion engine during which many negative phenomena occur that affect the technical condition of the engine, its electrical equipment and the natural environment. The start-up process of an internal combustion engine is influenced by many factors, such as: technical condition of the starting system, technical condition of the engine, battery charge level, lubricant properties, engine standstill time, engine temperature, etc. Mechanical energy is required to start the engine, supplied by an electric starter by drives the engine’s crankshaft. Knowledge about the operating parameters of the electric starter during the start-up process is important not only for the user of the engine (vehicle driver), but above all for designers of modern combustion engine starting systems and service personnel. The paper presents the results of experimental tests of electrical parameters of the single-cylinder diesel engine start-up process at variable fuel injection parameters under ambient temperature conditions.

5

Optical-graphic studies of hydrogen additives’ effects on diesel fuel atomization parameters

Shalapko Denys

Transport Problems

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2023

|

T. 18, z. 4

135--146

EN

This paper considers a promising method of enhancing the effectiveness of diesel engines. This method uses the addition of hydrogen in a small amount (up to 2% by mass). The hydrogen additive is added to the high-pressure fuel line before the injector. Based on the experimental findings, a reduction in the engine’s specific fuel consumption of up to 3% was achieved in comparison to the baseline configuration. A research study was conducted at the Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding using a newly established experimental setup to assess the impact of hydrogen additives on primary fuel delivery, spray characteristics, and overall engine performance. Among the experiments conducted, one investigated fuel atomization parameters, focusing on how the presence of hydrogen in the fuel influenced the fuel jet’s characteristics. A high-speed camera with a high resolution was used to record the optical-graphic study to isolate and extract individual shots of the torch’s expansion, thus obtaining images devoid of ignition and flickering. After conducting image processing and constructing jet models, along with subsequent analysis, it becomes apparent that the addition of hydrogen to the primary fuel results in an enhancement of spray quality. The torch volume expanded by approximately 10% to 15%, while the jet length diminished by approximately 8% to 10%. Consequently, the average diameter of the atomized fuel droplets decreases by up to 10%, with the extent of reduction contingent upon the initial parameters and configurations.

6

High quality multi-zone and 3d CFD model of combustion in marine diesel engine cylinder

Cuper-Przybylska Dominika, Nguyen Van Nhanh, Cao Dao Nam, Kowalski Jerzy

Polish Maritime Research

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2023

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nr 2

61--67

EN

The paper presents a 3D model of the processes taking place in the cylinder of a large 4-stroke marine engine. The model is based on CFD calculations performed on the moving mesh. The modelling range includes the full duty cycle (720° crankshaft position) and the complete geometry of the cylinder with inlet and exhaust ducts. The input data, boundary conditions and validation data were obtained by direct measurements on the real object. Fuel injection characteristics were obtained by Mie scattering measurements in a fixed-volume chamber. The modelling results have been validated in terms of the pressure characteristics of the engine’s cylinder within the entire range of its loads. The mean error did not exceed 1.42% for the maximum combustion pressure and 1.13% for the MIP (Mean Indicated Pressure). The model was also positively validated in terms of the O2 and NOx content of the exhaust gas. The mean error in this case was 1.2% for NOx fractions in the exhaust gas and 0.4% for O2 fractions. The complete model data has been made available in the research data repository on an open access basis.

7

Research on the impact of various coating types on parts wear of certain injection pump elements

Bałon Paweł, Rejman Edward, Smusz Robert, Kiełbasa Bartłomiej

Mechanik

|

2023

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R. 96, nr 1

44--47

EN

The geometric structure of mating surfaces has a crucial influence on the friction and resulting wear processes. This is particularly important in the case of injection pumps, where ensuring appropriate surface quality and tightness in a long-term operation process is extremely important in order to maintain nominal operating parameters. It is extremely important during variable pump operation conditions, start-up and shutdown, when there is a significant deterioration of cooperative conditions resulting from insufficient lubrication of the mating surfaces. The contact pressures on the mating surfaces are increasing and they are in contact with each, causing significant wear and high movement resistance. The technology of the application of special coatings is used in industrial scenarios for the deposition of thin layers to modify the surface layer in order to improve tribological properties, increase abrasive wear resistance, and improve the visual quality of the surface. The authors compared the current possibilities of the technique (ceramic coatings) with the commonly known methods for strengthening the cooperative surface (phosphating). As part of the work, several potentially applicable types of protective coatings were tested.

