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1

Analysis of selected factors influencing the course of the process in liquid chromatography

Lech-Przywara Regina, Zapała Wojciech

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 6

1--16

EN

This study examines the influence of temperature, eluent modifier type and concentration, and mobile phase flow velocity on the separation efficiency of caffeine (CAF) and phenol (PH) in Hypersil GOLD HILIC and Shodex SILICA 5NH 4D chromatographic columns. A thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that the adsorption processes of these compounds are primarily exothermic and depending on the eluent type. Acetonitrile-water (ACN:H₂O) systems provided superior selectivity between caffeine and phenol compared to methanol-water (MeOH:H₂O) systems, with selectivity improving as temperature increased in ACN:H₂O systems. Variations in eluent modifier concentration significantly impacted retention times, suggesting diverse interaction mechanisms between the analyzed compounds and the stationary phase. Furthermore, studies on column efficiency indicated that faster eluent flow reduced separation efficiency, as evidenced by HETP values. The optimal flow rates were determined to range between 0.2 and 1.25 ml/min, depending on the column tested.

2

Effect of the type of ion-exchange resin on Mn2+ adsorption in the presence of competing cations

Amengol Bruna P. C., Pires Renata. C., Leão Versiane A.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2024

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Vol. 60, iss. 2

art. no. 187844

EN

Present in soils, ground and surface waters, manganese is among the most common metals in Earth crust. It is also an essential trace element to the functioning of several enzymes in the human body. However, exposure to high manganese concentrations can also be harmful to humans with psychiatric and motor effects and therefore, manganese concentrations in drinking water and also industrial effluents are regulated. In the current work, the adsorption of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ on three different ion-exchange resins: (i) aminophosphonic acid - chelating (Purolite S950), (ii) polyacrylic weak acid cation (Purolite C104E) and (iii) polystyrene strong acid cation (Purolite C100) was investigated. The results revealed that Purolite S950 had the highest Mn2+ uptake (37.9 mg/mL-resin or 0.69 mmol/mLresin) as compared to Ca2+ (3.2 mg/mL-resin or 0.08 mmol/mL-resin) and Mg2+ (~0 mg/mL-resin) and was selected for further kinetics and equilibrium studies. The results indicated Purolite S950 as particularly suited to be applied in the treatment of neutral mine waters with high Mg/Mn ratios. Additionally, Purolite S950 showed a small affinity for Ca2+ and therefore an efficient Mn2+ removal will depend on the Ca/Mn ratio of the mine water under treatment. According to the kinetic analysis, manganese sorption on Purolite S950 was described by the pseudo-second order model (r2 > 0.98) with an activation energy of 6.34 kJ/mol and thus pore-difussion was the rate controlling step of the process. In terms of equilibrium studies, manganese sorption on Purolite S950 followed the Langmuir model with maximum loadings of up to 41.5 mg/mL-resin. The thermodynamic modelling indicated an exothermic process (-85.0 kJ/mol, as standard enthalpy) with a standard entropy of -274 J/mol×K, which was ascribed to the release of two adsorbed H+ ions for each Mn2+ ion taken up from solution.

3

Comparison of separation of Mn(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) by oxidative precipitation between chloride and sulfate solutions

