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Trójwymiarowa analiza sieci porowej w skale węglanowej z cechsztyńskiej rafy Wielichowa na wale wolsztyńskim (zachodnia Polska) : czynniki ograniczające przepuszczalność

Fheed Adam

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 4

364--367

EN

Reef rocks typically have complex porosity, which requires advanced imaging techniques to be analyezed. This study investigates the pore network of a carbonate rock sample from the Zechstein Limestone (Ca1) Wielichowo Reef located on the Wolsztyn Ridge (Western Poland). The paperfocuses on factors constraining permeability. Using X-ray microtomography, two 3D pore diameter models were obtained based on the skeletonized connected pore mask. All skeleton points had diameters computed as twice the values derived from MATLAB ’s bwdist function, while the remaining voxel values were determined using Nearest Neighbor and Scat-tered Interpolant algorithms. It was shown that the rock has an irregular pore structure with a significant proportion of small pores of sizes around 0.2 mm. The bulk nitrogen gas permeability is low due to advanced calcite cementation and high level of fragmentation of bryozoan anceps which could not be continuously dissolved to ensure better pore space connectivity. Wherever larger bioclasts had been dissolved, greater pore diameters approaching 1 mm occurred. These findings highlight the utility of digital image analysis in reef rock research, with particular emphasis on its potential applications in CO2 storage or hydrocarbon exploitation-related risk assessment.

2

Permsko-karboński wulkanizm w Sudetach

Awdankiewicz Marek

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 9

795--803

EN

Post-orogenic, post-collisional, intracontinental Permian-Carboniferous volcanism in the Sudetes, Central Europe, marked the transition from the Variscan Orogeny to the continental rifting in the eastern central Pangea. The volcanic rocks are part of volcano-sedimentary successions found in the Intra-Sudetic and North-Sudetic synclinoria. Between 313-287 Ma and culminating around 299 Ma, magmas originated from subduction-modified mantle sources and evolved in crustal magma chambers yielding rhyolitic ignimbrites and lavas with less widespread rocks of andesitic and trachyandesitic compositions. The older volcanic rocks reveal supra-subduction geochemical characteristics, while the younger ones show more pronounced within-plate signatures. Several tens of volcanic centres formed in the region, including lava fields, shield volcanoes, large rhyolite extrusions, ignimbrite caldera, maars and tuff rings, and numerous laccoliths and sills. Volcanic edifices underwent substantial erosion and supplied volcanogenic detritus into local depositional systems, while the caldera acted as an intrabasinal depositional centre. The volcanic rocks are significantly affected by post-volcanic and, mostly, diagenetic alteration. In recent years the extinct Permian-Carboniferous volcanoes became more widely recognized as regional nature attraction and part of the UNESCO Global Geoparks network.

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Obszar przedsudecki zagłębiem potasowym w Polsce

Czapowski Grzegorz, Hodbod Marta

Przegląd Solny

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2023

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T. 17

25--38

PL

Osady potasonośne, zbudowane głównie z chlorkowych minerałów potasu i magnezu jak sylwin i karnalit, wyróżniane są w randze formacji w profilach evaporatowych trzech cyklotemów cechsztynu (górny perm) na obszarze Polski. Największy obszar zajmują utwory formacji starszej soli potasowej (K2, cyklotem Stassfurt [PZ2]) i młodszej soli potasowej (K3, cyklotem Leine [PZ3]), zaś osady formacji najstarszej soli potasowej (K1, cyklotem Werra [PZ1]) stwierdzono tylko lokalnie na obszarze północnej Polski. Pokłady soli K2 i K3, o miąższości >2 m, występujące na głębokości do 2 km na obszarze przedsudeckim uznano za najbardziej perspektywiczne zasobowo i przydatne do przyszłej eksploatacji metodą ługowania podziemnego. Skały starszej soli potasowej (K2) tworzą zasoby przewidywane 7 obszarów perspektywicznych (wyznaczone 98 otworami wiertniczymi) o sumarycznej wielkości 3,2 mld Mg i łącznej powierzchni 454 km2 . Z kolei utwory młodszej soli potasowej (K3) tworzą zasoby przewidywane 6 obszarów perspektywicznych (wyznaczonych na podstawie 23 otworów wiertniczych) wielkości 288,8 mln Mg i o sumarycznej powierzchni >60 km2 . Tym samym obszar przedsudecki charakteryzuje wysoki potencjał zasobowy soli potasowych, na który składa się 13 obszarów perspektywicznych o zasobach przewidywanych oszacowanych na 3,53 mld Mg kopaliny i łącznej powierzchni niemal 514 km2 . Wstępne szacunki możliwej do pozyskania ilości K2 O w tych zasobach (przyjmując niską średnią zawartość K2 O wynoszącą 1%) wskazują na 35,32 mln Mg,

