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1

Mid-field woodlots – environmental benefits and tradition of fire protection use

Fortuna-Antoszkiewicz Beata, Łukaszkiewicz Jan, Długoński Andrzej, Krych Jacek

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2025

|

Nr 93 (tom 1)

113--129

EN

In agricultural areas, afforestation SYSTEMS – including mid-field, roadside, and waterside woodlots – when systematically introduced and continuously maintained, offer numerous benefits to both people and the environment. These benefits encompass biological-ecological, technical, aesthetic, and social functions that are closely interrelated. One of the additional but crucial functions is fire protection, especially in treeless fields and densely built-up villages (residential and agricultural ones). The role of trees as natural fire barriers has been recognized for centuries. This practice has been widely used in forestry and traditionally around houses and farmsteads as protection against lightning strikes and the spread of fire. Protective shelterbelts have also been established along railway tracks, roads, and around industrial zones, where the risk of fire outbreak is high. Long-term research and observations by the authors indicate that, in contrast to other European countries, Poland is experiencing a gradual degradation of existing shelterbelts, with insufficient supplementation and expansion of these structures.

2

Environmentally Sustainable Clean Energy Solution: Optimizing Photovoltaic Systems Using the Gazelle-Nelder-Mead (GOANM) Algorithm

Merlin Christal S C, Beno Marsaline M

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2025

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Tom 27

25--36

EN

The best ways to maximize electricity production in places where there is not enough room for the installation of renewable power generation systems are to optimize the operational efficiency of already-existing plants and select an optimal location for newly constructed Photovoltaic (PV) power plants that will offer a favorable climate and surrounding environment. Sustainable energy development strategies must be developed using renewable generation technologies to drive energy transition towards sustainability. Based on battery technology and energy storage assets, the study proposed a new hybrid Gazelle-Nelder-Mead (GOANM) algorithm for solar power storage solutions to satisfy the growing need for reliable and convenient renewable energy sources. This model looks at the sustainability of solar energy generation. At this crucial juncture, the research helps pave an intellectual and useful path toward a more promising and ecologically conscious future. It promotes solar energy as a clean, renewable energy source to mitigate climate change and severely cut carbon emissions. The study focuses on sustainable solar panel manufacturing methods, addressing issues with materials and industrial processes. The simulation result of the proposed GOANM algorithm highlights the importance of sustainable management methods and adequate site selection in mitigating the negative consequences of solar plant development.

3

Analiza dostępności krajowych źródeł gipsu w kontekście prognozowanych zmian podaży gipsu syntetycznego

Naworyta Wojciech, Mazurek Sławomir

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 10

912--914

EN

In order to mitigate the environmental impact of conventional power generation, flue gas dedusting and desulfurization systems were implemented in Polish power plants in the 1990s. A by-product of the wet limestone desulfurization process is synthetic gypsum, which is highly suitable as a raw material for the gypsum-based materials industry. Synthetic gypsum currently accounts for up to 75% of the total processed gypsum volume in Poland. However, due to the ongoing energy transition, a sharp decline in the supply of this material is expected over the coming decade. This article presents a forecast of the anticipated decrease in synthetic gypsum availability, based on national decarbonization strategies. It highlights the need to increase the exploitation of primary gypsum deposits to meet the domestic demand for gypsum raw material. The paper characterizes Poland's natural gypsum resource base, with particular attention to the challenges of open-pit mining in environmentally valuable areas. It is noted that, during the resource classification process, gypsum reserves that do not meet criteria for open-pit extraction have typically been categorized as sub-economic (non-balance). As an alternative to surface mining, the article proposes the use of the room-and-pillar underground mining system for the exploitation of gypsum deposits. This approach would enable the utilization of resources previously considered unprofitable for open-pit extraction due to their geological conditions, while also minimizing the environmental impact of mining operations. Two case study deposits with large reserves and favourable characteristics for underground mining are proposed for development.