PL

Struktura geometryczna powierzchni współpracujących wywiera kluczowy wpływ na procesy tarcia i zużycia. Jest to istotne w przypadku pomp wtryskowych, w których zapewnienie odpowiedniej jakości powierzchni oraz szczelności w długotrwałym procesie eksploatacji jest niezwykle ważne dla utrzymania nominalnych parametrów pracy. Ma to ogromne znaczenie podczas zmiennych warunków pracy pompy, rozruchu i zatrzymania, gdy występuje znaczne pogorszenie warunków współpracy wynikające z niedostatecznego smarowania powierzchni współpracujących. Zwiększają się naciski kontaktowe na powierzchnie współpracujące, które stykają się ze sobą, powodując znaczne zużycie i duże opory ruchu. Jednym ze sposobów zmniejszenia zużycia współpracujących elementów jest nałożenie powłok. Technologia nakładania specjalnych powłok jest stosowana w warunkach przemysłowych do osadzania cienkich warstw w celu modyfikacji warstwy wierzchniej, aby poprawić właściwości tribologiczne, zwiększyć odporność na zużycie cierne i polepszyć wizualnie jakość powierzchni. Autorzy porównali obecne możliwości techniki (powłoki ceramiczne) z powszechnie stosowanymi metodami wzmacniania powierzchni współpracy (fosforanowanie). Przetestowano kilka możliwych do aplikacji rodzajów powłok ochronnych.

8

Analysis of potential improvements in the performance of solenoid injectors in diesel engines

Vrublevskyi Oleksandr, Wierzbicki Sławomir

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2023

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Vol. 25, no. 3

art. no. 166493

EN

Efficient fuel injection and exhaust gas cleaning systems are needed to promote the development of high-performance internal combustion systems and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. Electronically controlled injection systems enable nearly unlimited control over system components whose operation is limited by the inertia of moving parts and other physical phenomena. In the present study, a novel technology for manufacturing magnetic cores was proposed to improve the performance of solenoid injectors in Diesel engines. The conducted simulations and experiments revealed that the developed technology can increase the speed of solenoid injectors. In the proposed solution, the fuel dose was split to effectively control the injection process and improve engine performance.

9

Preliminary tests of a Diesel engine powered by diesel and hydrogen

Longwic Rafał, Tatarynow Dawid, Kuszneruk Michał, Woźniak-Borawska Gracjana

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

35--39

EN

This article discusses the possibilities of powering a commonly used diesel engine with renewable fuels. It analyses scientific studies that clearly indicate that the use of hydrogen is a potentially future-proof option due to its potential to reduce specific fuel consumption and improve performance and increase thermal efficiency. The research was carried out on a laboratory bench designed to test a diesel engine fueled by different fuels. A proprietary hydrogen injection system with dedicated control software was used. Hydrogen injection pressures of 0.15, 0.18, 0.20 MPa and hydrogen injector opening times of 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 ms, respectively, were set as control parameters. The rapidly varying engine operating parameters were recorded and the parameters calculated from them were analysed.

10

Investigation of processes in the WLTC test of a passenger car with a diesel engine

