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1

Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility Analysis of Coordinate Measurements of a Cutting Tool

Jamuła Barbara, Bazan Anna, Magdziak Marek

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 3

133--144

EN

The article presents the results of research concerning the analysis of the possibility of the innovative application of the LineScan non-contact laser measuring probe controlled by the ACCURA II coordinate measuring machine in the field of measurements of a selected cutting tool. In the study, the angle of a round cutting insert was measured. The influence of the selected elements of a measurement strategy i.e., the scanning speed v, the resolution k, and the number of measurement paths w on the repeatability of measurements and the value of the insert’s angle was determined. In both cases, the number of paths had the greatest impact. The best repeatability was obtained for the smallest distance between points (k = 0.1 mm) and the largest number of paths (w =10). For those measurement strategies, which differed in the scanning speed (1 and 3 mm/s), the detailed GR&R analyses were carried out by using the ANOVA and EMP methods. For strategies with the scanning speeds of 1 and 3 mm/s, the variance of the measuring system was 0.9% and 0.5% of the total variance, respectively. However, these differences in repeatability were not statistically significant. It has been shown that the selected methodologies of measurements and measurement data processing ensure good measurement repeatability of the selected geometrical feature of a cutting tool.

2

Analysis procedure of inspection errors based on MSA attribute study data set for the improvement purposes: Part 2 - results and discussion

Knop Krzysztof

Quality Production Improvement - QPI

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2020

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Vol. 2, Iss. 1

162--171

EN

In the first article in this series, the research methodology concerning the analysis of inspection errors based on MSA attribute study data set for the improvement purposes was presented. In the final article in the series, applying the methodology in practice step by step was presented. Instructions for correct performance of the analysis, in compliance with the author's procedure, were determined. Both advantages and disadvantages of the developed approach were underlined.

3

Analysis procedure of inspection errors based on MSA attribute study data set for the improvement purposes: Part 1 - methodolodgy

Knop Krzysztof

Quality Production Improvement - QPI

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2020

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Vol. 2, Iss. 1

150--161

EN

The article presents an authorship version of the analysis procedure of data set from MSA Attribute Study for the purposes related to the reduction of conformity assessment errors and improvement of production process effectiveness. The MSA manual does not include any clear guidelines on how to eliminate errors or guidelines on how to analyse data sets from attribute study to eliminate errors. The article attempts to fill the gap identified in this field. In this article (Part 1), the author outlines the key features of own methodology of analysis data from MSA attribute study. In this article, which is one of the two parts, a research problem has been identified. It was emphasised that the influence on the reduction of the effectiveness of the production process have errors committed by the controllers in the alternative assessment of the product's conformity with the requirements, i.e. errors of I and II type, in particular, II type errors, which should be first eliminated. A traditional approach to research analysis and evaluation of alternative inspection system practised in the MSA manual was presented. Four key assumptions that were adopted for the research goal were presented. Author's procedure for analysis of errors from the attribute study data set is to point to the direction of activities in the field of error analysis, emphasise intolerance to any error, assume to use the root causes analysis and the coaching sessions to reach the root causes of conformity errors. In the second, final article in the series (Part 2), the author illustrates how, step by step, the procedure could be used in practice. It also presents the advantages and limitations of its own procedure.

4

Wstęp do analizy systemów pomiarowych w procesach wytwórczych

Sałaciński T., Misiak J., Horczyczak M.

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

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2015

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nr 9-10

144--149

PL

W artykule omówiono zagadnienia związane ze sprawdzaniem narzędzi pomiarowych. Przeprowadzono dekompozycje procesu pomiarowego na procesy składowe. Zdefiniowano główne parametry związane z analizą systemu pomiarowego oraz zestawiono zależności do wyznaczania wskaźników jego zdolności. Pokazano przykładowy formularz obliczeniowy zrealizowany w programie Excel.

EN

The paper discusses issues related to the verification of measurement devices. The decomposition of the measurement process to sub-processes has been carried out. The main parameters associated with the analysis of the measurement system have been defined. The formulas to determine the measuring system capability indices have been presented. A sample Excel form for the calculations has been shown.

5

Nadzorowanie procesów obróbki skrawaniem z wykorzystaniem metrologii oraz systemów SPC i MSA

Sałaciński T.

Mechanik

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2015

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R. 88, nr 8-9CD2

533--541

PL

Współczesne procesy obróbki skrawaniem, jako najbardziej rozpowszechnione w technologii maszyn, muszą podlegać ciągłemu nadzorowaniu. W tym celu stosuje się narzędzia metrologii technicznej do pozyskiwania i archiwizowania wyników pomiarów oraz metody analizy stabilności i zdolności procesów (SPC), jak również metodę analizy przydatności systemów pomiarowych (MSA). W artykule przedstawiono procedurę postępowania w trakcie nadzorowania procesów obróbki skrawaniem z wykorzystaniem wymienionych metod, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem adaptacyjnych kart kontrolnych.

EN

Contemporary metal cutting processes – as the most common in machine building industry – must be the subject of continuous supervision. Tools of technical metrology are used for this purpose to collect and file measurement results as well as stability analysis methods and process capability methods (SPC) together with methods of analysis of suitability of measurement systems (MSA). This paper presents procedure of metal cutting technology process supervision using methods mentioned above with special enhance on adaptative control charts.

6

The evaluation of production line measurement process quality

Zalewski W.

Problemy Eksploatacji

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2014

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no. 3

151--163

EN

In production control processes, many decisions are made based on measurements conducted during the production itself. Therefore, the product quality, the equipment operating conditions, and the course of production process are all influenced by the quality of measurement system in use. Repeatability and Reproducibility Analysis (R&R), which is one of the methods of Measurement System Analysis (MSA), can be used in order to evaluate the measurement system’s precision. This article presents an evaluation of a measurement system, transferred directly from a Control Department to a Production Line in one of the enterprises in Podlaskie region. For the calculation, the author used the results of a measurement experiment in the surveyed enterprise carried out in the STATISTICA software. There was also an analysis conducted of cause-and-effect in relation to measurement processes of bad quality.

PL

W procesach sterowania produkcją wiele decyzji podejmowanych jest na podstawie przeprowadzonych w jej trakcie pomiarów. Jakość stosowanego procesu pomiarowego ma więc wpływ na jakość wyrobów, warunki eksploatacji maszyn, przebieg procesu produkcji. Do oceny poprawności systemu pomiarowego można wykorzystać analizę powtarzalności i odtwarzalności (R&R), która jest jedną z metod analizy MSA (Measurement System Analysis). W artykule przedstawiono ocenę jakości systemu pomiarowego, który został przeniesiony z działu kontroli jakości bezpośrednio na linię produkcyjną w jednym z przedsiębiorstw w województwie podlaskim. Do obliczeń wykorzystano wyniki eksperymentu pomiarowego w badanym zakładzie opracowane przy użyciu aplikacji STATISTICA. Przeprowadzono również analizę przyczynowo-skutkową złej jakości procesów pomiarowych.

7

New experimental method to measure the metallic surface area of coronary stents

Károly D., Kovács M., Bognár E.

Selected Engineering Problems

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2013

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nr 4

115--118

EN

Endovascular stents, such as coronary stents are widely used for the treatment of narrowed or blocked blood vessels. We developed a new experimental method to measure the metallic surface area (MSA) of stents. Our aim was to compare this method with the previously used. According to the results we could make a suggestion to use the new automatic method, because this gives the most and accurate information in the shortest time. The collected experience and results of this study can help physicians to choose an appropriate stent.

8

Experimental demonstration of Measurement System Analysis

Król A., Czaja W., Kost G., Czop P., Wszołek G., Jakubowski D.

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2013

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R. 17, nr 1

92-96

EN

This work presents the application of Measurement System Analysis (MSA) and the advantages of the Six Sigma approach in the validation of a servo-hydraulic tester. The diagnosis of repeatability and reproducibility by using repeatability (R) and reproducibility (R) gage analysis (so called Gage R&R Type II tool) which shows the correct operation of the measuring system including uncertainty of staff and measuring instrumentation. The Gage R&R Type II tool is based on the analysis of variance, called ANOVA. The structural approach to the subject has also provided knowledge of the error of the measurement system.

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano zastosowanie analizy systemu pomiarowego (MSA) oraz zalety Six Sigma w podejściu walidacji testera serwohydraulicznego. Ustalenie stopnia powtarzalności i odtwarzalności przez użycie analizy powtarzalności (repeatability - R) i odtwarzalności (reproducibility - R) zwanej Gage R&R Type II, która pokazuje prawidłową pracę systemu pomiarowego, w tym niepewność pracowników oraz narzędzi pomiarowych. Narzędzie Gage R&R Type II bazuje na analizie wariancji zwanej ANOVA. Podstawowym podejściem do wiedzy na temat badanego obiektu jest poznanie błędu samego systemu pomiarowego.

9

Procedura procesu zatwierdzania części do produkcji (PPAP) jako standard zapewnienia jakości dostawców (SQA) w przedsiębiorstwach produkcyjnych

Rewilak J., Tokaj T.

Zarządzanie Przedsiębiorstwem

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2012

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Vol. 15, nr 2

25-31

EN

It is a common knowledge, that quality of a manufactured product highly depends on quality of its components. This especially might be a problem, if a component comes from external supplier, whose processes are normally beyond our control. The paper addresses a procedure called PPAP (Production Part Approval Process abbreviation known from Ford, Chrysler, General Motors manuals, issued by AIAG) which has been widely used in automotive industry to assure good quality deliveries from suppliers, beginning from early stage of cooperation, before start of production. PPAP requirements are shown as a way customer and supplier agrees upon not only product quality, but also upon manufacturing process, which must meet specified standards, set by customer (e.g. documentation, records, capability, stability, confidence in measurements etc.). The paper includes authors' assessment of resources necessary for a supplier to provide in order to meet customer's PPAP requirements. Also, reasons and perspectives of PPAP development are discussed, basing on documents proving PPAP - like practices noticeable in industries having little or nothing in common with automotive industry. In conclusion, PPAP is presented as a procedure imposed on suppliers by customers, who, being well aware of weaknesses of certified Quality Management Systems with respect to management of preventive actions in supplier's manufacturing processes, needs a strong proof that a supplier effectively introduced relevant preventive actions to a manufacturing process before it starts production of goods for a customer.

10

Influence of measurement system quality on the evaluation of process capability indices

Czarski A., Matusiewicz P.

Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering

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2012

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Vol. 38, no. 1

25-32

EN

Among statistical instruments of quality Statistical Process Control (SPC) and Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) take particular place. The proper quality of measurement data - verification and assurance of this quality are the task of MSA - guarantees an opportunity to carry out a solid SPC analysis supplying information about a process behavior. One of the principal tasks of SPC is estimation of capability of a process i.e. the assessment of process potential as for variability regarding expectations defined by specification limits. Data for analysis of a process capability are the results of measurements made by means of a determined measurement system. The variability of this measurement system must influence the results of capability assessment, however the measurement system adequate to control the process should guarantee that the impact is little enough to be omitted. The subject of the work is the analysis of influence of measurement system variability on evaluation of process capability indices. The mutual relations between process variability and measurement system variability present analytical relationships and experimental research given in the work. The aim of the tests was an assessment of a capability of the process of steel drop forgings' heat treatment relating to a hardness. The methodology demonstrated in the work is valid quality standards compatible (ISO 9000, ISO/TS 16949 etc.).

PL

Wśród statystycznych narzędzi jakości szczególne miejsce zajmują: statystyczne sterowanie procesem (SPC) oraz analiza systemów pomiarowych (MSA). Odpowiednia jakość danych pomiarowych - weryfikacja i zapewnienie tej jakości to zadanie MSA - gwarantuje możliwość przeprowadzenia rzetelnej analizy SPC dostarczającej istotnych informacji o zachowaniu się procesu. Jednym z podstawowych zadań SPC jest ocena zdolności jakościowej procesu, tj. ocena możliwości procesu ze względu na zmienność w odniesieniu do oczekiwań definiowanych granicami specyfikacji. Dane do analizy zdolności procesu są wynikiem pomiarów wykonanych za pomocą określonego systemu pomiarowego. Zmienność tego systemu pomiarowego musi wpływać na wyniki oceny zdolności, niemniej odpowiedni do nadzorowania procesu system pomiarowy powinien gwarantować, aby wpływ ten był na tyle mały, że pomijalny. Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza wpływu zmienności systemu pomiarowego na ocenę współczynników zdolności procesu. Wzajemne relacje pomiędzy zmiennością procesu oraz zmiennością systemu pomiarowego przestawiają podane w pracy związki analityczne oraz badania eksperymentalne. Celem badań była ocena zdolności procesu obróbki cieplnej odkuwek stalowych do uzyskiwanej twardości. Metodyka zaprezentowana w pracy jest zgodna z obowiązującymi standardami jakości (ISO 9000, ISO/TS 16949 itp.).

11

The influence of the load on the hardness

Petrik J., Palfy P.

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2011

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Vol. 18, nr 2

223-234

EN

The objective of the submitted paper is to analyze the influence of the load on the calibration of micro-hardness and hardness testers. The results were validated by Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Z-score. The relationship between the load and micro-hardness in calibration of micro-hardness testers cannot be explained by Kick's Law (Meyer's index "n" is different from 2). The conditions of Kick's Law are satisfied at macro-hardness calibration, the values of "n" are close to 2, regardless of the applied load. The apparent micro-hardness increases with the increase of the load up to 30 g; the reverse indentation size effect (ISE) behavior is typical for this interval of the loads. The influence of the load on the measured microhardness is statistically significant for majority of calibrations.

12

The estimation of alternative control efficiency with the use of the Cohen's Kappa coefficient

Knop K., Borkowski S.

Management and Production Engineering Review

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2011

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Vol. 2, No. 3

19-27

EN

In the article there was prepared the characteristics of the Cohen's Kappa method - one of methods concerning the analysis of measuring systems used for alternative control, recommended by the motorization branch (MSA 4 th Edition. Ford, Chrysler, GM, 2010). The analysis of the examined method has been conducted while taking into consideration, as follows: history, use, calculation, results' interpretation, example, pros and cons of the method, research methodology. The Cohen Kappa coefficient, when skillfully used, may cause the increase of control activities efficiency performed by individual inspectors as well as adequate choice of people designed to fulfill the key control operations. The Kappa statistics usability was verified upon estimating the conformity of inspectors. What was underlined is the fact, that statistics of the Kappa type should not be perceived as a determined, unique standard and assumptive way of conformity estimation. Moreover, there was proposed the use of additional helpful indicators during the analysis of alternative control systems efficiency.

13

Optimization of pneumatic actuators with the use of design for Six Sigma methodology

Król A., Wszołek G., Czop P.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2011

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Vol. 47, nr 2

205--210

EN

Purpose: The first aim of this paper is to optimize pneumatic actuator behavior using a structured approach to define and control system factors in order to achieve targeted output values. The second aim is to present a structured optimization process supported by Measurement System Analysis (MSA) and Design of Experiment (DOE) tools in practical applications. Design/methodology/approach: A complete approach for optimizing an unknown system with a structured approach known from DFSS methodology is used in the practical example of pneumatic actuators. DFSS methodology requires a detailed project definition, but ensures good quality of measurement data and a well-prepared optimization process supported by known DOE tools. Findings: The structural approach for system optimization known from DFSS methodology provides a good fit for the optimization of a pneumatic actuator to achieve specified targets. Teams working on system optimization not only set the parameters but also gather a large amount of valuable information about how the mentioned system works, and what the main factors influencing the final results are. The gathered knowledge can be used to create a robust design with the lowest possible cost. Research limitations/implications: The results obtained from Measurement System Analysis and Design of Experiment are valid only for chosen factors and, importantly, only in the range used in both statistical methods. Extrapolation outside the statistical model boundaries is forbidden. Therefore a critical aspect is to agree within the project team on the correct factors and their levels. Practical implications: The optimization of pneumatic actuators can be achieved by a structured approach consisting mainly of project definition, measurement system analysis and final optimization through DOE tools to achieve given targets for displacement and time simultaneously. Originality/value: First Time Through optimization of a pneumatic actuator system as an example of any system treated as a black box, meaning a system with an unknown relationship between input and output. Design for Six Sigma methodology presented in a practical approach.

14

Zastosowanie uśredniania multisynchronicznego - MSA w diagnostyce silników asynchronicznych

Barczewski R.

Diagnostyka

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2005

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Vol. 35

105--112

PL

W artykule zarysowano możliwości zastosowań uśredniania multisynchronicznego - MSA (diagnostycznie zorientowanej metody przetwarzania sygnału) do diagnozowania asynchronicznych silników elektrycznych. Technika ta może być stosowana na etapie badań identyfikacyjnych oraz jako standardowa procedura w zaawansowanych systemach diagnostycznych. Wyniki wstępnego przetwarzania sygnałów WA techniką MSA pozwalają określić punkty reprezentatywne dla obserwacji drgań, niosące informacje o zjawiskach i procesach zachodzących w silniku. Stosując MSA możliwe jest także prowadzenie selektywnej obserwacji zjawisk i procesów. W pracy zarysowano ideę metody oraz przykład zastosowania do dekompozycji sygnału drganiowego generowanego przez asynchroniczny silnik elektryczny.

EN

The paper outlines application of mulitisynchronous averaging MSA (of a diagnostically oriented signal processing method) in diagnosing asynchronous electric motors. The technique may be used at the stage of identification research and as a standard procedure in advanced diagnostic systems. The results of the MSA technique enable selecting the representative vibration observation points providing the information on the phenomena and processes undergoing in the motor. Moreover, a selective observation phenomena and processes becomes feasible. The paper provides an outline of idea of the method and an its example application for decomposition of a vibration signal generated by an asynchronous electric motor.