This work presents a method for the preparation of zirconia-silica monoliths with improved porosity and their application in a continuous-flow system for cascade deacetalization and Knoevenagel condensation reactions carried out in two microreactors connected in series. The post-synthesis treatment of pristine micro/macroporous zirconia-silica monoliths, obtained by one step method, with the use of ammonia and sulfuric acid solutions resulted in mesoporous materials and improved macroporosity. They showed high activity in the deacetalization reaction of benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal, despite a relatively low zirconium content, ca. 0.3 wt.%, probably due to the formation of small quantities of the zirconium sulphate superacid. The Knoevenagel condensation reaction of benzaldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate was performed in an amine-functionalised microreactor. The cascade process resulted in an 80% yield of ethyl cyanocinnamate and a very high selectivity that reached 99%. The flow resistance and residence time distribution were determined for both reactors.
Przeprowadzono badania reakcji tandemowej deacetalizacji-kondensacji Knoevenagela w bifunkcyjnym przepływowym monolitycznym mikroreaktorze z cyrkonowymi centrami kwasowymi i zasadowymi grupami aminoetyloaminopropylowymi osadzonymi na powierzchni krzemionkowego monolitu o hierarchicznej porowatości. Zbadano wpływ stosunku molowego wody do acetalu oraz stabilność właściwości katalitycznych. Stwierdzono istotną zależność wydajności produktu reakcji tandemowej od ilości wody w układzie reakcyjnym. Nie obserwowano natomiast zmiany selektywności jego tworzenia. Potwierdzono stabilność właściwości katalitycznych centrów kwasowych oraz zmniejszenie aktywności centrów zasadowych w trakcie trzech kolejnych cykli pracy mikroreaktora.
EN
A study of the tandem deacetalization-Knoevenagel condensation reaction was carried out in a bifunctional continuous-flow microreactor. A core of this reactor was made of a silica monolith with hierarchical porosity, which was functionalised with zirconium acid centres and basic aminoethylaminopropyl groups. The structural properties of the materials were investigated using low temperature nitrogen adsorption and scanning electron microscopy. The concentration of active sites was determined. The studied tandem process involved the deactalization of benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal on the acid centres, and the product of this reaction (benzaldehyde) reacted with ethyl cyanoacetate in the Knoevenagel condensation on basic centres to obtain D-ethyl cyanocinnamate (ECC). There was also an additional reaction in the system and a by-product D-methyl cyanocinnamate was formed. The main objective of the presented work was to study the impact of the molar ratio of water to acetal on the performance of the microreactor and to check the stability of the catalytic properties in the long term process. It was found that for a molar ratio of acetal to water equal to 1 the conversion of acetal was 95%, and that of ethyl cyanoacetate was 83%. The final product yield of ECC reached a value of 67.5%, and the selectivity was equal to 81%. The presence of unreacted benzaldehyde (BA) in the post-reaction solution was found to be about 4%. Reducing the amount of water input below the stoichiometric molar ratio value resulted in a decrease in acetal conversion, and consequently a lower yield of ECC was observed. The selectivity of the reaction toward the formation of the desired product did not depend on the amount of water introduced and was ca. 80%. The catalytic stability of the microreactor was checked in three cycles. No changes in acetal conversion were observed, which indicated the stability of the acid centres. However, a decrease in the activity of the amine centres was detected.
Przeprowadzono badania nad otrzymaniem porowatych, monolitycznych materiałów zbudowanych z szkieletu zawierającego zeolit TS-1. Materiały wytwarzano w procesie krystalizacji amorficznej fazy TiO2-SiO2 monolitów o hierarchicznej mikro- i makro-strukturze porów. Krystalizację prowadzono w roztworze wodorotlenku tetrapropyloamoniowego w temperaturze 175oC. Stwierdzono silny wpływ stężenia zasady organicznej oraz czasu krystalizacji na postać makroskopową otrzymanych materiałów oraz stopień krystalizacji amorficznego szkieletu.
EN
The paper shows the results of preliminary research on transformation of an amorphous phase of titania-silica skeleton of porous monolithic materials into crystalline structure of the TS-1 zeolite. The materials subject to transformation were characterized by hierarchical micro- and macro-pore structure and high dispersion of titanium atoms in the silica skeleton. The concentration of Ti in all materials was 2 wt.%. The crystallization process was carried out in aqueous solution of tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) at 175 oC in autoclave. The impact of TPAOH and silica concentration and crystallization time on the final crystal structure of the materials was investigated. Low temperature adsorption of nitrogen, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and diffraction of X-ray were employed to study properties of the materials. The original form of the cylindrical monoliths has only been partially preserved when low concentration of TPAOH (8 wt.%) and short time of crystallization (24 h) were used. Under higher concentration (16 wt.%) and for longer time (60 h) fine cylindrical microcrystals were obtained, and presence of TS-1 zeolite was confirmed by XRD analysis. The monolithic materials contained two phases, i.e. the crystalline structure characteristic for TS-1 zeolite and an amorphous one. SEM images showed quite well-developed spherical microcrystals with diameter ca. 5.8 nm in the skeleton and well-preserved macroporous structure. The changes in structural parameters of transformed materials were observed. The size of micropores present in silica skeleton of the pristine material decreased from 1.5 nm to 0.94 nm. A reduction of the specific surface area (SBET) was also detected.
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad syntezą monolitów węglowych. W syntezie zastosowano metodę twardego szablonowania a jako matrycę użyto monolitu krzemionkowego. Otrzymano monolity, które charakteryzowały się przepływową strukturą makroporów oraz rozbudowaną siecią mikro- i mezoporów. Zbadano wpływ prekursora węgla na właściwości strukturalne oraz sorpcyjne. Stwierdzono, że największą pojemność sorpcyjną wykazywały materiały otrzymane z rezorcyny oraz fenolu.
EN
The paper presents the results of study on the synthesis of carbon monoliths. The hard template method was used in the synthesis, where a silica monolith was applied as a structure scaffold. The obtained monoliths were characterized by a flow structure of macropores and an extensive network of micro and mesopores. The influence of the carbon precursor on the structural and sorption properties was investigated. It was found that the materials synthesized using resorcinol and phenol showed the highest sorption capacity.
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