Wen Jiangxian, Tran Thanh Tuan, Lee Man Seung

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2024

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Vol. 60, iss. 1

art. no. 183029

EN

In hydrometallurgy, precipitation would be easier and simpler than solvent extraction as a separation operation. In this work, the separation performance of Co(II), Mn(II) and Ni(II) by oxidative precipitation was investigated. For this purpose, NaClO was employed as an oxidizing agent and the separation behavior of the three ions was compared between chloride and sulfate solutions by varying some factors such as the dosage of NaClO, solution pH and reaction temperature. By controlling the molar ratio of NaClO to Mn(II), Mn(II) were easily separated as MnO2 by oxidative precipitation from both chloride and sulfate solutions. At the same experimental conditions, precipitation percentage of Co(II) from chloride solution was higher than that from sulfate solution, which can be ascribed to the stronger tendency of Co(II) to form complexes with chloride ion than with sulfate ions. Addition of NaCl to sulfate solution and oxidative precipitation at high temperature enhanced the precipitation percentage of Co2O3 and thus separation degree between Co(II) and Ni(II) was improved. Under the optimum conditions, MnO2 and Co2O3 powders with 99.9% purity were completely recovered by oxidative precipitation from chloride solution. By contrast, the purities of the MnO2 and Co2O3 thus recovered from sulfate solution were only 76 and 91%, respectively. Our results indicated that chloride solution would be more effective than sulfate solution in separating Mn(II) and Co(II) by oxidative precipitation with NaClO. Therefore, the use of chloride-based leaching solutions such as HCl and FeCl3 might be better for the leaching medium of spent lithium-ion batteries.

4

Ionic liquid-modified magnetic nanoparticle composite for the selective adsorption of chromium ions in water

Jin Hong, Zhou Sufang, Wu Xueqing

Materials Science Poland

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2024

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Vol. 42, No. 3

128--138

EN

Adsorption methods are widely used in the removal of heavy metals from aquatic environments, and adsorbents are crucial for adsorption efficiency. In this study, a magnetic nanoparticle composite material, Fe3O4@PEG@IL, modified with an imidazole-based ionic liquid [Cn MIm ]HCO3 (n = 2, 4, 6, 8) was used as an adsorbent to adsorb the heavy metal chromium (Cr(vi)) in aquatic environments, and the adsorption conditions were optimized. Moreover, the selective adsorption of Cr(vi) by the adsorbent was explored. The results show that when the pH value of the aqueous solution was 3.0, the solution temperature was 65℃, the amount of Fe3O4@PEG@IL added was 25 mg, and the time of adsorption reaction was 2.5 h, a good adsorption effect would be achieved, with an adsorption rate of 99.5%. Meanwhile, Fe3O4@PEG@IL had high adsorption selectivity for Cr(vi), and heavy metal cations, such as Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+, did not interfere with the adsorption of Cr(vi). Moreover, the adsorbent was easy to recover and had good reusability.

5

Removal of silver from chloride solutions using new polymer materials

Pilśniak-Rabiega Magdalena, Wolska Joanna

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

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Vol. 59, iss. 6

art. no. 174357

EN

This work presents the synthesis of polymer resins with heterocyclic functional groups, that is, N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-pipecoline, N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-pyrrolidinone, and trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane for the recovery of Ag(I) from chloride solutions. The modification yield was 69.2, 74.6 and 88.3%, respectively. The best Ag(I) sorption was achieved from synthetic and real chloride solutions in the case of trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane resin (sorption was 26.8 and 21.5 mg/g, respectively). The sorption kinetic data were well fitted to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The maximum sorption capacity of Ag(I) is 105.4, 117.8 and 130.7 mg Ag(I)/g for N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-pipecoline resin, N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-pyrrolidinone resin and trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane resin, respectively. The trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane modified resin was very selective towards Ag(I) compared to Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) from the real chloride leaching solution. The N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-pipecoline and N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-pyrrolidinone resins showed high preferences for Ag(I) over Pb(II) in real solution. These results indicated that the polymers can be applied in the recovery of Ag(I).

6

Determining the Efficiency of Reverse Osmosis in the Purification of Water from Phosphates

Gomelya Mykola, Shabliy Tetyana, Radovenchyk Iaroslav, Vakulenko Anna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

238--246

EN

Processes of water purification from phosphates using a low-pressure reverse osmosis membrane were studied. It was shown that the concentration of phosphates in the permeate largely depends on their initial concentration in the water and increases along with the degree of permeate selection. It was established that when using the Filmtec TW3–1812–50 membrane for phosphate concentrations up to 20 mg/dm3, their concentration in the permeate does not exceed 2.5 mg/dm3 with a degree of permeate selection up to 90% when cleaning solutions in distilled and artesian water. This value is below the permissible level for drinking water. When the concentration of phosphates increases to 100 and 1000 mg/dm3, their content in the permeate increases sharply to the values significantly higher than the permissible level in both drinking and wastewater. When sodium orthophosphate was added to artesian water, the effectiveness of its purification on this membrane with respect to chlorides, sulfates, hardness ions, and hydrocarbons was high. This indicates that the cartridges with these membranes can be used both in industrial installations and in households for further purification of artesian and tap water to drinking water quality.