4

Effect of Using Gasoline with Bioethanol on Power, Torque and Selected Exhaust Gas Components: Case Study of a Small Spark-Ignition Outboard Engine

Zastempowski Marcin, Kaszkowiak Jerzy, Jablonicky Juraj, Hujo Lubomir, Gromnicki Michał

Polish Maritime Research

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2025

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nr 1

95--102

EN

This article presents a study of the relationship between power and torque for a small spark-ignition outboard engine depending on the fuel used. The fuels considered here were gasoline with an octane number of 95, bioethanol in pure form, and mixtures of both fuels. Also studied were selected components of the exhaust gas generated during operation of the engine for each fuel. The results showed a decrease in the power and torque with an increase in the bioethanol content of the fuel, thus confirming the possibility of using both a bioethanol additive and bioethanol itself as a fuel to power the engine. The findings of the study clearly indicate that the use of an additive in the form of plant-based fuel significantly affects the reduction of emissions of harmful substances into the environment, for example reducing CO emissions by 67%, and HC by 56%. However, without design changes to the power systems, the reduction in emissions is achieved at the cost of a drop in power of more than 30%. This topic is currently important due to the tightening of regulations on emissions and recent research and implementation by engine manufacturers related to the development of electric propulsion systems, particularly for smaller vessels. However, restrictions on their applicability result in a continued need to use internal combustion engines.

5

Problems of reuse of building materials in façade systems

Kopyłow Ołeksij, Domański Roman, Marchwiński Janusz, Leszczyńska-Domańska Małgorzata

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 9

217--224

EN

The article presents the problems and challenges associated with the reuse of building materials in façade systems. Presenting the technical and functional characteristics of building products derived from demolitions and intended for reuse during the design and construction of the most common modern façade systems (ventilated façades, cladding walls, and cavity walls). The reuse of building materials in façade systems involves numerous technical issues that require detailed research. The decision to reuse building products in façade systems is possible after evaluating their technical properties in accordance with applicable standards and technical regulations. Laboratory testing of reused building materials is crucial to ensure the durability, safety, and energy efficiency of the designed façade systems.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono problemy i wyzwania związane z ponownym zastosowaniem materiałów budowlanych w systemach elewacyjnych. Omówiono cechy techniczno-użytkowe wyrobów budowlanych pochodzących z rozbiórek, planowanych do ponownego wykorzystania w projektowaniu i wykonawstwie najbardziej rozpowszechnionych we współczesnym budownictwie elewacji (ścian wentylowanych; ścian osłonowych i ścian szczelinowych). Powtórne zastosowanie materiałów budowlanych w systemach elewacyjnych wiąże się z wieloma problemami technicznymi, wymagającymi szczegółowych badań. Decyzja o powtórnym zastosowaniu wyrobów budowlanych w systemach elewacyjnych jest możliwa po dokonaniu oceny ich właściwości technicznych wg obowiązujących norm i przepisów technicznych. Badania laboratoryjne powtórnie wykorzystywanych materiałów budowlanych są kluczowe dla zapewnienia trwałości, bezpieczeństwa i efektywności energetycznej projektowanych systemów elewacyjnych.

6

Multi‑criteria analysis of the resistance of ETICS with fire barriers to environmental factors

Sudoł Ewa, Piekarczuk Artur, Mazurek Aleksandra, Kozikowska Ewelina

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 8

50--60

EN

Long‑lasting exposure was simulated on a thermal insulation model based on expanded polystyrene with a mineral wool strip. The second exposure sequence caused the top layer cracking. The crack width in the barrier area exceeded 0.2 mm, suggesting a loss of watertightness. 3D scanning and inspection analysis was used for deformation assessment. It revealed deformation within the mineral wool strip. A decrease in the top layer adhesion to the thermal insulation material was reported.

PL

Model ocieplenia na bazie ekspandowanego polistyrenu z pasem wełny mineralnej poddano długotrwałej ekspozycji. Druga sekwencja oddziaływań skutkowała pęknięciami warstwy wierzchniej. W obszarze bariery przekroczyły one szerokość 0,2 mm, co wskazuje na utratę wodoszczelności. Do oceny deformacji zastosowano skanowanie 3D z analizą inspekcyjną. Uwidoczniło ono deformację w obrębie pasa wełny mineralnej. Odnotowano zmniejszenie przyczepności warstwy wierzchniej do materiału termoizolacyjnego.