Andrych-Zalewska Monika

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 3

52--62

EN

The test results and their analysis was discussed in this article. The tests were carried out in accordance with the WLTP (Worldwide Light Duty Test Procedure), on a passenger car with a compression ignition engine. The analysis was conducted doe the following variables: vehicle speed, exhaust emission rate and fuel consumption volumetric rate. The subject of the research are exhaust emission components that are harmful to the health of living organisms: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, as well as greenhouse gases. The research results have shown a very large range of values for carbon monoxide, organic compounds and nitrogen oxides emission rate characteristics. The average distance-specific emissions values of carbon monoxide, organic compounds and nitrogen oxides were very small and were in line with the Euro 6 requirements within a large margin. Correlation studies of the measured variables were conducted - between vehicle speed and exhaust emission rate as well as volumetric fuel consumption rates, and between exhaust emission rates and volumetric fuel consumption rates. The correlation studies have shown that the highest coefficient of determination in relation to vehicle speed was found for volumetric fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emission rate, and the weakest correlation for carbon monoxide emission rate and nitrogen oxides emission rate. The correlation between the rate of volumetric fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emission, as well as for hydrocarbon emission and methane emission rates, was found to be the strongest. The carbon monoxide emission rate was the least correlated with all the other measured variables. Dimensionless statistical characteristics of the measured variables were determined, such as: extreme values, range, mean value, median, standard deviation, kurtosis, skewness and coefficient of variation. For all of them, the mean value was much greater than the median, and the standard deviation was greater still, than both of those values. The numerical distributions for the values of exhaust emission rate and volumetric fuel consumption turned out to be leptokurtic and have right-sided asymmetry. The coefficient of variation analysis made it possible to assess that the most dynamic properties could be observed in organic compounds emission rate, followed by carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emission rates, and finally - the vehicle speed. Histograms of the examined processes were determined. The vehicle speed histogram was characterized by relative uniformity apart from the dominance of the idle speed. Histograms of exhaust emission rate variables were most frequently dominated by small values. The zero values occurred less frequently for the fuel consumption volumetric rate histogram. Based on the conducted research and the obtained data, a set of conclusions was drawn.

11

Effect of DMC blend ratio on emission characteristics for diesel engine generator fueled with DMC/diesel blend fuel

Kawakami Tadashige, Liu Jinru, Jin Meiling, Eto Kuniyoshi

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

23--27

EN

In this study, the DMC/diesel blend with 5%, 10%, 15% DMC by volume are prepared to investigate the emission characteristics. Since the combustion process is strongly influenced by the addition of low boiling point DMC boosts the atomization and liquid fuel mixture, the emissions of hydrocarbons and particulate matter are significantly reduced by the DMC addiction especially on the high-load conditions. Also, the nitrogen oxide emission has reduction on the high-load conditions. The scope for balancing NOx and HC emissions exists.

12

Analysis of lubricating oil degradation and its influence on brake specific fuel consumption of a light-duty compression-ignition engine running a durability cycle on a test stand

Sala Rafał, Węglarz Kamil, Suchecki Andrzej

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

109--115

EN

The Euro 6 emission standard requires compliance with tough legal exhaust emissions limits for newly registered vehicles and obligates light-duty vehicle manufacturers to respect the 160,000 km durability requirements for in-service conformity. Although there is no legal limit set for fuel consumption, manufacturers are obligated to decrease the carbon footprint of vehicle fleets in order to obtain carbon neutral mobility beyond 2035. The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of various oils’ and viscosity grades’ degradation on the change in break specific fuel consumption (BSFC) measured over a standardized durability test cycle. Each oil candidate underwent 300 h of durability test running performed on a test bed without any oil changes. The purpose of the laboratory test was to reproduce the worst-case operating conditions and degradation process of the long-life engine oil type that can be experienced during extreme real life driving of a vehicle. In order to define the influence of the engine oil deterioration on the BSFC profile, the engine operation parameters were continually monitored throughout the test run. Additionally, chemical analysis of the oil was performed and the solid deposits formed on the turbocharger’s compressor side were evaluated. The test results revealed differences up to 5% in the BSFC values between the oil candidates tested over the durability cycle. The observed BSFC increase was directly related to the decrease in engine efficiency and can cause higher fuel consumption of the engine, which in turn has an adverse effect on environmental protection goals.