EN

The potash-bearing deposits composed mainly of such chloride K-Mg minerals as sylvine and carnallite are recognised as formations in the successions of three cyclothems of the Zechstein (Upper Permian) evaporites in Poland. The largest surface areas are represented by the Older Potash (K2, Stassfurt [PZ2] cyclothem) and the Younger Potash (K3, Leine [PZ3] cyclothem) Formations, while the deposits of the Oldest Potash (K1, Werra [PZ1] cyclothem) Formation have been documented only locally in northern Poland. The seams of K2 and K3 deposits, being over 2 m thick and occurring at the depth of up to 2 km in the Fore-Sudetic Area, are considered to be the most prospective resources for future mining (recommended, owing to their relatively inexpensive extraction costs by the method of solution mining). The Older Potash (K2) deposits compose the predicted reserves of seven prospective areas (defined by 98 wells), with the total volume estimated at 3.2 billion Mg and situated on the total surface area of 454 km2 . The Younger Potash (K3) rocks occur in six areas (contoured by 23 wells), with the predicted reserves of 288.8 million Mg and the total surface area of over 60 km2 . Therefore, the Fore-Sudetic Area has a fairly high resource potential of potassium salts, offering 13 prospective areas, with the total predicted reserves of 3.53 billion Mg of potash and the total surface area of up to 514 km2 . Preliminary calculations of possible K2 O presence in these reserves suggested the amount of 35.32 million Mg of potassium oxide, at the assumed low average K2 O content of 1%.

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Radiolarian age and geochemical characteristics of the Permian bedded chert sequence in the Soi Dao area, Chanthaburi, Southeast of Thailand

Phromsuwan Waraphorn, Kamata Yoshihito, Ueno Katsumi, Charoentitirat Thasinee, Sardsud Apsorn

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

56--56

EN

Permian chert and siliceous mudstone in the Soi Dao, Chanthaburi Thailand are extracted the details on radiolarian assemblage and age, change of depositional environment, and geochemical characteristics. Permian radiolarians were obtained in three study areas (ASD01, ASD14 and ASD09); which radiolarian age of each section is as follows: ASD01: Early Asselian to Early Sakmarian, ASD14: Late Sakmarian to Artinskian, and ASD09: Capitanian to Early Changhsingian. Considering the lithofacies, ages, and chemical composition of the rocks, a preliminary stratigraphy consisting of basaltic rock, radiolarian bedded chert, siliceous mudstone, and coarse-grained clastic of alternation of sandstone and mudstone in ascending order can be reconstructed. Data on geochemistry analysis, particularly chondrite-normalized REEs patterns of chert and siliceous mudstone, present a gradual change in that degree of the Ce negative anomaly decrease toward the stratigraphical upper position. These changes indicate that the depositional site of the Permian rocks transferred from a state of high hydrothermal activity to a state of weakened activity and that the influx of terrestrial clastics increased. Permian bedded cherts accompanied by basalts and siliceous mudstones recognized in the study area closely resemble to the Paleo- ‑Tethys bedded cherts in terms of their lithofacies and microscopic features; however, their depositional period is much shorter than that of the Paleo-Tethys, indicating that it was deposited in another oceanic basin. The chemical compositions also show that the influence of hydrothermal activity weakened from the strong state, and the terrigenous clastics rapidly supplied.

5

Permian versus Jurassic geotectonic position of the Lhasa block – facts and controversies

Krobicki Michał, Golonka Jan, Starzec Krzysztof, Iwańczuk Joanna

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2023

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nr 1-2 (72-73)