7

Local environmental impact categories in the life cycle assessment of geotechnical works

Mach Aleksandra

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 11

172--179

EN

The aim of the study was to adapt weighting methods for environmental impact categories used in geotechnical assessments to local Polish conditions. Acidification, water use and particulate matter were found to be most significant. The results may improve environmental assessments and support decisions aligned with sustainable development principles.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy dostosowania metod ważenia kategorii środowiskowych wykorzystywanych w ocenie robót geotechnicznych do specyfiki warunków lokalnych Polski. Wykazano, że największą lokalną istotność mają: zakwaszenie, użytkowanie wody oraz emisja pyłów. Uzyskane wyniki mogą poprawić jakość oceny oddziaływań środowiskowych w geotechnice i wspierać podejmowanie decyzji zgodnych z zasadami zrównoważonego rozwoju.

8

Changes in the strength of sandstone cladding panels under environmental influences

Byrdy Aleksander, Rembiś Marek

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 11

59--68

EN

Nevertheless, no comprehensive studies have been conducted thus far to evaluate the influence of environmental factors on the mechanical performance of sandstones quarried and used as façade materials in Poland. Experimental investigations carried out on sandstones from Śmiłów, Żerkowice, and Skała, extracted from existing building façades, revealed substantial degradation in their mechanical strength. The findings also highlighted deficiencies in current evaluation protocols for natural stone materials intended for use in ventilated façade systems. Petrographic and microscopic analyses demonstrated that the loss of structural integrity in the examined sandstones is primarily due to the development of multidirectional microcracks propagating through mineral grains, and, in near‑surface zones, the breakdown of grain‑to‑grain contacts leading to granular disintegration. These deterioration mechanisms were initiated and accelerated by repeated freeze‑thaw cycles associated with the infiltration of meteoric water. The ingress of water was facilitated by the high total porosity of the material, exceeding 20%, as well as by the presence of an interconnected pore network, which significantly enhanced water permeability and retention within the stone matrix.

PL

Dotychczas nie przeprowadzono badań wpływu środowiska na parametry wytrzymałościowe piaskowców wydobywanych i stosowanych na elewacje w Polsce. Wyniki badań piaskowców Śmiłów, Żerkowice i Skała, pochodzących z elewacji budynków, wykazały znaczne zmniejszenie ich wytrzymałości na zginanie oraz braki w stosowanych metodach weryfikacji materiałów kamiennych, stanowiących podstawę do ich stosowania jako materiału okładzinowego w elewacjach wentylowanych. Badania mikroskopowe wykazały, że powodem obniżenia zwięzłości piaskowców jest powstanie w ich wnętrzu wielokierunkowych spękań obejmujących ziarna, a w ich zewnętrznej części, zerwanie połączeń między ziarnami i ich wykruszanie się. Zmiany te zostały wywołane cyklicznym zamarzaniem i rozmarzaniem wody pochodzącej z opadów atmosferycznych. Jej wnikaniu w głąb kamieni sprzyjała ich znaczna porowatość, wynosząca ponad 20% oraz system połączonych porów.

9

Evaluating carbon emission efficiencies in European Union transport: pre and post pandemic analysis