7

Weryfikacja zabezpieczeń nadprądowych w mikrosieci AC niskiego napięcia pod kątem dostosowania jej do pracy w trybie off-grid

Sobolewski Robert A., Lis Robert

Wiadomości Elektrotechniczne

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2022

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R. 90, nr 5

20--24

PL

Artykuł przedstawia metodykę weryfikacji zabezpieczeń nadprądowych w mikrosieci niskiego napięcia pod kątem dostosowania jej do pracy w trybie wyspowym. Metodyka umożliwia sprawdzenie skuteczności ochrony przeciwporażeniowej i selektywności działania zabezpieczeń. Jest ona pokazana na przykładzie mikrosieci o topologii zakładającej przyłączenie lokalnych źródeł energii i magazynu energii do szyn stacji, która zasila odbiorców na wybranym obszarze.

EN

The paper presents the methodology of protection verification in terms of adopting the low-voltage microgrid to island operation. The methodology enables the checking of effectiveness of protection against electric shock and selectivity of protection operation. The whole process of verification is shown relying on case study of the microgrid which topology assumes both local power sources and storage energy equipment interconnection with the substation supplying the customers in particular area.

8

Zastosowanie cyklodekstryn w technologii wdrukowania molekularnego

Pokajewicz Katarzyna, Poliwoda Anna, Wieczorek Piotr P.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2022

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[Z] 76, 7-8

677--699

EN

In the last decade molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) have gained great interest in the area of selective recognition various type substances. Scientific work in this field is carried out very intensively - the methods of synthesis are modified and improved, new types of hydride materials are created, as well as new reagents for synthesis. In this case, cyclodextrins (CD) and their analogues show good molecular recognition ability for its unique physical and chemical properties and suitable cavity structure. As a result, these supramolecular ligands can perform various functions in the MIP technology, and the resulting polymeric materials are characterized by high selectivity and binding specificity (recognition) of analytes structurally matched to the MIP cavity. Of particular importance is the fact that cyclodextrins enable the imprinting not only of low-molecular-weight biologically active compounds, but also of high-molecular molecules (proteins, peptides). The numerous hydroxyl groups available in cyclodextrins are active sites that can form different types of linkages. They can be cross-linked with one another, or they can be derivatized to produce monomers that can form linear or branched networks. This article provides a detailed review of MIPs based on CD and their application in the field of separation science and analytical chemistry in recent years. The discussion is grouped according to the different role of CD in MIPs, that is, functional monomer, carrier modifier, etc.

9

Silver(I) recovery on thiomorpholine - modified functional polymer

Pilśniak-Rabiega Magdalena, Wolska Joanna

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 6

art. no. 156609

EN

The functional polymer containing heterocyclic ligands was synthesized by microwave modification of a crosslinked poly(vinylbenzyl chloride–divinylbenzene) matrix with thiomorpholine. The modification yield was 89.3%. The sorbent was used to recover Ag(I) from the synthetic and real chloride solutions. The maximum sorption capacity of Ag(I) was approximately 180 mg Ag/g. The sorption kinetic data were well-fitted to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The degree of silver desorption was approximately 50.0% using a 1.0% potassium cyanide solution in a 0.50% hydrogen peroxide solution. The resin retained its capacity toward Ag(I) in five consecutive sorption/desorption cycles. The thiomorpholine modified resin was highly selective toward Ag(I) in relation to Cu(II), Pb(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) from the real chloride leaching solution.

