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1

Analysis of an energy harvesting system with kinematic excitation and step change of elastic force with hysteresis

Borowiec Marek, Bocheński Marcin, Drzymała Bartosz, Ostrowski Mariusz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2026

|

Vol. 20, no. 3

512--524

EN

The efficiency of vibration-based energy harvesters is often constrained by low vibration amplitudes and limited responsiveness beyond the resonant frequency. To overcome these limitations, mechanical amplifiers and spring bumpers can be employed to enhance excitation amplitude and magnet velocity within a compact device. This study presents a nonlinear oscillator supported on pre-compressed coil springs with high-stiffness bumpers acting as motion limiters. The resulting collision effects and friction introduce hysteresis, significantly influencing the system’s dynamic response. An electromagnetic model with position-dependent inductance is developed, and the identified system parameters enable numerical analysis of energy recovery and dynamic behaviour. Selected numerical predictions are compared with experimental observations, demonstrating the model’s effectiveness.

2

Minimalizacja naprężeń elementu sprężystego w nieliniowym przetworniku energii drgań na energię elektryczną

Gabor Rafał, Kulik Marcin

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2025

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R. 101, nr 6

76--80

PL

Artykuł przedstawia optymalizację nieliniowego przetwornika energii drgań, koncentrując się na minimalizacji naprężeń w newralgicznym elemencie układu. W wyniku symulacji i analiz mechanicznych zidentyfikowano obszary krytyczne oraz zoptymalizowano geometrię belki, co umożliwiło redukcję naprężeń o 13,8%, przy zachowaniu częstotliwości rezonansowej ~35 Hz. Wysoka zgodność wyników symulacyjnych i eksperymentalnych potwierdziła wiarygodność zastosowanego modelu numerycznego. Opracowany przetwornik, dzięki zwiększonej trwałości i efektywności, może znaleźć zastosowanie w autonomicznych systemach zasilania, takich jak urządzenia IoT.

EN

The article presents the optimization of a nonlinear vibration energy harvester, focusing on minimizing stress in the critical component of the system. Through simulations and mechanical analyses, critical stress areas were identified, and the beam geometry was optimized, resulting in a 13.8% stress reduction while maintaining the resonant frequency of approximately 35 Hz. The high consistency between simulation and experimental results confirmed the reliability of the applied numerical model. The developed harvester, with enhanced durability and efficiency, can be applied in autonomous power systems, such as IoT devices.

3

Influence of beam material on the voltage and power responses in a nonlinear electromagnetic energy harvester

Gabor Rafał, Kulik Marcin

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2025

|

R. 101, nr 11

33--40

EN

This study investigates how the choice of beam material affects the dynamic performance of a nonlinear electromagnetic energy harvester. Four materials- carbon fiber, fiberglass, aluminum, and ABS - were analyzed by optimizing their beam cross-sections (at a fixed length) to achieve a common resonance frequency of 35 Hz. Despite identical natural frequencies, modal and dynamic simulations revealed notable differences in vibration response, voltage output, power generation, and stress distribution. Composite materials, particularly carbon fiber and fiberglass, produced higher output voltages and power, while aluminum offered a wider operational bandwidth. Stress analyses under identical displacements showed significant variation in maximum stress, driven primarily by differences in Young’s modulus. The presented methodology supports materialand geometry-aware design of efficient, durable energy harvesters for use in autonomous, vibration-powered devices.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł ukazuje, w jaki sposób wybór materiału belki wpływa na charakterystyki dynamiczne nieliniowego elektromagnetycznego układu pozyskiwania energii. Cztery materiały - włókno węglowe, włókno szklane, aluminium oraz ABS - zostały przeanalizowane poprzez optymalizację przekrojów poprzecznych belek (przy stałej długości) w celu uzyskania wspólnej częstotliwości rezonansowej wynoszącej 35 Hz. Pomimo identycznych częstotliwości własnych, symulacje modalne i dynamiczne ujawniły istotne różnice w odpowiedzi drganiowej, generowanym napięciu, wytwarzanej mocy oraz rozkładzie naprężeń. Materiały kompozytowe, w szczególności włókno węglowe i szklane, wykazały wyższe wartości napięcia wyjściowego i mocy, natomiast aluminium charakteryzowało się szerszym pasmem roboczym. Analizy naprężeń przy identycznych przemieszczeniach wykazały znaczną zmienność maksymalnych naprężeń, wynikającą głównie z różnic w module Younga. Zaprezentowana metodologia wspiera projektowanie wydajnych i trwałych układów pozyskiwania energii, uwzględniających materiał i geometrię, przeznaczonych do zastosowań w autonomicznych urządzeniach zasilanych drganiami.