13

Performance Comparison of Four-Stroke Diesel Engine Fuelled by Various Biodiesel Blends and Diesel

As’ad Samer, Alsaqoor Sameh, Al-Busoul Mamdoh Abdel Alaziz, Abu-Zaid M., Joka-Yilidz Magdalena, Borowski Gabriel, Al-Khawaldeh Mustafa Awwad

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

|

Vol. 17, no 4

46--52

EN

The objective of this study is to compare the performance of diesel engines, fuelled with biofuel blends extracted from corn, sunflower, and palm oils, against pure diesel. The experiments were performed using Lister LVI, single-cylinder, direct injection, four-stroke engines, with a compression ratio of 17:1. The following parameters were analysed: brake torque, brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and exhaust gas temperature (EGT). The findings indicate that the characteristics of biodiesels are close to diesel fuel. Therefore, biodiesel becomes a viable alternative to diesel fuel without any modifications. Pure diesel has higher brake thermal efficiency and lower BSFC than all the biodiesel blends tested in this study. In addition, the engine consumes less fuel for biodiesel blends than pure diesel. High exhaust temperatures are conducive to nitrogen oxides (NOx) generation; hence, this study reveals that the exhaust temperature is reduced when utilizing biodiesel compared to pure diesel. According to several tests, palm biodiesel provides greater torque and BMEP than the rest of the biodiesel blends, and pure diesel due to emitting less NOx. Therefore, it stands to reason that it would be utilized in a diesel engine.

14

Performance of a single cylinder direct injection 4-stroke diesel engine under effect of using diesel and naphtha blends

Basas Marwah E., Khalefa Rafeq A.

Advances in Mechanical and Materials Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 40, nr 1

181-187

EN

The demand for diesel fuel in the transport industry is expected to rise due to greenhouse gas laws and global economic expansion, necessitating the search for alternative energy sources. If light distillate fuels can match diesel fuel's efficiency and cleanliness at a more affordable cost, they could potentially enter the market. The aim of the investigations was to assess a single cylinder, four stroke diesel engine's performance using various blends of diesel (D) and heavy naphtha (N): D100%, D97.5%N2.5%, D95%N5%, D92.5%N7.5%, and D90%N10%. Tests were conducted at 3000 rpm and variable loads, revealing that the maximum permissible naphtha content in diesel oil (D100%) is 10%. Higher naphtha proportions led to misfire and instability under heavy loads. 100% diesel demonstrated the lowest brake-specific fuel consumption and higher thermal efficiency, while mixture of 90% diesel and 10% naphtha showed the highest fuel consumption and lower thermal efficiency.

PL

Oczekuje się, że zapotrzebowanie na olej napędowy w branży transportowej będzie zwiększało się ze względu na przepisy dotyczące gazów cieplarnianych i globalną ekspansję gospodarczą, co wymusza poszukiwanie alternatywnych źródeł energii. Jeżeli lekkie destylaty będą w stanie dorównać wydajności i czystości olejowi napędowemu, przy bardziej przystępnej cenie, mogłyby potencjalnie zostać wprowadzone na rynek. Celem badań była ocena osiągów jednocylindrowego, czterosuwowego silnika wysokoprężnego stosując różne mieszanki oleju napędowego (D) i benzyny ciężkiej (N): D100%, D97.5% N2.5%, D95% N5%, D92.5% N7.5% i D90% N10%. Badani przeprowadzono przy 3000 obr/min i zmiennym obciążeniu. Wykazano, że maksymalna dopuszczalna zawartość benzyny ciężkiej w oleju napędowym wynosi 10%. Większa zawartość benzyny w oleju napędowym prowadziła do przerw w zapłonie i niestabilności pod dużym obciążeniem.100% olej napędowy wykazał najniższe zużycie paliwa przy hamowaniu i wyższą sprawność cieplną, podczas gdy mieszanina 90% oleju napędowego and 10% benzyny ciężkiej wykazała najwyższe zużycie paliwa i niższą sprawność cieplną.

15

Utilization of waste heat energy of the exhaust gases in a diesel engine using the ORC system

Buczek Łukasz, Samoilenko Dmytro

Transport Samochodowy

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2022

|

z. 2

3--9

EN

Waste heat recovery systems using the organic Rankine cycle (ORC systems) can be a way to increase the overall efficiency of internal combustion engines (ICE) and way to reduce the emission to the environment. The main two advantages of ORC systems are: the use of thermal energy, which is dissipated into the environment in the form of heat - fuel energy, which is not used by the ICE and the lack of interference in the operation of the ICE. Additionally, high efficiency, low construction costs and high compatibility and flexibility of ORC systems mean that their installation on ICE exhaust systems is economically justified and simple. The article below proves the legitimacy of considering the above-mentioned solution, proposes an ORC system concept for a laboratory ICE, presents a diagram of the procedure during the design/construction of the system and presents the initial energy balance of the solution.