38--38

EN

The Cimmerian Continent (or Cimmeria, Cimmerian terrane, Cimmerian blocks) was detached from eastern Gondwana in the Late Paleozoic as a sliver/ribbon of continental strip rifting elements. Recently, these elements belong to an almost continuous long belt (ca. 13,800 km) from central Italy trough Greece, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Tibet, SW China, Myanmar, Thailand up to Indonesia (Sumatra). The palaeogeographic position and relationship of some elements during Permian-Mesozoic times is still matter of discussion. The Qiangtang and Lhasa blocks (present-day Tibet) belong to these elements and their location in space and time and their relationship causes a lot of controversies. Their position alongside eastern Gondwana in the mid-Early Permian (ca. 290–285 Ma) are suggested both by palaeomagnetic and facies studies. Palaeomagnetic studies indicated this position one decade ago, which has been confirmed by recent studies. The Cimmerian Continent [Iran (Alborz)-Qiangtang-Baoshan-Tengchong-Sibumasu] was separated from the Gondwanian part of Pangea during mid-Early Permian time by rifting and drifting. Northwards migration of it took place during Permian-Triassic times caused wide opening of the Bangong‐Nujiang Tethyan Ocean and closing of the Paleotethys Ocean but the Lhasa block was still southern margin of the Bangong‐Nujiang Ocean. The Triassic Indosinian Orogeny has been one of the most spectacular geotectonic event reflecting collision of this continent with Indochina block and closure of the Paleotethys Ocean. The separation of the Lhasa block from Gondwana is enigmatic but most probably took place during earliest Jurassic times. This separation was followed by quick shift northward. Intensive sedimentological studies of the Late Triassic (Carnian-Norian) several flysch-type turbidites in the eastern Tethyan Himalaya (e.g. Qulonggongba, Pane Chaung, Langjiexue, Quehala, Duoburi formations/groups) indicate that their provenance was connected with Lhasa block, which has been their source area during early-stage evolution of the Neotethys. The late Early Permian rift-related basaltic magmatism in northern Baoshan (in SW China) and sourrounding regions was connected with first step of separation from Gondwana margin of this block (together with South Qiangtang and Sibumasu blocks and simultaneously with opening of the Bangong‐Nujiang Ocean before the Middle Permian) – independently of Lhasa block which was separated later, the most probably during Late Triassic or Triassic/Jurassic transition time with very wide space of the Bangong‐Nujiang Tethyan Ocean between Qiangtang and Lhasa blocks (2,600 km ±710 km – 23.4° ±6.4° during the Middle Jurassic with its maximum width in the Late Triassic). From the palaeobiogeographic point of view, the worldwide distribution of Pliensbachian-Early Toarcian large bivalves of the so-called Lithiotis-facies, dominated by Lithiotis, Cochlearites, Litioperna genera revealed by the authors’ studies, indicates very rapid expansion of such type of bivalves alongside southern margin of Neotethys, and could be good evidence of palaeogeographic position of the Lhasa block in this time. Himalayan and Tibetan (Nyalam area) occurrences of Lithiotis and/or Cochlearites bivalves could help to place the Lhasa block nearby the Gondwana during Early Jurassic times. This palaeobiogeographic research contradict another interpretation based on different fossils (Permian fusulinids and brachiopods) interpreted as subtropical fauna, which could occur in low subtropical latitudes together with other parts of the Cimmerian Continent.

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Fluid pathways within shallow-generated damage zones of strike-slip faults – evidence of map-scale faulting in a continental environment, SW Permo-Mesozoic cover of the Late Palaeozoic Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt, Poland

Rybak-Ostrowska Barbara, Konon Andrzej, Hurai Vratislav, Bojanowski Maciej, Konon Agnieszka, Wyglądała Michał

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2020

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Vol. 70, no. 1

1--29

EN

The damage zones of exhumed strike-slip faults dissecting Jurassic carbonates in the south-western part of the Late Palaeozoic Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt reveal second-order faults and fractures infilled with syntectonic calcite. The subsequent development of a structural pattern of microscopic fault-related structures and calcite infillings reflects the activity of strike-slip faults that began in the Late Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) and lasted until the early Miocene (Langhian). The fabric of the syntectonic veins provides insights into the evolution of the permeable fault-related structures that were the main pathways for fluid flow during fault activity. Microstructural study of calcite veins coupled with stable isotope and fluid inclusion data indicates that calcite precipitated primarily in a rock-buffered system related to strike-slip fault movement, and secondarily in a partly open system related to the local activity of the releasing Chmielnik stepover or the uplift of the area. The presence of meteoric fluids descending from the surface into damage zones suggest that the strike-slip faulting might have taken place in a nonmarine, continental environment.

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A revision of Campyloprion Eastman, 1902 (Chondrichthyes, Helicoprionidae), including new occurrences from the Upper Pennsylvanian of New Mexico and Texas, USA

Itano W. M., Lucas S. G.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2018

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Vol. 68, no. 3

403--419

EN

Campyloprion Eastman, 1902 is a chondrichthyan having an arched symphyseal tooth whorl similar to that of Helicoprion Karpinsky, 1899, but less tightly coiled. The holotype of Campyloprion annectans Eastman, 1902, the type species of Campyloprion, is of unknown provenance, but is presumed to be from the Pennsylvanian of North America. Campyloprion ivanovi (Karpinsky, 1922) has been described from the Gzhelian of Russia. A partial symphyseal tooth whorl, designated as Campyloprion cf. C. ivanovi, is reported from the Missourian Tinajas Member of the Atrasado Formation of Socorro County, New Mexico, USA. Partial tooth whorls from the Virgilian Finis Shale and Jacksboro Limestone Members of the Graham Formation of northern Texas, USA, are designated as Campyloprion sp. Two partial tooth whorls from the Gzhelian of Russia that were previously referred to C. ivanovi are designated as Campyloprion cf. C. annectans. The age of Toxoprion lecontei (Dean, 1898), from Nevada, USA, is corrected from the Carboniferous to the early Permian. An alternative interpretation of the holotype of T. lecontei is presented, resulting in a reversal of its anterior-to-posterior orientation. The genera Helicoprion, Campyloprion, and Shaktauites Tchuvashov, 2001 can be distinguished by their different spiral angles.