10

Revisiting flotation mechanisms of the selective separation of alkali feldspars in the presence of NaCl

Karagüzel Cengiz, Çelik Mehmet Sabri

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 5

art. no. 149928

EN

Selective separation of Na-feldspar (NaAl3SiO8) from K-feldspar (KAl3SiO8) by flotation appears to be the only alternative in commonly found mixed-type ore formations. For this purpose, various mechanisms in various studies have been proposed by which selective separation can be achieved in the presence of salt ions. These mechanisms under different flotation conditions are systematically discussed in this study. Literature review reveals that two adsorption mechanisms are operating in the presence of Na+ ions and natural pH: Ion exchange and ion adsorption. In mixed feldspar systems, the mineral surface properties change due to ion exchange of counter ions on K-feldspar surface and become suitable for amine adsorption, while Na-feldspar surface is suppressed due to co-ion adsorption leading to limited amine adsorption. Similar mechanisms occur in acidic conditions with fluorine ions which increases the dispersion of particles and provides selectivity for K-feldspar by forming AlSiF-amine complexes. K-feldspar at alkaline pH with NaOH is activated with fluorine ions at the previous flotation stages and then floated with amine releasing K ions into the solution. The ion exchange/ion adsorption mechanism seems effective in alkaline as well as in natural and acidic conditions.

11

Efficiency of Reverse Osmosis and Ion Exchange in Water Purification from Nitrates

Gomelya Mykola, Shabliy Tetyana, Makarenko Iryna, Vakulenko Anna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 10

172--180

EN

The process of extracting nitrates from water by the methods of reverse osmosis and ion exchange was investigated in the paper. In the formation of reverse osmosis, low-pressure membranes were used, and in ion-exchange processes, highly alkaline anionite AB–17–8 was applied in salt form. The dynamics of changes in the concentration of nitrates in the permeate and the concentration with an increase in the degree of permeate selection from 9 to 90% at initial nitrate concentrations of 18, 50 and 100 mg/dm3 were determined. The indicators of selectivity and productivity of membranes were calculated depending on the degree of permeate selection. It was shown that the low-pressure reverse osmosis membrane is characterized by low selectivity values at high productivity values in the selected part of the nitrate concentration. It was established that the ion exchange method is significantly more effective than reverse osmosis in removing nitrates from water. It ensures the reduction of nitrate content in purified water to a value of less than 1 mg/dm3 when the degree of their extraction is reached at the level of 99%. As the ionite is saturated with nitrates, the efficiency of their extraction decreases. Anionite sorbs nitrates effectively enough, being both in the chloride mixture and in the sulfate form. Nitrates are effectively desorbed by 2H solutions of sodium chloride and sodium or ammonium sulfate.

12

Development of Resource-Saving Technologies in the Use of Sedimentation Inhibitors for Reverse Osmosis Installations

Trus Inna, Gomelya Mukola, Skiba Margarita, Pylypenko Tetiana, Krysenko Tamara

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 1

206--215

EN

The processes of desalination of weakly mineralized waters using a reverse osmosis membrane were studied. The operational efficiency of membranes is limited mainly by membrane contamination. It was shown that the preliminary mechanical water purification helps to increase the productivity and selectivity of the membrane. One of the main causes of membrane contamination is the formation of carbonate deposits on their surface. One way to prevent membrane contamination is to dose antiscalants. It was established that the use of hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (HPAN) and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAA) as a stabilizer of scale formation is effective for concentrates of reverse osmosis desalination of water.

13

Development of Renewable Material Hydrochar-Based CaAl Layered Double Hydroxide to Overcome Methyl Red Dyes Contaminant

Mohadi Risfidian, Juleanti Novie, Palapa Neza Rahayu, Hidayati Nurlisa, Lesbani Aldes