4

Response of the air flow energy harvester with two side-by-side bluff-bodies of various shapes

Ahmed Syed Amjad, Litak Grzegorz, Waśkowicz Mateusz, Ravi Dineshkumar, Giri Abhijeet M., Caban Jacek

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

|

Vol. 26, nr 4

238--249

EN

The experimental results of flow energy harvesting where the bluff-bodies with different shapes of cross-section are mounted at the ends of the cantilever beams were presented. Namely, bluff-bodies – as cylinders and rectangles – were considered for the interaction with flowing air. The bluff-bodies are coupled through the joint suspension frame where the other cantilever ends were clamped and coupled additionally by vortices created in the space between them. Finally, piezoelectric patches with corresponding electrical circuits were attached to the cantilever beams. They transduce the mechanical energy of the beam-bluff-body resonators into the electrical power. The resulting structure oscillated interacting with the airflow with a range of velocities. High amplitude oscillations caused by the interaction of vortices produced larger voltage response in the electric circuits. As the bluff-bodies of different shapes respond differently, moderate voltage output over a wider velocity range was observed. For illustration of the energy transduction mechanism and qualitative validation of the experimental results, numerical simulations were performed. The differences in the vortex formation and shedding responsible for the vibrations induced in the mechanical structure were shown.

5

Investigation of the temperature impact on the operation of a nonlinear electromagnetic vibration energy harvester

Kulik Marcin, Gabor Rafał

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2025

|

Vol. 73, nr 3

art. no. e153836

EN

This paper presents a detailed study of the impact of temperature on the performance of a nonlinear electromagnetic vibration energy harvester, which is applied in autonomous power systems. The variability of material properties under the influence of temperature, such as stiffness, damping, and magnetic induction, significantly affects the operational characteristics of the device. A mathematical model accounting for these factors, including linear and quadratic temperature coefficients, optimized using a genetic algorithm, is presented in the article. The simulation results were compared with experimental data, showing good agreement, particularly in the range of frequency bandwidth and output voltage. It was demonstrated that higher temperatures lead to a reduction in mechanical and magnetic stiffness, resulting in decreased energy conversion efficiency.

6

Study of power and voltage maps of a tri-stable electromagnetic energy harvester connected to a step-up converter

Kulik Marcin, Górecki Krzysztof, Jagieła Mariusz

Archives of Electrical Engineering

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2025

|

Vol. 74, nr 2

409--424

EN

Due to the specific operation and complex structure of the energy harvesting system, comprising a tri-stable nonlinear vibration energy harvester and a step-up converter, its performance can hardly be represented by a family of curves. For this reason, this paper presents its performance maps determined experimentally. Various converter parameters and loading resistances are used to assess the influence of excitation acceleration on output voltage and power. This study reveals that the system achieves a maximum power of 30.25 mW and a maximum output voltage of 5.32 V at an excitation acceleration of 10 m/s2 under optimal conditions. The analysis identifies operating regions restricted by the converter parameters where the system attains a minimum applicable voltage between 1.8 and 3.3 V alongside the acceptable output power. This makes it appropriate for powering wireless measurement systems and MEMS devices. The results reveal the need to adjust the converter settings to real-world scenarios adaptively.

7

Practical considerations for the harvesting and conditioning of energy from general-purpose teletransmission systems

Kamuda Kazimierz W., Klepacki Dariusz, Hotra Oleksandra, Sabat Wiesław, Kuryło Kazimierz, Mroczka Janusz, Kisała Piotr

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2025

|

Vol. 19, no. 9

1--18

EN

This paper presents the results of tests of a model semi-passive RFID identifier system from the point of view of efficiency of energy harvesting from teletransmission systems. The previously developed assumptions and guidelines for the concept of implementation of a harvester system applied in individual solutions, as well as the structure of the identifier operation algorithm adopted in these solutions (otherwise known – in the broader meaning of the term – as the scenario of operation of the identifier system) were taken into account in the conducted research. The efficiency of energy recovery and conditioning from electromagnetic environment was verified for the model RFID identifier.