PL

Układy utylizacji energii cieplnej wykorzystujące organiczny obieg Rankine’a (układu ORC) mogą być sposobem na zwiększanie ogólnej sprawności silników spalinowych (SS), a więc jednocześnie na zmniejszanie emisji związków szkodliwych do środowiska. Głównymi dwiema zaletami układów ORC są: wykorzystywanie energii cieplnej, która jest rozpraszana do środowiska w postaci ciepła, a więc energii paliwa, która nie jest wykorzystywana przez SS oraz brak ingerencji w pracę SS. Dodatkowo, wysoka sprawność, niskie koszty budowy oraz wysoka kompatybilność i elastyczność układów ORC powodują, iż ich zabudowa na układach wylotowych SS jest ekonomicznie uzasadniona i prosta. W poniższym artykule dowiedziono zasadności podjęcia rozważań dot. w/w rozwiązania, zaproponowano koncepcję układu ORC dla laboratoryjnego SS, przedstawiono schemat postępowania podczas projektowania/budowy układu oraz przedstawiono wstępny bilans energetyczny rozwiązania.

16

Badanie poziomu węgla elementarnego jako głównego wskaźnika narażenia zawodowego pracowników na spaliny silników Diesla

Szewczyńska Małgorzata, Pośniak Małgorzata, Kowalska Joanna

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2022

|

T. 101, nr 2

117--121

PL

Przedstawiono wybrane zagadnienia związane z oznaczaniem węgla elementarnego w próbkach powietrza. Omówiono metody oznaczania różnych form węgla, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem analizy termooptycznej. Przedstawiono wyniki wstępnych badań węgla elementarnego w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy, gdzie emitowane są spaliny z silników Diesla.

EN

The content of elemental, org. and total C in samples of air taken from workplaces exposed to diesel exhaust emissions (tunnel, underground garage, car service, power generators) was detd. using a thermooptical analyzer with a flame ionization detector in the NIOSH temp. program. The highest concn. of EC (13.67 μg/m3) was detd. among employees operating a power generator.

17

Innovative technology for inertization of goaf in operating longwall panel – presentation of gained experience

Lasek Marian, Czarnecki Zbigniew, Jakubów Antoni

Mining Machines

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2022

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vol. 40, iss. 2

81--87

EN

The article presents an innovative technology of fire prevention in goaves, based on injection of nitrogen and carbon dioxide inert gases mixture from treatment of exhaust gases from a methane combusting gas engine. The developed innovative technology and the constructed prototype of the installation producing inert gases are the final result of the research project entitled "Innovative and effective technology of inerting the goaf active or dammed longwall in an underground mining plant, extracting hard coal, using mixtures of inert gases obtained from the purification of exhaust gases from a gas engine and preventing the formation of endogenous fires", co-financed by the National Center for Research and Development (NCBR). The prototype installation was demonstrated in real conditions at the “Borynia” part of "Borynia-Zofiówka" mine, where, at the end of the research project, the prototype and the developed fire prevention technology with the use of gas engine exhaust gases were optimized and validated. Until now, under normal conditions in a hard coal mine, the fumes generated as a result of methane combustion in gas engines were emitted directly to the atmosphere. Innovative inerting technology, processing and reusing the exhaust gases produced by methane-fueled gas engines, in ecological context will contribute to the reduction of pollutant emissions in the mining sector, and, with mixing at the same time the carbon dioxide and nitrogen in the proper ratio in the mixture, it will fully utilize the advantages of each of these gases, as known when used in separate form. As a result, considering the possibility of generating a much higher amount of inert gases per time unit compared to the available technologies, and combining the physicochemical properties of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in one mixture, the innovative technological solution significantly increases the effectiveness of fire prevention, thus reducing the possibility of an endogenous fire.