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Paleogleby w zapisie sedymentacyjnym formacji z Siodeł w Górach Świętokrzyskich (perm górny–trias dolny)

Trela W., Fijałkowska-Mader A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2017

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Vol. 65, nr 4

227--233

EN

The uppermost Permian in the NWHoly Cross Mountains is represented by red mudstones with sandstone and conglomerate interbeds, forming the PZt cyclothem (dated by miospores of the Lueckisporites virkkiae Bc Zone), which grade upwards into the Siodta Formation. This succession is overlain by sandstones and mudstones of the Jaworzna Formation yielding the lowermost Triassic spore-pollen assemblage of the Lundbladispora obsoleta- Protohaploxypinus pantii Zone. Mudstones of the Siodta Formation reveal mottling structure with numerous root traces, rhizobreciation, as well as nodular and bedded calcretes. The root -Mader structures are represented by calcite tubules and root moulds, the latter filled with dark red calcareous mudstones. The presence of root traces in the Siodta Formation clearly indicates an increase of substrate moisture in contrast to the underlying PZt cyclothem. The mottled red mudstones were deposited in the playa-lacustrine depositional system and lost their primary structure due to rooting and other pedogenic processes. Carbonate nodules and thin indurated calcretes are related to periods of lower sediment accumulation rate or even non-deposition periods favouring development of continental carbonates. A relatively rapid switch to the alluvial depositional system represented by the Jaworzna Formation appears to be coeval to the increased sediment flux in terrestrial setting, postulated by Newell et al. (2010) at the Permo-Triassic boundary, driven by a devegetation event of upland catchments.

9

Potencjał zasobowy soli kamiennej i soli potasowo-magnezowych obszaru przedsudeckiego

Czapowski G.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2017

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nr 469

105--127

PL

Intensywne badania geologiczne, prowadzone od połowy ub. wieku na omawianym obszarze przedsudeckim, umożliwiły rozpoznanie wystąpień późnopermskich (cechsztyn) soli kamiennych i potasowo-magnezowych. Zaowocowało to udokumentowaniem 2 złóż soli kamiennej: Sieroszowice i Bądzów o zasobach bilansowych wynoszących 4,09 mld Mg, w tym 0,49 mld Mg zasobów przemysłowych. Zasoby szacunkowe (prognostyczne) soli kamiennej, jako kopaliny towarzyszącej w 6 złożach rud miedzi, oceniono na ok. 45,19 mld Mg. Celem wskazania na obszarze przedsudeckim występowania obszarów perspektywicznych wystąpień cechsztyńskiej soli kamiennej i soli potasowo-magnezowych oraz oszacowania ich zasobów przewidywanych (prognostycznych + perspektywicznych) opracowano łącznie 34 arkuszy map w skali 1:200 000. Przygotowano 28 map dla 4 pokładów soli kamiennej, odpowiadających 4 cyklotemom cechsztynu (od PZ1 do PZ4) i 6 map dla 2 serii potasonośnych, związanych z cyklotemami PZ2 i PZ3. Przewidywane zasoby soli kamiennej, oszacowane dla 42 obszarów perspektywicznych, wynoszą ponad 1 bln Mg, a ich powierzchnia to ponad 18,5 tys. km2. Ostateczna wielkość zasobów przewidywanych, pomniejszona o zasoby wspomnianych 6 złóż miedzi, wynosi ponad 995,7 mld Mg. Doliczając udokumentowane zasoby 2 złóż soli kamiennej, łączne zasoby soli kamiennej na obszarze przedsudeckim do głębokości 2 km można szacować na blisko 1000 mld Mg. Przewidywane zasoby soli potasowo-magnezowych, oszacowane dla 9 obszarów perspektywicznych, wynoszą blisko 3,3 mld Mg, a ich powierzchnia to ponad 456 km2. Wiele wskazanych obszarów perspektywicznych wystąpień soli kamiennej ze względu na dużą miąższość pokładu soli może być rozważane nie tylko jako miejsce wydobycia soli (kopalnia podziemna i ługownicza), ale także jako miejsca budowy kawernowych magazynów węglowodorów (gazu ziemnego i ropy) czy wodoru, bądź składowisk odpadów. Niektóre spośród wskazanych wystąpień soli potasowych i potasowo-magnezowych mogą być również zagospodarowane górniczo, jednak dopiero po ich dokładnym geologicznym rozpoznaniu i określeniu zasobów.