8

Optimisation of the operating voltage of a multilayer uniaxial dielectric elastomer generator

Sikora Wojciech, Michalczyk Krzysztof

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

|

Vol. 19, no. 6

203--214

EN

The optimum operating parameters for dielectric elastomer generator (DEG) systems, in the sense of the global optimum, refer to their maximum performance in terms of elastomer tensile strength, breakdown voltage value etc. In practice, operating a DEG close to the limit of its strength will involve a limitation of its durability, as DEGs can also suffer fatigue damage. Deviation from the optimum operating parameters, either for reasons of increasing their durability and reliability or simply because of practical limitations in a given application, makes it necessary to search for local optimum operating points. The aim of this study was to analytically determine the optimum working point of a DEG generator operating in a rectangular cycle (constant charge, constant voltage) by the value of the voltage difference between the upper and lower sources. On the basis of capacitance measurements on two generators with two and three active layers (electrodes) operating under uniaxial tensile loading, the theoretical values of the optimal voltage difference ΔU were calculated. The results were then verified experimentally. The empirical values were found to be in agreement with the theory (Fig. 10) and showed that it is possible to predict the performance of a DEG accurately by knowing the variations in its electrical capacitance.

9

Magnetorheological fluid magnetic spring harvester design and characterization

Lo-Sciuto Grazia, Bijak Joanna, Kowalik Zygmunt, Kowol Paweł

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

|

Vol. 19, no. 5

128--141

EN

Magnetic springs are widely investigated as energy converters alternative and energy harvesters by converting mechanical vibrations into electricity at low frequencies. In this article the design methodology of novel magnetic spring is proposed to improve the dynamic performance and electrical power. The magnetic spring system is composed by floating magnet and two cylindrical neodymium fixed magnets located on the top and bottom within the cylindrical casing. The external magnets repel the middle (floating) magnet that causes the spring force between them. The advanced magnetic spring system includes a new case with two interior chambers positioned on upper and bottom around the fixed permanent magnets. The chambers are filled with magnetorheological fluid that ensure the higher electrical power in comparison to previous invention in absence of magnetorheological fluid. The general purpose of the realized energy harvester is to provide a novel design of magnetic system with magnetorheological fluid that has the advantages to achieve electrical power in a larger range of frequencies. Additionally, measurements of the displacements and magnetic flux densities have been conducted within a dedicated experimental setup to validate the prototype and its electrical performance.

10

A review of the state-of-the-art in improving piezoelectric properties

Al-Obiedy Ali N., Al-helli Ali H.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

|

Vol. 19, no. 6

41--69

EN

This review will present a collection of previous research studies in the field of enhanced piezoelectric properties. At first, an introduction will be provided about the field of energy, methods of harvesting energy, the field of employing piezoelectricity, and also the concept of piezoelectricity to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy when used as a sensor. It can be employed as an actuator that can convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. This paper will provide an overview of techniques for enhancing the characteristics of piezoelectric materials. There are many of these methods, such as composite and hybrid materials, partial size, shape, and dimension, compressibility, lamination, 3D printed piezoelectric, coating, functional grid materials, hybrid systems, and more. For each method, different materials were used to prepare the piezoelectric. These materials can be broken down into several groups, such as smart materials that have piezoelectric effects, shape memory effects, and pyroelectric effects; reinforcement materials as Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT), CFRP (Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer), or GFRP (Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer); matrix materials as UV-curable resin, and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS); materials that help with the distribution process as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF); and electrode materials as copper, platinum, and graphene. Additionally, the size of the added materials was defined, as most are nanomaterials. We will display the hybrid system, which is multifunctional. It is considered an important aspect of future development. In this part, different effects are combined into one application. For example, the smart scaffold combines the piezoelectric and shape memory effects. The real benefit of the research is to make the material's properties work better in general, and piezoelectricity works better in particular. These improvements can be done by studying each method on its own and then trying to combine some improvement methods in future research to make piezoelectricity work better and make it useful in more situations.

11

Prototyp metamateriałowego systemu harwestera mikrofalowego

Budnarowska Magdalena, Mizeraczyk Jerzy

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2024

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R. 100, nr 10

261--264

PL

W artykule przedstawiono weryfikację potencjału autorskiej macierzy metamateriałowej (MM) stanowiącej część większego systemu harwestera promieniowania elektromagnetycznego (EM) do pozyskiwania energii EM z otoczenia w zakresie częstotliwości mikrofalowych. Motywacją do podjęcia tej tematyki jest szybki rozwój małych przenośnych urządzeń elektronicznych o małym zapotrzebowaniu energetycznym. Głównym celem pracy jest ocena efektywności energetycznej systemu prototypu harwestera EM składającego się z autorskiej macierzy MM i konwertera RF/DC. Zadaniem konwertera RF/DC jest przetwarzanie energii EM pozyskanej z otoczenia przez macierz MM na energię elektryczną. Działanie prototypu harwestera EM zostało zweryfikowane eksperymentalnie. Oceniono efektywność prototypu i jego potencjalne zastosowanie w technologii pozyskiwania energii z otoczenia. