Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Conversion to hydrogen fueling of a range extender SI engine of a 48 V hybrid electric vehicle

Noga Marcin, Moskal Tomasz

Combustion Engines

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2026

|

R. 65, nr 1

66--71

EN

The purpose of the article is to present further development stages of the range extender designed for a 48 V electric vehicle. The initial design of the system consisted of a 160 cm³ single-cylinder carbureted gasoline engine coupled to a synchronous 3-phase AC generator. The conversion of the engine included an adaptation of a port hydrogen injection with a stand-alone engine management system. The research was focused on engine calibration first of all, in order to achieve its stable operation, avoiding abnormal combustion when running on hydrogen. In addition to the basic engine performance indicators, the composition of exhaust gases emitted by the engine was also measured. Initial tests proved the conversion to be stable, and the range extender reaches efficiency slightly higher than achieved when the engine was fueled by gasoline.

2

Average speed optimization of electric vehicles with charging stops

Medvedev Vadym, Frolov Volodymyr, Lapkovsky Serhii, Gladskyi Maksym

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

|

2025

|

z. 128

133-144

EN

The article discusses the issue of driving an EV over long distances when additional charging of the high-voltage battery is required. The optimization of driving speed between charges is considered. If the speed is too low, the electric car will spend too much time covering the distance between charges, and if the speed is too high, the charging time will increase significantly. In the article, the data on the charge consumption from the driving speed of eight EVs are considered and reduced to a single denominator. Both serial EVs and EVs manufactured in Ukraine in single versions were included in the review. Based on these data, the optimal speed of movement was calculated. It was found that these speeds largely depend on the average power of the next charging session on the way. An empirical formula for calculating the optimal driving speed with correction factors that depend on the design of the electric vehicle was obtained. It was also found that with large values of the preparatory and final time of the charging session, the average driving speed can increase by 40%.

3

Evaluation of the total cost of charging electric vehicles through dedicated photovoltaic installations

Sendek-Matysiak Ewelina

Transport Problems

|

2025

|

T. 20, z. 2

59--71

EN

Currently, the share of BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicle) in the automotive market in Poland is relatively small - 0.1%. That is caused by a number of barriers; one of them being the undoubted fact that BEVs are exceptionally expensive. Electric Vehicle enthusiasts express the opinion that the cost is offset by reduced running costs, in particular in cases where the electricity is generated from a photovoltaic (PV) installation. This article determines the cost of charging a battery electric vehicle with an electricity generated from a domestic photovoltaic installation consisting of various numbers of modules. The optimal yield of electricity generated by PV was determined, and then the charging costs in the current conditions in Poland. It was assumed that the electricity produced would be used exclusively for BEV charging, with the surplus sold to the power grid. The analysis shows that even for the maximum number of photovoltaic modules which can be installed on the study area, in some months the battery electric vehicle charging costs will not be zero. The issue related to the cost of charging BEVs with PV - generated electricity in the Polish conditions has not yet been addressed in any scientific publication and its problems concerning the issues may provide a source of preliminary analysis for other countries.

4

Design and testing of the propulsion system of a prototype electric vehicle intended for people with disabilities

Romowicz Bartłomiej, Szkoda Maciej

Transport Problems

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2025

|

T. 20, z. 3

97--109

EN

The paper describes the design and testing of the first lightweight electric vehicle designed for people with disabilities, which was developed at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the Cracow University of Technology. The tests included bench tests on a dynamometer and urban driving simulations to evaluate parameters such as torque, engine power, top speed, and energy consumption. The vehicle was equipped with BLDC motors mounted directly in the rear wheel hubs and lithium-iron-phosphate batteries. The results showed good vehicle dynamics and efficiency with low energy consumption in the urban cycle. The analysis confirmed the vehicle's satisfactory range on a single charge. Based on the results, further improvements were suggested, such as implementing regenerative braking and reducing aerodynamic drag through body design. This allowed for increased energy efficiency and functionality of the vehicle in everyday use.

5

Testery ładowarek DC jako narzędzia diagnostyczne stacji ładowania pojazdów elektrycznych

Ciepliński Łukasz, Gwóźdź Michał

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2025

|

R. 101, nr 12

74--81

PL

W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono przegląd dostępnych rozwiązań w zakresie testerów ładowarek pojazdów elektrycznych. Artykuł skupia się jednak szczególnie na projekcie modelu symulacyjnego systemu samo-testującego, który integruje się z wewnętrznym testerem ładowarki, umożliwiając automatyczną weryfikację działania jej części silnoprądowej. Narzędzie takie winno wpłynąć na zwiększenie niezawodności pracy i bezpieczeństwo eksploatacji urządzenia ładującego, minimalizując konieczność zewnętrznych interwencji serwisowych. Przedstawiono i omówiono również kluczowe aspekty implementacji proponowanego rozwiązania w praktyce.

EN

This paper presents a review of available solutions for electric vehicle charger testers. Particular emphasis is placed on the development of a simulation model for a self-testing system that integrates with the charger's internal tester, enabling automated verification of the high-power circuitry. Such a tool is intended to enhance the reliability and operational safety of the charging device while minimizing the need for external service interventions. Key aspects of the practical implementation of the proposed solution are also presented and discussed.

6

Inteligentne sieci ładowania samochodów elektrycznych z użyciem źródeł odnawialnych i magazynów energii

Kaznowski Robert, Sztafrowski Dariusz

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2025

|

R. 101, nr 1

160--163

PL

Inteligentne sieci ładowania (ISL) są kompleksowymi systemami zarządzania procesem ładowania pojazdów elektrycznych (EV). Wykorzystują zaawansowane algorytmy i technologie, aby zoptymalizować zarówno wydajność ładowania jak i wpływ na sieć energetyczną. ISL integruje punkty ładowania, algorytmy zarządzania popytem oraz odnawialne źródła energii, aby zminimalizować koszty i obciążenie sieci. Główne korzyści wynikające z ISL to redukcja kosztów ładowania, zwiększenie efektywności energetycznej i wsparcie dla odnawialnych źródeł energii. Istnieje również potencjał rozszerzenia modelu ISL o dodatkowe funkcje i analizę zmienności wyników w czasie, aby jeszcze lepiej odpowiadać na rosnące potrzeby związane z ładowaniem pojazdów elektrycznych.

EN

ntelligent charging networks (ISL) are complex systems for managing the charging process of electric vehicles (EV). They use advanced algorithms and technologies to optimize both the charging efficiency and the impact on the power grid. ISL integrates charging points, demand management algorithms and renewable energy sources to minimize costs and grid load. The main benefits of ISL are reduced charging costs, increased energy efficiency and support for renewable energy sources. There is also the potential to extend the ISL model with additional features and analysis of variability of results over time to better meet the growing needs related to charging electric vehicles.

7

Charging points in underground garages of multi-family buildings in Poland: current status, challenges and development prospects

Seklecki Konrad, Balcarek Kamil J., Olesz Marek, Borowski Kornel, Litzbarski Leszek S.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2025

|

R. 101, nr 5

130--132

EN

The article describes key aspects of the development of electric vehicle charging points in underground garages of multi-family buildings in Poland. It presents an analysis of current legal regulations. In legal matters, in addition to presenting the necessary steps, we recommend contacting a lawyer. We also present the results of load measurements of EV charging points.

PL

Artykuł opisuje kluczowe aspekty rozwoju punktów ładowania pojazdów elektrycznych w garażach podziemnych budynków wielorodzinnych w Polsce. Przedstawia analizę aktualnych przepisów prawnych. W kwestiach prawnych oprócz zaprezentowania niezbędnych kroków zalecamy kontakt z prawnikiem. Prezentujemy również wyniki pomiarów obciążeń ładowarek samochodowych.

8

Analiza usterkowości pojazdów elektrycznych na przykładzie pojazdu Renault Zoe

Błaszczyk Piotr

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2025

|

R. 101, nr 12

21--26

PL

Artykuł analizuje usterkowość pojazdów elektrycznych na przykładzie Renault Zoe, skupiając się na kluczowych elementach układu elektrycznego, pakiecie bateryjnym i systemach ładowania. Omówiono najczęstsze problemy związane z degradacją ogniw litowo-jonowych, układem BMS (Battery Management System), chłodzeniem baterii oraz kompatybilnością z różnymi standardami ładowania AC i DC. Uwzględniono także wpływ warunków eksploatacji i częstotliwości ładowania na żywotność pojazdu. Analiza opiera się głównie na badaniach eksploatacyjnych, danych serwisowych i raportach użytkowników, wskazując mocne strony pojazdu Zoe a także obszary wymagające dalszych udoskonaleń technologicznych.

EN

The article analyzes the failure rate of electric vehicles using the Renault Zoe as an example, focusing on key components of the electrical system, battery pack, and charging systems. It discusses the most common problems related to lithiumion cell degradation, the BMS (Battery Management System), battery cooling, and compatibility with various AC and DC charging standards. The impact of operating conditions and charging frequency on vehicle life is also taken into account. The analysis is based mainly on operational tests, service data, and user reports, highlighting the strengths of the Zoe vehicle as well as areas requiring further technological improvements.

9

A grid-compatible adaptive charging strategy for bidirectional on-board ev chargers with soc and thermal integration

Malleni Omkar, Mallapu Vijaya Kumar

Power Electronics and Drives

|

2025

|

Vol. 10 (45)

241--256

EN

This paper presents a novel adaptive charging strategy for a three-phase bidirectional on-board electric vehicle (EV) charger. The charger system enables seamless grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operations while enhancing battery longevity and grid compatibility. It integrates real-time battery state of charge (SOC) and temperature feedback, with a predictive first-order thermal model to dynamically adjust charging parameters, mitigating degradation. Featuring a three-phase LCL filter, an AC–DC converter and a buck-boost DC–DC converter, the charger employs proportional-integral (PI) control for the AC–DC converter and an adaptive controller for the DC–DC converter. It achieves low total harmonic distortion (THD) of 1.33% (G2V) and 1.7% (V2G), 98.3% efficiency and a 30% reduction in charging time (5 h for 20%–80% SOC) compared with conventional methods. MATLAB/Simulink simulations confirm robust performance under sensitivity analysis, demonstrating stability. The system’s unified control framework, combining SOC-based mode switching, thermal derating and harmonic suppression, outperforms existing methods, offering a scalable solution for smart grid integration and sustainable EV charging infrastructure.

10

Napęd elektryczny eKIT – porównanie charakterystyk elektromechanicznych obliczonych oraz zmierzonych w trakcie badań

Rossa Robert, Król Emil

Materials Science and Welding Technologies / Technologie Materiałowe i Spawalnicze

|

2025

|

Vol. 69, No. 1

52--56

PL

W artykule przedstawiono porównanie charakterystyk elektromechanicznych (charakterystyk trakcyjnych) napędu elektrycznego eKIT, obliczonych na etapie projektowania napędu oraz zmierzonych w trakcie jego badań laboratoryjnych. Napęd eKIT jest wyposażony w silnik synchroniczny z magnesami trwałymi (PMSM), o mocy znamionowej PN = 100 kW (praca S2-30) i mocy maksymalnej Pmax = 140 kW. Napęd ten jest przeznaczony dla pojazdów drogowych o masie do 3,5 t. W artykule przedstawiono najpierw rozwiązania konstrukcyjne zastosowane w obwodzie elektromagnetycznym silnika PMSM. Następnie opisano sposób obliczania i zaimplementowania charakterystyk elektromechanicznych w falowniku energoelektronicznym napędu eKIT. Obliczone charakterystyki elektromechaniczne porównano z charakterystykami uzyskanymi w trakcie badań napędu na stanowisku badawczym. Wykazano dobrą zgodność charakterystyk elektromechanicznych obliczonych i zmierzonych.

EN

This article presents a comparison of the electromechanical (traction) characteristics of the eKIT electric drive, calculated during the design stage and measured during laboratory tests. The eKIT drive is equipped with a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with a rated power of PN = 100 kW (S2-30 duty) and a maximum power of Pmax = 140 kW. The drive is designed for road vehicles with a mass of up to 3.5 tonnes. The article outlines the structural solutions implemented in the electromagnetic circuit of the PMSM motor and describes the method used to calculate and implement the electromechanical characteristics in the power electronics inverter of the eKIT drive. The calculated electromechanical characteristics were compared with those obtained during tests conducted using a test rig. The results demonstrated a high degree of compatibility between the calculated and measured electromechanical characteristics.

11

Design and simulation of photovoltaic, wind and CHP hybrid power system for electric vehicle battery charger

Aghazadeh Amir, Khodabakhshi-Javinani Naser

Journal of Power Technologies

|

2025

|

Vol. 105, nr 2

91--101

EN

This paper deals with electric vehicle (EV) battery charger, supplied by three types of renewable power generation consisting of photovoltaic (PV), wind and combined heat and power (CHP) as a hybrid system. The proposed system consists of three separable distributed power sources that can be joined together in a common DC link. Power electronics charger is designed both in current control and voltage control modes of operation. The power management control unit of EV charger determines reference current and voltage of battery during charging process. Incremental conductance and tip-speed-ratio (TSR) are considered as maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods both for PV and wind power systems. Grid connected converter is also considered for load demand balancing of battery charger. Simulation results using MATLAB shows MPPT realization and power supplementation by variable wind speed and irradiance during different values of load demand.

12

Design of a fuzzy PID controller to improve electric vehicles performance based on regenerative braking system

Abdulameer Hayder Abdulabbas, Khamis Mustafa A., Zaiter Mohammed Joudah, Ennser Karin

Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems

|

2025

|

Vol. 19, No. 4

102--108

EN

This study aims to improve energy storage in electric vehicle applications using a regenerative braking system. A brushless DC motor (BLDC) was chosen to power the vehicle due to its inherent advantages and suitability for electric vehicles. These vehicles require a low rate of error and stable and transient responses to make wheel acceleration smoother. The main objective of this study is to improve response time and stability under different operating conditions and overcome the drawbacks of traditional control techniques. Traditional PID controllers suffer from several problems, including transient overshoots, load fluctuations, and non-linear response, which lead to poor performance in electric vehicle propulsion systems. In this study, a fuzzy PID controller and a hysteresis current control loop are designed for the BLDC motor to address the above issues. The motor speed and battery charge state are verified using the MATLAB/Simulink environment in different situations to measure the reliability of the proposed controller. The results show that this proposed controller improves the dynamic performance of the regenerative braking system and enhances other operating characteristics such as maximum overshoot and settling time.

13

Weight optimization of leaf spring assembly using design for manufacturing approach and FEM in graduated leaves for Electric Vehicle

Khan Mohammed Irfan, Soni Shubham, Patel Anil, Nayak Chitresh

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

|

2025

|

Vol. 30, no. 1

89--100

EN

The aim of this study is to determine the ideal stress distribution for a multi-Leaf Spring assembly using finite element analysis. Furthermore, the topology enhanced model, based on associate load is included in this research work. This work is carried out by considering two different techniques involving design for manufacturing (DFM) after the attainment of results from topology optimization. The vehicle's overall load is bear by the main leaf spring and graduated leaves are used to support the main leaf thus the prospective techniques intend to create holes across the graduated leaves and cut a custom slot along the graduated leaves of the spring assembly. The disclosure manifest that it is feasible to lessen the leaf spring assembly weight in order to create a lightweight, structurally sound design and reduce energy consumption that can be employed to heavy-duty commercial electric vehicles. The suggested techniques promisingly anticipate that a significant proportion of weight deduction of about 3.4 percent with holes and 17.34 percent with slots can be attained in multi-leaf spring assembly.

14

Efektywna i zrównoważona logistyka ostatniej mili produktów spożywczych z perspektywy praktyki

Węgrzynek Daniel K., Cichosz Marzenna

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

|

2025

|

nr 1

52--64

PL

Celem badania była ocena efektywności operacyjnej hybrydowego modelu dystrybucji w logistyce ostatniej mili, łączącego pojazdy spalinowe i elektryczne. Analiza przeprowadzona na rzeczywistych danych detalisty wykazała, że optymalizacja tras pozwoliła na redukcję pustych przebiegów o 32%, skrócenie średniego czasu dostawy o 18% oraz zmniejszenie dziennego dystansu przejazdu o 283,87 km. Ponadto zastosowanie elastycznych okien czasowych (–15 min, +30 min) poprawiło synchronizację tras i zwiększyło efektywność wykorzystania floty. Badanie potwierdziło, że wdrożenie pojazdów elektrycznych, mimo ograniczeń zasięgu i czasu ładowania, pozwala na osiągnięcie wysokiej skuteczności operacyjnej w ramach logistyki ostatniej mili, szczególnie w obszarach o dużej gęstości zamówień. Wyniki dostarczają nowych wniosków na temat optymalizacji miejskich systemów logistycznych oraz roli współpracy między detalistą a dostawcą technologii w poprawie efektywności dostaw na przykładzie dostaw artykułów spożywczych.

EN

This study aimed to evaluate the operational efficiency of a hybrid distribution model in last-mile logistics, which combines the use of combustion and electric vehicles. Analysis conducted on the retailer's actual data revealed that route optimization resulted in a 32% reduction in empty runs, an 18% decrease in average delivery time, and a 283.87 km reduction in daily travel distance. Additionally, the use of flexible time windows (–15 min, +30 min) improved route synchronization and increased fleet utilization efficiency. The study confirmed that the implementation of electric vehicles, despite their range and charging time limitations, allows for achieving high operational efficiency in last-mile logistics, especially in areas with high order density. The results yield new insights into the optimization of urban logistics systems and the impact of collaboration between retailers and technology providers on enhancing delivery efficiency, as illustrated by the example of grocery deliveries.

15

Rozproszone źródła energii i aktywne sieci rozdzielcze – Komitet Studiów C6

Smoter Jan

Energetyka

|

2025

|

nr 3

234--240

PL

Komitet C6 zajmuje się zagadnieniem rozwoju i pracy sieci elektroenergetycznych średnich i niskich napięć. Uwzględniane są możliwości regulacyjne elementów aktywnych, które pracując w sposób skoordynowany wspomagają sieć elektroenergetyczną. Do obiektów aktywnych zaliczane są rozproszone zasoby wytwórcze (DER), magazyny energii (BESS) czy samochody elektryczne (EV). Również odbiorcy energii są traktowani jako obiekty aktywne, które mogą być wykorzystane do kształtowania dobowego profilu zapotrzebowania (DSR). Kolejnym obszarem zainteresowania Komitetu C6 jest elektryfikacja obszarów niezurbanizowanych, autonomicznie pracujące mikrosieci oraz rozwój systemów zarządzania siecią zapewniających efektywną integrację zasobów rozproszonych DER, a także sieci DC średnich (MVDC) i niskich (LVDC) napięć. W artykule omówiono 78 referatów zgłoszonych do trzech tematów preferowanych w obszarze działalności Komitetu C6.

EN

This Committee deals with problems concerning development and operation of LV and MV power networks. The regulatory capabilities of active elements, which support the power network through coordinated operation, are taken into account. These active elements include distributed energy resources (DER), battery energy storage systems (BESS) and electric vehicles (EV). Also, residential consumers are considered to be the active objects that can be used to shape the daily demand profile (DSR). Another area of interest of the SC C6 is the electrification of rural areas, autonomously operating microgrids and the development of management systems ensuring effective integration of DER, as well as DC medium (MVDC) and low (LVDC) voltage grids. This article presents the topics of 78 papers submitted to three preferential subjects within the scope of SC C6.

16

Ładowanie pojazdów elektrycznych w budynkach wspólnot i spółdzielni mieszkaniowych w Polsce

Czernik Damian

Elektro Info

|

2025

|

nr 9

96--98

PL

Ładowanie pojazdów elektrycznych w budynkach wielorodzinnych to jedno z większych wyzwań, przed jakimi w najbliższych latach staną wspólnoty i spółdzielnie mieszkaniowe w Polsce. Rosnąca liczba aut elektrycznych – wspierana przez regulacje unijne i krajowe – wymusza rozwój infrastruktury ładowania również w miejscach zamieszkania. Dostosowanie budynków do tych zmian to już nie tylko kwestia wygody mieszkańców, ale coraz częściej obowiązek prawny spoczywający na zarządcach.