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 3

17--25

EN

The preparation of the CaAl/HC composite was carried out with a supporting material in the form of hydrochar from duku skin. The success of the preparation was demonstrated by XRD, FT-IR, and BET analysis. The diffractogram of CaAl/HC showed diffraction peaks at 2θ = 10.16° (003), 18.0° (002), 20.15° (006) and 65.4° (110). The diffraction showed similarity to diffraction in CaAl and hydrochar double layer hydroxyl. The FT-IR spectrum of CaAl/HC also showed similarity to the CaAl/HC double layer hydroxyl at 3448, 1635, and 1381 cm-1. The characteristic spectrum of the hydrochar also appeared in CaAl/HC at 20.15. BET analysis showed an increase in the surface area of CaAl/HC before modification of 11.842 m2/g and increased to 22.635 m2/g of CaAl/HC. The ability of CaAl/HC as an adsorbent is determined through several parameters including selectivity, regeneration, isotherm, and thermodynamics. The results of dye selectivity showed that CaAl/HC was more likely to absorb MR dyes in a mixture of dyes (DG, MO, PR, MR, CR, and DR). The regeneration results showed the ability of CaAl/HC which lasted up to 73.26% in the fifth cycle.

14

Novel functional polymers for recovery of silver

Pilśniak-Rabiega Magdalena, Wolska Joanna

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2021

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Vol. 57, iss. 6

36--54

EN

In this study, the functional polymers containing heterocyclic ligands were synthesized by microwave modification of a crosslinked poly(vinylbenzyl chloride–divinylbenzene) matrix with 4-tertbutylpyridine, pyrrolidine, and 3-morpholinopropylamine. The sorbents were used to recover Ag(I) from the synthetic and real chloride solutions (4.00 mol/dm3 of NaCl, 0.100 mol/dm3 of HCl). The best Ag(I) sorption was achieved from synthetic and real chloride solutions in the case of pyrrolidine resin (16.2 and 16.7 mg/g, respectively). The sorption kinetic data were well fitted to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The degree of silver desorption was approximately 90% using a 1.0% potassium cyanide solution in a 0.50% hydrogen peroxide solution. All resins showed good selectivity for Ag(I) compared to Cu(II), Pb(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) in real chloride solution. On the basis of this study, it can be concluded that the obtained sorbents can be used to recover Ag from various sources such as ores, wastewater, and jewelry scraps.

15

Competitive Removal of Cationic Dye Using NiAl-LDH Modified with Hydrochar

Normah, Palapa Neza Rahayu, Taher Tarmizi, Mohadi Risfidian, Arsyad Fitri Suryani, Priambodo Aldi, Lesbani Aldes

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

|

Vol. 22, iss. 4

124--135

EN

In this study, NiAl-LDH was modified with hydrochar using the NiAl-Hydrochar composite coprecipitation method. Materials were characterized by XRD and FT-IR analysis. XRD diffractogram and FT-IR spectra show that the NiAl-Hydrochar composite material has the characteristics of the precursors. NiAl- Hydrochar composite materials have a large adsorption capacity to adsorb cationic dyes. The adsorption follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model with the maximum capacity (Qmax) of the NiAl-Hydrochar composite material reaching 256.410 mg/g for malachite green and the adsorption process takes place spontaneously and endothermically. The regeneration process of NiAl-Hydrochar composites was more stable and the decrease was not significant (>70%). The selectivity of the dye mixture showed that the adsorbent was more selective for malachite green dye compared to methylene blue and rhodamine-B.

16

Badanie zwarcia w linii dwutorowej z uwzględnieniem impedancji wzajemnej

Pikisch Moritz, Luxenburger Rainer

Wiadomości Elektrotechniczne

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2020

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R. 88, nr 6

42--48

PL

W artykule zbadano zagadnienie zwarcia w linii dwutorowej z nieselektywnym działaniem związanym z nastawami przekaźnika opartymi na niedokładnej/niewystarczającej znajomości impedancji linii. Analiza zwarcia oparta jest na zmierzonych impedancjach linii i symulacji/testach systemowych wykonywanych za pomocą oprogramowania RelaySimTest. Przyjęto i udokumentowano odpowiednią procedurę pomiaru impedancji linii w liniach dwutorowych w możliwie najmniej inwazyjny sposób.