İpekçi Emre, Tanyaş Mehmet, Toygar Arda

LogForum

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2025

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Vol. 21, no 2

287--302

EN

Background: Reducing carbon emissions has become a strategic priority for sustainable logistics and supply chain management in the European Union (EU). The European Green Deal promotes decarbonization initiatives across key sectors, including transportation. This study evaluates the carbon emission efficiency of 25 EU countries across four transport modes-road, rail, air, and sea-before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, offering insights into sustainable transport and logistics performance. Methods: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was applied to assess the efficiency of energy use and employment inputs for each mode of transport mode. Inputs included rail and road lengths, as well as the number of trucks, while outputs comprised emission values, passenger numbers, freight volume, and port cargo throughput for maritime transport. Efficiency scores were calculated using both constant and variable returns-to-scale models to provide a comparative analysis across transport types. Results: The results reveal significant shifts in carbon emission efficiency between the pre- and post-EU pandemic periods. In road transport, three countries maintained efficiency, four lost efficiency, and four improved. Rail transport was relatively stable, with eight countries maintaining their scores but three declining. Air transport remained the least efficient, with only three countries maintaining efficiency post-pandemic. Maritime transport showed limited progress, with two countries consistently efficient and seven improving under select some models. These findings underscore the need for intermodal logistics strategies, investments in low-carbon technologies, and greater integration between modes to enhance EU carbon efficiency. Conclusions: Efficiency outcomes varied before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, indicating opportunities for countries to transform transportation systems to meet sustainability goals. The study provided valuable direction for policymakers and industry stakeholders in shaping post-pandemic strategies aligned with decarbonization goals.

10

Eco-performant mortar with clay shale from Settat, Morocco: Thermal, mechanical, and environmental analysis

Souileh Ayoub, Ouadif Latifa, Baba Khadija, Doughmi Khaoula, Masrour Ilham, Mabrouk Achraf, Chrachmy Mohammed, Benhaddou Khadija

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 3

86--98

EN

This study investigates the use of clay shale from the Settat-Khouribga region in Morocco as a sustainable substitute for sand in mortar, targeting improvements in thermal insulation, mechanical strength, and environmental impact. Mortar samples were prepared with varying clay shale contents (5%, 15%, and 25%), combined with CPJ45 cement and a 0.5 water-to-cement ratio. These samples were rigorously tested for thermal conductivity, diffusivity, specific heat, compressive strength, and flexural strength over curing periods of 1, 7, and 28 days. The findings indicate that incorporating clay shale significantly reduces the mortar’s thermal conductivity, with the 25% shale content achieving the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.6 W/m· K after 28 days, making it highly effective for insulation. However, the 15% clay shale mix emerged as the optimal balance, providing both enhanced insulation and structural performance, with compressive strength reaching 18 MPa at 28 days comparable to standard mortars. Flexural strength in the 15% mix also showed stability, suggesting suitability for structural applications. Environmentally, using clay shale decreases dependence on natural sand and lowers carbon emissions associated with mortar production. This research demonstrates that clay shale-modified mortars are a viable solution for sustainable construction, particularly in regions with readily available clay shale, supporting global efforts toward greener building practices.

11

Measurement, modelling and optimisation of the acoustic impact of the biomass conveyor system used in the power generation industry

Prusko A., Szczeszek P., Jastrząb A., Karkoszka T.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 130, nr 2

74--85

EN

Purpose: The study aims to measure, model and reduce the acoustic impact of the conveyor belt system planned for one of the Polish power plants. The system is currently in the design stage, and its elements will introduce additional noise sources. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis includes an assessment of noise sources and the creation of an acoustic model for the current state of the conveyor system, followed by the preparation of an acoustic model for the designed system for transporting biomass and the calculation of noise emission levels in the environment from the Power Plant area. The study also includes proposals for the system optimisation dedicated to minimising the acoustic impact. Findings: The analyses carried out confirm that the need to minimise the acoustic impact on the environment of belt conveyors operating in power plants directly is of an individual nature and depends on the location of the layout of the conveyors in relation to the land use of adjacent areas and the permissible noise values for them. Practical implications: When designing new installations, it is necessary to consider not only the selection of acoustic parameters for the equipment and mitigation measures, but also the potential use of existing infrastructure located along the path of noise transmission for shielding purposes. Originality/value: The methodology used, both in measurement and optimisation, utilising virtual reality simulations, can be applied as a universal tool for reducing the noise emitted into the environment by conveyor belt systems operating under various conditions.