EN

Intensive geological prospection in the Fore-Sudetic area in the second half of the 20th century enabled to recognize occurrences of late Permian (Zechstein) rock and potash salts and to contour two rock salt deposits: Sieroszowice and Bądzów (with the registered anticipated economic resources of 4.09 billion Mg and economic resources of 0.49 billion Mg), as well as to estimate the prognostic rock salt resources in six copper deposits at ca. 45.19 billion Mg. To contour the prospective areas of Zechstein rock and potash salts occurrences in the Fore-Sudetic area and to estimate their predicted (prognostic and prospective) resources, 34 map sheets at scale of 1:200,000 have been compiled. Twenty-eight map sheets have been constructed for four rock salt seams, representing the four Zechstein cyclothems (PZ1 to PZ4), and six map sheets for two potash-bearing series of the PZ2 and PZ3 cyclothems. The predicted rock salt resources, estimated for 42 prospective areas, are more than 1x1012 Mg, covering the total acrea of over 18.5 thousands km2. The final amount of these resources, reduced by the amount of resources of the above-mentioned six copper deposits, is over 995.7 billion Mg. Including the documented resources of two salt deposits, the total amount of Zechstein rock salt, in the study area down to a depth of 2 km is estimated at ca. 1000 billion Mg. The predicted resources of Zechstein potash salts in nine prospective areas were estimated at ca. 3.3 billion Mg with the total area of over 456 km2. Many prospective areas with significant thicknesses of rock salt seams could be managed both for salt production (underground and leaching mines) and as cavern storages (for hydrocarbons or hydrogen) and waste disposals. Only some of the indicated areas of potash salts could be considered for future mining, however, after their detailed geological surveying and resource calculation.

10

Inkluzje węglowodorowe w cementach skał osadowych i minerałach żyłowych – charakterystyka i znaczenie

Jarmołowicz-Szulc K.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2016

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nr 466

87--101

PL

Na podstawie badań przeprowadzonych w obrębie trzech obszarów w Polsce przedstawiono charakterystykę i efekty analiz mikrotermometrycznych inkluzji, występujących w spoiwach i minerałach skał osadowych różnego wieku (od kambru przez perm po paleogen) oraz wypełnionych węglowodorami (HCFI). Inkluzje mają charakter pierwotny i wtórny. Są na ogół jedno- lub dwufazowe. Charakteryzuje je fluorescencja w barwach biało-niebieskich (ropa naftowa) lub niebieskawej (metan), niekiedy żółtej lub czerwonej. Na podstawie barwy świecenia wstępnie oszacowano charakter węglowodorów, które wypełniają te inkluzje i krążą w skałach z tego regionu. Temperatura homogenizacji, która stanowi przybliżenie temperatury zamknięcia fluidu w minerale, wykazuje zmienność związaną z historią geologiczną badanych obszarów. Inkluzje węglowodorów współwystępują w badanych rejonach z inkluzjami solankowymi. Połączenie wyników analiz mikrotermometrycznych inkluzji węglowodorowych z rezultatami badań inkluzji wodnych pozwoliło na szerszą interpretację wyników wszystkich oznaczeń w poszczególnych rejonach. Obecność węglowodorów w inkluzjach świadczy o ich występowaniu i/lub migracji w skałach badanych regionów.

EN

Characteristics and results of microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions which occur in the cements of sedimentary rocks of various ages (from Cambrian through Permian to Paleogene) and filled with hydrocarbons (HCFI) are presented. The inclusions are primary and secondary in origin. They display one or two phases and fluorescence in white-blue (oil) or dull blue (methane) colours, sometimes yellow or red. Based on the fluorescence colour in the ultraviolet light a character of hydrocarbons that fill these inclusions and migrate in the rocks of the region can be estimated. The inclusions are filled with palaeofluids of different compositions. The homogenization temperatures, which correspond to the minimum estimation of the trapping temperatures in minerals, show variability with respect to the geological history of the study area. The hydrocarbon inclusions are often accompanied by brine inclusions. Wider interpretation of all microthermometric analyses was enabled due to the combination of studies on hydrocarbon and aqueous inclusions. The presence of hydrocarbons in inclusions is a proof of their occurrence and/or migration in the rocks of the regions studied.

11

Mnin restraining stepover – evidence of significant Cretaceous–Cenozoic dextral strike-slip faulting along the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone?

Konon A., Ostrowski S., Rybak-Ostrowska B., Ludwiniak M., Śmigielski M., Wyglądała M., Uroda J., Kowalczyk S., Mieszkowski R., Kłopotowska A.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2016

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Vol. 66, no. 3

429--449

EN

A newly recognized Mnin restraining stepover is identified in the Permo-Mesozoic cover of the western part of the Late Palaeozoic Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt (Poland), within a fault pattern consisting of dextral strikeslip faults. The formation of a large contractional structure at the Late Cretaceous – Cenozoic transition displays the significant role of strike-slip faulting along the western border of the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone, in the foreland of the Polish part of the Carpathian Orogen. Theoretical relationships between the maximum fault offsets/ mean step length, as well as between the maximum fault offsets/mean step width allowed the estimation of the values of possible offsets along the Snochowice and Mieczyn faults forming the Mnin stepover. The estimated values suggest displacements of as much as several tens of kilometres. The observed offset along the Tokarnia Fault and theoretical calculations suggest that the strike-slip faults west of the Late Palaeozoic Holy Cross Mountains Fold Belt belong to a large strike-slip fault system. We postulate that the observed significant refraction of the faults forming the anastomosing fault pattern is related also to the interaction of the NW-SE-striking faults formed along the western border of the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone and the reactivated WNW-ESE-striking faults belonging to the fault systems of the northern margin of the Tethys Ocean.