EN

This paper investigates a double-circuit line fault with non-selective tripping caused by the parameterization of the relay based on inaccurate/insufficient knowledge of the line impedances. Analysis of the fault is based on the measured line impedances and the simulation/system-based testing using RelaySimTest. An appropriate procedure was adopted and documented to measure the line impedances of double-circuit lines in a minimally invasive manner.

17

Optimization strategies of container terminals

Kuznetsov Alexander L., Kirichenko Alexander V., Semenov Anton D., Borevich Albert Z.

Scientific Journal of Gdynia Maritime University

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2020

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nr 115

42--54

EN

One of the main tasks of operational management of modern container terminals is effective utilization of existing technological resources. The search for possible variants of terminal activity optimization requires constant analysis of transport process technology and development of technical and technological approaches to increase the effectiveness of resources utilization. One of the possible solutions provided by terminal operational systems is the application of different strategies of container stack organization and container selectivity. At the same time, the complicated character of input and output container flow makes the effectiveness of these strategies doubtful. The paper states that this particular manner of container service is different from traditional ones, i.e. FIFO and FILO. As output container flow is randomly distributed the manner of container service can be considered as First In/Random Out. The paper also considers different strategies that are applied in practice and analyzes its influence on the productivity of handling equipment. The results of these strategies simulation modeling are represented. The results prove that no strategy can provide a productivity with theoretical selectivity; any strategy provides slowed intensity of operations. At the same time, it is proved that the only optimization strategy which increases the productivity of handling equipment is the organization of terminal activity whereby containers can be selected from the stack not in requirement sequence, but in order of its position in a stack.

18

Silver(I) recovery on sulfur-containing polymeric sorbents from chloride solutions

Pilśniak-Rabiega Magdalena, Wolska Joanna

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2020

|

Vol. 56, iss. 6

290--310

EN

This work describes the preparation of functional polymers containing 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole and guanylthiourea ligands from chemically modified vinylbenzyl chloride/divinylbenzene copolymer (VBC/DVB). The resins were used for the removal of Ag(I) from synthetic and real chloride solutions. The 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole resin was highly selective towards Ag(I) in relation to Pb(II) from real chloride leaching solution. The resins were selective for Ag(I) from real chloride solution and they did not sorb chloride complexes of Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II). The sorption kinetic data were well fitted to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The degree of Ag(I) desorption was about 80% using 1% potassium cyanide solution in 0.5% hydrogen peroxide solution. Resins retain their capacity towards Ag(I) in five consecutive sorption/desorption cycles.

19

Katalizatory palladowe immobilizowane w materiałach typu MOF aktywne w reakcjach uwodornienia

Augustyniak Adam W., Trzeciak Anna M.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

|

2019

|

[Z] 73, 3-4

221--241

EN

Palladium immobilized in metal-organic frameworks (MOF) exhibit promising catalytic properties in hydrogenation of different unsaturated substrates. Due to the specific porous and crystalline structure MOFs can contribute in bonding and activation of organic substrates, increasing catalytic efficiency of Pd@MOF composites. The superior tunability of MOFs structures enables to design highly selective catalysts for hydrogenation of different substrates, such as olefins, esters, ketones, alcohols or alkynes. Due to the synergistic effects of palladium and MOF not only high activity but also high selectivity can be achieved. The article presents representative examples of MOF-based palladium catalysts for hydrogenation to illustrate perspectives, also technological, of their application.

20

Poprawa selektywności i dynamiki działania zabezpieczeń przemysłowych sieci średniego napięcia przez stosowanie kryterium różnicowego

Dołowy J., Lizer M.

Wiadomości Elektrotechniczne

|

2018

|

R. 86, nr 12

20--25

PL

W artykule przedstawiono możliwości poprawy selektywności i szybkości wykrywania zwarć w sieciach przemysłowych z wewnętrzną generacją na przykładzie zastosowania sterownika polowego SIPROTEC 7SD82 firmy Siemens.

EN

The article presents the possibilities of improving the selectivity and speed of short circuits detection in industrial MV networks with an internal generation on the example of use of Siemens SIPROTEC 7SD82 bay control unit.