12

Impact of Open-Pit Mining on the Environment: Case Study of the Porphyry and Diabase Mines Company in Krzeszowice

Kowal Barbara, Lasoń Emilia, Domaracka Lucia, Ogrodnik Romuald, Świniarska Olga

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2025

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Vol. 1, no. 1

111--116

EN

Every mining activity harms the elements of the environment. It is minimized by several corrective actions or modern proenvironmental technological solutions. Porphyry and Diabase mines in Krzeszowice are an important element of the Polish mining sector, and the aggregates extracted there are widely used in road construction, railways, and construction. The article assesses the impact of the activities of Porphyry and Diabase Mines sp z o.o. on the environment in the following areas: landscape change, waste management, air pollution, noise and vibration, mining damage, as well as impact on water conditions and landslide hazards. The presented analysis showed that the impact on the environment was limited thanks to the implementation of numerous pro-ecological actions, such as the reclamation of post-mining areas, selective deposition of mining waste on the dump, reduction of dust emissions and a drainage system that does not have a negative impact on water conditions and groundwater quality. The actions taken by the Company support sustainable management of the open pit mine and minimise the impact on the environment.

PL

Każda działalność górnicza oddziałuje w sposób negatywny na elementy środowiska. Jest on minimalizowany poprzez szereg działań naprawczych czy wdrażanie nowoczesnych prośrodowiskowych rozwiązań technologicznych. Kopalnie Porfiru i Diabazu w Zalasiu są istotnym elementem polskiego sektora wydobywczego. A wydobywane tam kruszywa znajdują szerokie zastosowanie w drogownictwie, kolejnictwie i budownictwie. W artykule przeprowadzono ocenę wpływu działalności Spółki Kopalnie Porfiru i Diabazu na środowisko w następujących obszarach: zmiana krajobrazu, gospodarka odpadami, zanieczyszczenie powietrza, hałas i wibracje, szkody górnicze a także zanieczyszczenie powietrza, oddziaływanie na stosunki wodne oraz zagrożenia osuwiskowe. Przedstawiona analiza pokazała, że wpływ na środowisko został ograniczony dzięki wdrożeniu licznych działań proekologicznych, takich jak rekultywacja terenów pogórniczych, selektywne składowanie odpadów oraz zmniejszenie emisji pyłów, a stosowany system odwadniania nie wywiera negatywnego wpływu na stosunki wodne i jakość wód gruntowych. Podejmowane przez Spółkę działania wspomagają zrównoważone zarządzanie kopalnią odkrywkową i minimalizują wpływ na środowisko.

13

Carbon Footprint Assessment for Sustainable Spatial Management in Urban Settlements: Study of Polish Cities

Mądzik Mikołaj, Świąder Małgorzata

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 1

25--66

EN

Urbanization significantly contributes to environmental changes, increasing carbon emissions, and resource consumption. This study quantifies the carbon footprints (CFs) and biocapacities (BCs) of urban settlements in Poland by focusing on household consumption levels in 18 regional cities. The research assesses CF in categories like waste generation, energy use, mobility, and food consumption, converting it into global hectares [gha] in order to measure the environmental impact. BC is evaluated by land use types in order to understand urban sustainability. The results showed considerable disparities, with Warsaw having the highest level CF and Zielona Góra the lowest. Mobility, electricity, and food contributed more than 80% of the total CF in our study. All of the cities exhibited ecological deficits, with CF levels exceeding those of BC; this indicated unsustainable resource use. Warsaw, for example, required more than 28 times its BC to support its consumption patterns. The study emphasizes the need for targeted interventions in transportation, energy efficiency, and public awareness in order to reduce urban environmental impacts. Local governments must prioritize sustainability efforts – especially in high-impact sectors. The research highlights the importance of urban planning strategies that align with sustainability goals in order to achieve a long-term ecological balance and resilience against climate change, thus offering insights that could guide policy development beyond Poland.