12

Analiza inkluzji fluidalnych w minerałach w skałach osadowych Polski - przegląd ogólny i uwagi

Jarmołowicz-Szulc K.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2015

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nr 464

25--41

PL

Przedstawiono charakterystykę i wyniki mikrotermometrycznych badań inkluzji fluidalnych występujących w spoiwie skał osadowych wieku od kambru po perm oraz od jury po paleogen i miocen. Inkluzje mają charakter pierwotny i wtórny; na ogół są jedno- lub dwu-, rzadziej trójfazowe. Wypełniają je paleofluidy o zróżnicowanym składzie i różnej gęstości. Temperatura homogenizacji, która stanowi przybliżenie temperatury zamknięcia fluidu w minerale, wykazuje zmienność związaną z rodzajem spoiwa i z historią geologiczną badanego obszaru. Zasolenie fluidów również jest zmienne i zależy od rodzaju spoiwa i od lokalizacji. Połączenie analiz inkluzji np. z badaniami izotopowymi pozwala na szerszą interpretację wyników oznaczeń mikrotermometrycznych.

EN

Characteristics and results of microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions which occur in the cements of sedimentary rocks of the age oscillating form Cambrian to Permian and from Jurassic to Paleogene and Miocene are presented. The inclusions studied are primary and secondary in origin. They display one, two or, less frequently, three phases. The inclusions are filled by the paleofluids of variable compositions and densities. The homogenization temperature, which corresponds to the minimum estimation of the trapping temperature, shows variability in respect to the cement type and geological history of the study area. Salinities of fluids are also variable in respect to the cement type and locality. Wider interpretation of the microthermometric analyses is enabled when they are combined, e.g., with the isotopic studies.

13

The Permian and Triassic in the Albanian Alps

Gaetani M., Meço S., Rettori R., Henderson C. M., Tulone A.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2015

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Vol. 65, no. 3

271--295

EN

The sedimentary succession of the Permian to Middle Triassic of the Albanian Alps is described, as part of the eastern Adria passive margin towards the Tethys. A carbonate ramp deepening towards NE in present day coordinates developed during the Middle Permian and was affected by block faulting with the deposition of carbonate breccia. The Early Triassic was characterized by intense terrigenous deposition with several cobble conglomerate units up to 80 m-thick, and by oolitic carbonate shoals. The fine clastic deposition ended gradually during the earliest Anisian and a wide calcarenitic ramp occupied the area, with small local carbonate mounds. Basinward, the red nodular limestone of the Han Bulog Formation was interbedded with calcarenitic material exported from the ramp. Drowning to more open conditions occurred towards the end of the Pelsonian. Subsequently, cherty limestone and tuffitic layers spread over the entire area. Towards the end of the Ladinian, with the end of the volcanic activity, red pelagic limestone was deposited locally for a short period. By the latest Ladinian most of the area returned to shallow-water conditions, with a peritidal carbonate platform. In the Theth area, in contrast, a basin with black organic-rich dolostone and limestone developed which seems to be unique in that part of the Adria passive margin. The occurrence of cobble conglomerate units in the Lower Triassic testifies to very active block faulting and high accommodation, not yet described for the area.

14

Geology and taphonomy of the base of the Taquaral Member, Irati Formation (Permian, Paraná Basin), Brazil

Chahud A., Petri S.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2015

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Vol. 65, no. 3

379--387

EN

The taphonomy of Early Permian vertebrates from a sandy facies at the base of the Taquaral Member, Irati Formation, was surveyed in order to acquire data for the interpretation of the sedimentary processes and paleoenvironment of deposition. Six outcrops from the Rio Claro municipality and surrounding areas, from the Brazilian State of São Paulo, were investigated. The vertebrate groups are Chondrichthyes (Xenacanthiformes, Ctenacanthiformes and Petalodontiformes), Osteichthyes (Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii) and Tetrapodomorpha. They occur as loose teeth, scales, spines and bone remains. The sandy facies is characterized by fining upward deposition. The coarser sandstone immediately above the underlying Tatuí Formation is rich in Chondrichthyes. However, the fine sandstone above, immediately beneath the silty shale facies, is devoid of Chondrichthyes, though Osteichthyes scales, teeth and bones were present. The taphonomy is important for inferring sedimentary processes and then the paleoenvironments. The poor sorting of the sandstone and the presence of fossils that are mostly abraded or worn are indicative of a high energy environment. In contrast, the presence of fossils in a good state of preservation, some without abrasion and breakages are indicative of only limited transport. Differences of fossil spatial density, numbers of specimens and taxa may be explained by the dynamics of deposition, from details of the palaeoenvironment can be obtained.

15

Muszloraczkowa stratygrafia pogranicza permu i triasu : rzeczywistość czy mit?