18

Operational tests of a distributor injection pump

Bałon Paweł, Rejman Edward, Smusz Robert, Kiełbasa Bartłomiej

Mechanik

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2022

|

R. 95, nr 11

42--46

EN

Research on drive units confirms that, as a result of many years of operation, the fastest-wearing components in diesel engines of machines and vehicles are in-line and distributor pumps. The durability of the pumps is several times shorter than that of the motors. A dozen or so different sizes and types of in-line injection pumps were used in diesel engines of vehicles, which significantly complicated the service capacity. The authors of the work created a pump that has a universal application and can be used interchangeably for many types of diesel engines and also meets the increased durability requirements. The analysis partially presents the results of operational tests of the pump working under load and the analysis of the causes of damage. Model studies of the contact stresses between damaged elements were also carried out.

PL

Badania zespołów napędowych potwierdzają, że do najszybciej zużywających się w wyniku wieloletniej eksploatacji podzespołów w silnikach wysokoprężnych maszyn i pojazdów należą pompy wtryskowe rzędowe i rozdzielaczowe. Trwałość pomp jest kilkakrotnie mniejsza od trwałości silników. W silnikach wysokoprężnych pojazdów stosowano kilkanaście różnych wielkości i rodzajów pomp wtryskowych rzędowych, co znacznie komplikowało możliwości serwisowe. Autorzy pracy skonstruowali pompę, która ma uniwersalne zastosowanie i może być montowana zamiennie w wielu typach silników wysokoprężnych, ponadto spełnia podwyższone wymogi trwałości. W analizie przedstawiono wyniki badań eksploatacyjnych pompy pracującej pod obciążeniem i przyczyny uszkodzeń. Przeprowadzono również badania modelowe naprężeń kontaktowych między elementami, które uległy uszkodzeniu.

19

Effect of biodiesel blended fuel on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines – a review

Zheng Fangyuan, Cho Haeng Muk, Xu Changchun

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

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2022

|

Vol. 27, no. 1

215--231

EN

The internal combustion engine plays a vital role in transportation, industry, and shipping. However, diesel as one of the main fuels for internal combustion engines, caused many environmental and human health problems. In order to solve the problems, more researchers have been committed to the research of alternative fuels. Biodiesel is a renewable, sustainable alternative fuel, and its characteristics are similar to traditional diesel. It can be mixed with pure diesel. It has been found that a mix with pure diesel in a certain ratio can effectively reduce the negative effects caused by its characteristics, improve the combustion performance, and reduce the NOx and PM emissions. This article mainly reviews the effects of the mixture of biodiesel and diesel on engine combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions, including three parts: part (1) summarizes and analyzes the biodiesel’s production and characteristics, part (2) analyzes the engine’s performance under different working conditions, and part (3) studies and analyzes the exhaust emission under different working conditions.

20

The comparative analysis of catalytic properties of Group 11 elements in NOx reduction by hydrocarbons in the presence of oxygen

Kruczyński Stanisław W., Orliński Piotr, Ślęzak Marcin

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2022

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Vol. 24, no. 1

170--176

EN

NOx emission reduction in diesel engines can be achieved by using catalytic reactors reducing nitrogen oxides, including NH3-SCR and possibly also HC-SCR reactors. Reactors using ammonia achieve large conversion rates but cause a lot of operational problems. For this reason, the interest in reactors using hydrocarbons and their derivatives to reduce NOx has increased. Such reactors are the ones using metals from Group 11 (coinage metals) such as Cu, Ag and Au placed on an Al2O3-SiO2 carrier as active materials. The article characterizes the porosity and acidity of the carrier surface. Conversion of NO2, NO and propene as well as the formation of CO and N2O depending on the temperature at constant dosing of propene on a carrier covered with Cu, Ag and Au with a metal content of 4 g/dm3 were evaluated. The results of the tests showed that the tested Group 11 elements can be the basis for further experiments related to the development of this exhaust fumes cleaning technology for diesel engines.