14

Dlaczego procedury środowiskowe trwają tak długo? Analiza problemów w postępowaniach – od decyzji do odwołań

Malara Magdalena, Nitarska-Fink Anna

Energetyka

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2025

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nr 10

547--552

PL

Artykuł stanowi analizę przyczyn przewlekłości procedur środowiskowych w Polsce, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem postępowań związanych z wydawaniem decyzji o środowiskowych uwarunkowaniach oraz kolejnych etapów procesu inwestycyjnego – od planowania przestrzennego po odwołania sądowo-administracyjne. Omówiono zarówno czynniki formalno-prawne (np. wieloetapowość procedur, obowiązki uzgodnień, udział wielu organów), jak i praktyczne przeszkody w postępowaniach, takie jak: niepełna dokumentacja, niskiej jakości raporty OOŚ, brak skutecznej komunikacji z organami oraz częste braki kadrowe i kompetencyjne po stronie administracji. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono roli organizacji ekologicznych i społeczności lokalnych, które – jako strony lub uczestnicy postępowania – mogą wnosić merytoryczne uwagi, żądać uzupełnień dokumentacji, a w razie nieuwzględnienia ich głosu – składać odwołania i skargi do sądów. Choć wpływ społeczny zwiększa transparentność procesu, w praktyce może również wydłużać procedury, zwłaszcza w sytuacjach konfliktowych. Przeciwdziałanie przewlekłości postępowań wymaga zarówno uproszczenia procedur administracyjnych, jak i wczesnego włączenia społeczeństwa w proces decyzyjny oraz podniesienia jakości dokumentacji środowiskowej.

EN

The article offers the analysis for reasons for protracted environmental procedures in Poland, with special consideration of procedures related to the issuance of environmental decisions and subsequent stages of the investment process – from spatial planning to judicial and administrative appeals. The article discusses not only formal and legal factors (e.g., multi-stage procedures, consultation obligations, involvement of multiple authorities) but also practical obstacles in proceedings, such as incomplete documentation, low quality of EIA reports, lack of effective communication with authorities and frequent staff and competence shortages in administration. Special attention is paid to the role of ecological organizations and local communities which, as parties or participants in proceedings, can submit substantive comments, request the completion of documentation or if their views are not taken into account, lodge appeals and complaints with the courts. Even though public involvement increases transparency of the process, in practice it may also prolong procedures, especially in case of conflicts. All this leads to the conclusion that counteracting the protracted nature of proceedings requires both administrative procedure simplification and early involvement of the public in the decision-making process and also the improvement of the quality of environmental documentation.

15

Identification and segmentation of social and environmental criteria in multi-criteria analysis for selecting infrastructure investment options for road transport

Bąk Monika, Borkowski Przemysław, Broniewicz Elżbieta, Budzyński Marcin, Dąbal Agata, Grzelec Krzysztof, Jamroz Kazimierz, Kobryń Andrzej, Ogrodnik Karolina, Ołdakowska Ewa, Siwowski Tomasz, Tłoczyński Dariusz

Economics and Environment

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2025

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No. 2

art. no. 1237

EN

Studies show that road investments generate both positive and negative socio-economic and environmental impacts. Social effects include improved accessibility, safety, and reduced inequality, but may also lead to increased accident rates and health concerns. A key challenge in multi-criteria analysis is the accurate identification and classification of social and environmental factors. Methods such as literature reviews, surveys, interviews, and cost-benefit analyses are used to assess these impacts and support decision-making, for example, through social impact assessments. This paper explores the difficulties in categorising various criteria as social or environmental and the implications of these classifications for evaluation processes. The authors propose a revised set of social and environmental standards for multi-criteria assessment of road investment options and examine how reclassifying certain criteria affects their relevance and validity. The study contributes to improving evaluation frameworks for infrastructure planning and supports more informed, socially aware investment decisions.