Becker A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2014

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Vol. 62, nr 4

184--189

EN

In the last years, the conchostracan stratigraphy has become a popular method for distingushing the Permian/Triassic boundary in intracontinental settings. This paper provides a background of chronostratigraphic interpretation of the new method. Several problems are reported, from which the most important are: 1 – lack of consequent documentation of the index species, 2 – indirect correlation with the conodont stratigraphy through the sporomorph spectra, 3 – lack of definition and documentation of supporting palynologic zones, 4 – difficulties in taxonomic determinations of conchostracan. Revision of the method by several independent research teams is suggested.

16

Perm i trias przedgórza Karpat polskich

Moryc W

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2014

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nr 457

43--67

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rozwój geologiczny utworów permu i triasu, budowę geologiczną ich podłoża oraz analizę geologiczną przedgórnojurajskiej powierzchni erozyjnej. Badaniami objęto cały obszar występowania utworów permu i triasu na przedgórzu Karpat polskich, od Suchej Beskidzkiej na zachodzie, Buska–Pacanowa na północy, do rejonu Rzeszowa na wschodzie. Określono szczegółowo obszary występowania utworów permu dolnego i górnego, pstrego piaskowca, wapienia muszlowego oraz kajpru dolnego i środkowego. Przedstawiono litologię i litostratygrafię opisanych kompleksów oraz ich zasięgi i rozprzestrzenienie na obszarze przedgórza Karpat, w powiązaniu z procesami tektoniczno-erozyjnymi.

EN

The paper presents the development of Permian and Triassic deposits, geological structure of their basement as well as geological analysis of the pre-Upper Jurassic erosional surface. The study delas with Permian and Triassic deposits of the Polish Carpathian Foreland, from Sucha Beskidzka in the west and Busko-Pacanów in the north, to the Rzeszów region in the east. Special attention was paid to the areas of occurrence of Lower and Upper Permian, Buntsandstein, Muschelkalk as well as Lower and Middle Keuper deposits. The lithology and lithostratigraphy of the discussed complexes and their extents and distribution in the Carpathian Foreland, in connection with tectonic-erosional processes, are discussed.

17

A first record of late Middle Permian actinopterygian fish from Anatolia, Turkey

Hoşgör I., Štamberg S.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2014

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Vol. 64, no. 2

147--159

EN

The Middle–Upper Permian of the Gomaniibrik Formation, of the Tanin Group, in south-east Anatolia, close to the Iraq border, yielded moderately preserved fish remains. Two species, Palaeoniscum freieslebeni and Pygopterus cf. nielseni, known so far only from the Upper Permian deposits of the Zechstein Basin in western Central Europe, were recognised. This late Middle Permian Anatolian record significantly widens the geographical range of these actinopterygians into the equatorial Palaeotethys Realm.

18

Zapis lądowych etapów historii geologicznej Gór Świętokrzyskich w osadach i formach krasowych – wybrane przykłady

Urban J.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2013

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nr 454

77--101

PL

Artykuł prezentuje trzy przykłady interpretacji zdarzeń geologicznych oraz warunków paleogeograficznych i paleośrodowiskowych dokonanych na podstawie badań form krasowych w skałach węglanowych dewonu Gór Świętokrzyskich. Pierwszy relacjonowany kierunek badań dotyczy kopalnych form krasowych w dwu stanowiskach Wietrznia oraz Jaworznia i dokumentuje późnopermską ewolucję rzeźby i jej tektoniczne odmłodzenie na początku triasu. Następne interpretacje dotyczą form krasu kenozoicznego. Analiza przestrzennego rozwoju podziemnych systemów krasowych umożliwiła określenie poziomów stabilizacji bazy erozyjnej w neogenie. Najwyższy poziom krasowy (Łagów) był zapewne związany z poziomem neogeńskiego zbiornika morskiego w zapadlisku przedkarpackim. Z kolei badania osadów piaszczystych w wypełnieniach form krasowych, w tym przede wszystkim analiza obtoczenia i kształtu ziarn pozwoliły na wyróżnienie pięciu typów ziarn piasków o różnym pochodzeniu, w tym pochodzących z lokalnych zwietrzelin różnych skał oraz ziarn pirogenicznych. Analiza ta stała się podstawą do określenia zasięgu pokrywy dolnotriasowej, oceny rozwoju krasu w czwartorzędzie, a także do sformułowania sugestii dotyczących paleośrodowiska neogenu.

EN

The paper presents three examples of interpretations of geological events and paleogeographic and paleoenvironmental conditions made on the basis of studies of karst forms in Devonian carbonate rocks of the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains, central Poland. The first study concerns paleokarst forms in two sites: Wietrznia and Jaworznia which record the Late Permian relief evolution and its tectonic rejuvenation at the beginning of the Triassic period. The next two interpretations concern the Cenozoic karst forms. Analysis of spatial development of subsurface karst systems made possible to determine of erosional base stabilization levels during the Neogene. The highest karst horizon (Łagów) was most probably related to the level of one of the transgressions in the Fore-Carpathian marine basin. In turn, the study of sand sediments filling karst forms, particularly analysis of roundness and shape of sand grains enables to distinguish five types of sand grains of different genesis, among which are grains originated from various local weathered rocks as well as pyrogenic particles. On the basis of this analysis the extent of Lower Triassic cover was determined and karst development during the Quaternary period was assessed, as well as some suggestions on the Neogene paleoenvironment were formulated.