17

Ewolucja systemów energetycznych i zmiany w systemach bezpieczeństwa ppoż. budynków

Joniec Waldemar

Elektro Info

|

2025

|

nr 10

64--66

PL

Dokonująca się transformacja energetyczna inicjuje zmiany w systemach bezpieczeństwa pożarowego budynków. Na zmiany te wpływa również szybki rozwój komunikacji bezprzewodowej dwukierunkowej i transmisji dużych ilości danych, a także narzędzi analitycznych korzystających nie tylko z dużych zasobów i chmury danych, ale i wsparcia sztucznej inteligencji. Nowym wyzwaniem dla bezpieczeństwa pożarowego budynków są magazyny energii oraz pojazdy elektryczne. Na rynku są już dostępne technologie zapewniające bezpieczeństwo pożarowe w budynkach i obiektach z takimi instalacjami, a poddane konsultacjom publicznym nowe warunki techniczne, jakim powinny odpowiadać budynki i ich usytuowanie, powinny przyczynić się do wsparcia tej transformacji i zwiększenia bezpieczeństwa pożarowego.

18

Enhancing regenerative braking efficiency in electric vehicles through urban driving pattern analysis

Szumska Emilia, Skuza Adriana

Combustion Engines

|

2025

|

R. 64, nr 4

191--200

EN

Electric vehicles offer a sustainable alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles, significantly reducing emissions and improving energy efficiency. A key feature is the regenerative braking system, which recovers kinetic energy during braking. This study examines how braking parameters affect energy recovery in EVs under urban conditions, combining real-world data with simulation. The research involved two stages: data collection from 60 urban trips using a Hyundai Kona Electric, followed by AVL Cruise simulations. Statistical analysis (correlation and K-Means clustering) assessed the relationship between braking parameters (number of events, average braking speed, deceleration, maximum braking force) and recovered energy. Results showed a strong correlation (r = 0.9) between the number of braking events and recovered energy, highlighting the importance of frequent urban braking. Clustering identified four driving patterns. Cluster C4, with the highest number of braking events (84-158) and moderate intensity, achieved the greatest energy recovery efficiency (23.16%). Cluster C1, with fewer events (26-76) and smoother driving, showed the lowest efficiency (18.45%). The average efficiency across all trips was 21.47%, consistent with the literature. Findings suggest that frequent, moderate braking in dense urban traffic optimizes energy recovery. The study offers practical insights for designing more efficient regenerative systems and promoting driving techniques that enhance EV range.

19

Energy efficiency of a car driving with regenerative braking

Kropiwnicki Jacek, Gawłas Tomasz

Combustion Engines

|

2025

|

R. 64, nr 3

20--26

EN

Currently offered satellite navigation systems for cars are primarily focused on selecting the route with the shortest travel time. These systems also feature relatively simple models that allow the selection of the route with regard to minimizing fuel or electricity consumption, usually called the most ecological. Their effective use requires users to define basic vehicle data, such as drive type, maximum speed, etc. The paper presents an analysis of the impact of selected parameters characterizing vehicle properties and traffic conditions on energy consumption. The focus is mainly on parameters that can be technically used in car navigation systems to plan energy-saving routes. The analysis uses routes recorded in real traffic. The results of these analyses allowed the development of several guidelines for planning routes taking into account the EEC minimization criterion. One of the observations is that for roads with large changes in road height (> 20 m per km), a flat route with a length increased by 50% may be more energy-efficient than the original one. This is due to the efficiency of the regenerative braking system being significantly lower than 100%.

20

Analysis of design changes and operating parameters in the case of using an electric engine in a city motorcycle

Hemlecki Piotr, Fabiś Paweł, Kubica Grzegorz

Combustion Engines

|

2025

|

R. 64, nr 2

103--108

EN

The study presents the methodology and technical aspects of converting a city motorcycle from a combustion to an electric drive. As an example, a prototype motorcycle vehicle built at the Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering of the Silesian University of Technology was used. The traction characteristics of the vehicle before and after the drive conversion were compared. Laboratory tests were conducted on a chassis dynamometer under various test conditions. The performance of both drive configurations, the effect of temperature, and speed on energy consumption were evaluated. The changes in vehicle dynamics indicators for both types of propulsion systems were determined, and the advantages of the propulsion conversion process were presented.