PL

Badania przeprowadzone w różnych krajach wskazują, że inwestycje drogowe mają zarówno pozytywne, jak i negatywne skutki społeczno-ekonomiczne oraz środowiskowe. Celem artykułu jest analiza wyzwań związanych z klasyfikacją czynników społecznych i środowiskowych w kontekście analiz wielokryterialnych dotyczących inwestycji drogowych. W badaniu na podstawie przeglądu literatury i badań własnych zaproponowano nowe zestawy kryteriów społecznych i środowiskowych, które znacząco różnią się od pierwotnych, oraz wykazano potrzebę zmiany klasyfikacji niektórych kryteriów. Przeprowadzona analiza dowodzi, że sposób klasyfikacji wpływa na ocenę i wybór wariantów inwestycyjnych. Wartość dodana pracy polega na przedstawieniu zmodyfikowanego podejścia do oceny społeczno-środowiskowej, które może znaleźć zastosowanie w praktyce planowania infrastruktury transportowej.

16

A case study of diesel engine pistons manufacturing and operation – comparative environmental assessment

Joachimiak-Lechman Katarzyna, Grygiel Jakub, Foltynowicz Zenon, Lewandowska Anna

Economics and Environment

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2025

|

No. 2

art. no. 998

EN

The main aim of the study was to compare two technologies of diesel engine piston manufacturing. Additionally, a simplified analysis was also made for the operation stage. The environmental impact was determined using a life cycle assessment. The research was conducted in four phases: goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment and interpretation. From the perspective of production itself, the aluminium pistons have been revealed to be a better option. However, differing emission characteristics and lower impact while in operation have compensated for the differences resulting from production and equalised the environmental impact of both solutions. Despite less environmentally friendly production, the fact that steel pistons are used in newer generations of engines means that, in terms of the two analysed life cycle stages, both solutions are environmentally comparable. The environmental hot spots of the production processes turned out to be different, although in both cases, they are associated with energy consumption. The research is of an applied nature with reference to real production processes and with highlights of the importance of factoring in the perspective of life cycle.

PL

Celem badań było porównanie oddziaływania na środowisko dwóch technologii produkcji tłoków przeznaczonych do silników wysokoprężnych. Wpływ na środowisko określono przy użyciu środowiskowej oceny cyklu życia. Badanie zrealizowano w czterech fazach: określenie celu i zakresu, analiza zbioru wejść i wyjść, ocena wpływu cyklu życia i interpretacja. Z punktu widzenia etapu produkcji, wytwarzanie tłoków aluminiowych okazało się lepszą środowiskowo opcją. Jednakże odmienne parametry emisyjne silników i mniejsze oddziaływania podczas użytkowania skompensowały różnice wynikające z produkcji i zrównały oddziaływanie obu alternatyw. Mimo mniej przyjaznego środowiskowo wytwarzania, fakt wykorzystywania tłoków stalowych w nowszej generacji silników powoduje, że w perspektywie dwóch analizowanych etapów cyklu życia oba rozwiązania są porównywalne. Środowiskowe punkty krytyczne obu procesów produkcyjnych okazały się różne, mimo, że w obu przypadkach ostatecznie wiążą się one z energochłonnością. Wartością badań jest ich walor aplikacyjny i odniesienie do rzeczywistych procesów produkcyjnych. Analiza uwidoczniła istotne znaczenie uwzględnienia perspektywy cyklu życia podczas oceny procesów technologicznych.

17

Multidisciplinary environmental assessment of oil refinery activities in Erbil, Iraq: Implications for water, soil, air, and human health

Dilekoglu Mehmed Fatih, Ahmed Murad Khan Mahmood, Hamed Masoud Hussein, Jirjees Shevan

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2025

|

Vol. 51, no. 4

78--90

EN

This study presents an extensive environmental impact assessment of the Erbil Oil Refinery, located in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The evaluation included surface water, groundwater, soil, and air quality analyses to identify the ecological and public health implications of refinery operations. Surface water samples from the Greater Zab River revealed elevated biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and copper concentrations downstream from the refinery, suggesting localized organic and heavy metal contamination. Groundwater analysis from six wells detected widespread exceedance of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), arsenic, and lead beyond Iraqi permissible limits, indicating serious risks to potable water safety. Air quality monitoring showed high concentrations of PM₂.₅ exceeding USEPA standards, particularly near the refinery, while PM₁₀ remained within safe limits in most seasons. Soil samples collected from eight sites demonstrated significant petroleum hydrocarbon presence and elevated levels of trace metals such as lead and copper near the refinery. Using the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) indices, surface water and groundwater were classified as "fair" to "good", while soil quality ranged from "medium" to "low". The findings underscore the urgent need for regulatory enforcement, remediation strategies, and long-term monitoring to protect environmental and human health in Erbil.