19

Palinostratygrafia, paleoekologia i paleoklimat późnego permu i triasu niecki Nidy

Fijałkowska-Mader A.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2013

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nr 454

15--70

PL

Praca stanowi pierwsze kompleksowe opracowanie biostratygrafii utworów permu górnego i triasu niecki Nidy. Wyróżniono dziesięć poziomów palinologicznych. Wyniki badań mikroflorystycznych potwierdziły problematyczną dotychczas obecność utworów późnego anizyku i wczesnego ladynu. Pozwoliły także na sprecyzowanie granic między indem i olenkiem oraz norykiem i retykiem. Wyniki zastosowanych w badaniach palinologicznych analiz paleośrodowiskowej i paleoklimatycznej wykazały dominację form sucholubnych w zespołach miosporowych. Wskazują również na przewagę klimatu suchego w późnym permie i triasie na badanym obszarze. Zwiększoną ilość mikroflory wilgotnolubnej obserwuje się w olenku, ladynie, noryku i retyku. Przeważająca w późnym permie i triasie kontynentalna sedymentacja w środowiskach rzecznych, jeziornych, playi i sebki była przerywana przez transgresje morskie, które miały miejsce w późnym wuchiapingu, wczesnym indzie, anizyku i ladynie.

EN

Ten miospore zones are identified in the Upper Permian and Triassic succession of the Nida Basin. This is the first complete biostratigraphical study of these sediments. The palynological investigation confirmed the presence of the late Anisian and early Ladinian. In addition, they allowed determining more precisely the boundaries between Induan and Olenekian as well as Norian and Rhaetian. Xeromorphic elements dominate the Upper Permian and Triassic palynomorph spectra from the Nida Basin and reflect a mainly dry palaeoclimate. Significant numbers of hygromorphic elements indicating temporarily humid phases, occur in the Olenekian, Ladinian, Norian and Rhaetian. Continental sedimentation in fluvial, lacustrine, coastal, playa and sabkha environments prevailed during most of the Late Permian and Triassic but was interrupted by marine transgressions in the late Wuchiapingian, early Induan, Anisian as well as Ladinian.

20

Badania laboratoryjne procesów wypierania rodzimego gazu ziemnego rozpuszczonego w solankowych poziomach wodonośnych niecki poznańskiej z wykorzystaniem zatłaczanego CO2

Warnecki M.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2012

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nr 448 (1)

95--105

PL

W artykule prezentowana jest koncepcja wykorzystania ogromnej struktury wodonośnej, zalegającej na obszarze niecki poznańskiej, rozciągającej się na powierzchni 5 000 km2, jako potencjalnego miejsca do podziemnego składowania CO2. Instytut Nafty i Gazu wraz z Polskim Górnictwem Naftowym i Gazownictwem SA posiadają pewne doświadczenia w wychwytywaniu i podziemnym składowaniu gazów kwaśnych. Od 1996 r. na złożu Borzęcin k. Wrocławia pracuje instalacja zatłaczająca kwaśne gazy odpadowe do strefy zawodnionej (tzw. akifera) podścielającej złoże gazu ziemnego. Obok technologicznych parametrów pracy instalacji obserwowane, analizowane i badane są procesy wypierania rodzimego gazu ziemnego nasycającego warstwy wodonośne przez gazy kwaśne zatłaczane bezpośrednio do wód podścielających złoże. Opisywane zjawisko zachodzi z powodu blisko 10-krotnie większej rozpuszczalności CO2 w stosunku do gazu ziemnego w wodzie. Pozwala to na zwiększenie wydobywalnych zasobów złoża o gaz pierwotnie rozpuszczony w warstwach wodonośnych i nie dający się pozyskać standardowymi metodami eksploatacji. W artykule opisano aparaturę i stanowiska badawcze służące do badań procesów wypierania gazu ziemnego. Zaprezentowano wyniki wybranych eksperymentów przeprowadzonych na fizycznym modelu złoża.

EN

In this paper we present Poznań Trough megaaquifer naturally saturated by native natural gases. This megastructure represents a great potential for long-term underground CO2 storage on 5 000 km2 area. Oil & Gas Institute and Polish Oil & Gas Company has gained a lot of experience in acid gas capture and storage. The acid gas containing 60% of CO2 and 15% of H2S reinjected into an aquifer directly underlying the Borzęcin gas reservoir has been in operation since 1996. Apart from technological parameters we also analyzed the process of displacement of native natural gas which originally saturates the underlying water by acid gases injected into reservoir. Such a displacement process allows to replenish the gas cap by volume equivalent to methane gas dissolved in underlying water. This paper describes the ap.aratus and research station/unit designed to explore the natural gas displacement processes. The results of some experiments carried out on a reservoir physical model are presented.