18

Comparison analysis of pro-quality and pro-environmental approaches to products improving in SMEs from the Visegrad Group Countries

Siwiec Dominika, Pacana Andrzej

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

|

z. 194

461--473

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the research was to perform an in-depth comparative analysis of proquality and pro-environmental approaches to the products improvement in SMEs (belonging to the electrical machinery industry industry) from V4 countries. Design/methodology/approach: An in-depth comparative analysis of pro-quality and proenvironmental approaches to product improvement was carried out in SMEs from V4 countries. Based on previous research (survey research conducted from March to September 2023 including 379 SMEs from V4 countries), two benchmarks for these approaches were developed and further analysed. Statistical analyses were used, i.e. Box-and-whisker chart and Wilcoxon paired test in STATISTICA 13.3. on the level of significance p<0.05. Findings: It was shown that SME entrepreneurs from V4 countries have a relatively similar approach to the improvement of pro-quality and pro-environmental products. The pro-quality approach is more important than pro-environmental in case of product improvement. Practical implications: Research results can be the basis for defining more precise directions for the development of SMEs in V4 countries and increasing cooperation between consortium regions in the development of product production in line with the idea of sustainable development and current customer expectations. Social implications: The results can have a positive impact on public attitudes, mainly entrepreneurs from SMEs, but not only in making further efforts to improve the quality of products while reducing the negative impact on the environment. This behavior may contribute to increased customer satisfaction with purchased products, but also to the development of the economies of the V4 countries and to meeting the requirements of sustainable development. Originality/value: Originality of the research includes determining the current approach of SMEs in the electrical machinery industry in V4 countries to meeting customer expectations regarding product quality, while striving to achieve environmentally friendly products.

19

Environmental impact of the oil spill caused by the leakage of the exemplary pipeline in the south Baltic Sea

Wilczyński Przemysław

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

|

Vol. 18 No. 4

883--888

EN

A significant spillage of oil-derived cargo or fuel in the port areas causes serious threats to the natural environment and to the ship traffic. Hydrometeorological conditions and the availability of means to limit such spillage have a significant influence on the way the oil spill propagates. In the article, the authors presented a simulation of the distribution of oil spills taking place in Port Polnocny in various hydrometeorological conditions and the impact of the spill on areas located near the port. For simulation process was used GNOME an interactive environmental simulation system designed for the rapid modelling of pollutant trajectories in the marine environment.

20

Sustainable Aviation Fuels as the Path to Carbon Neutrality in Air Transport

Szyc Rafał, Lenort Radim

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2024

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Tom 26

707--715

EN

This paper delves into the evolving landscape of the aviation industry, focusing on Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) as a potential solution to mitigate the environmental impact of air transport. With the aviation sector playing a pivotal role in global connectivity, its growth is shadowed by significant environmental challenges, notably high levels of carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases. Traditional aviation fuels, largely based on petroleum, are the primary contributors to these emissions, presenting a clear imperative for alternative solutions. This study explores the viability and environmental benefits of SAFs, produced from diverse renewable sources such as biomass, agricultural waste, and solar energy, which can seamlessly integrate into existing aviation infrastructure. The research highlights the technical, economic, and regulatory challenges in transitioning to SAFs while emphasizing their potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions without necessitating major modifications to aircraft technologies. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of current technologies, production methods, and the market viability of SAFs, including their economic implications in the context of fluctuating oil prices and the industry's drive towards carbon neutrality. By examining the lifecycle emissions and sustainability of various SAFs, this paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on reducing the aviation sector's carbon footprint and enhancing its sustainability profile.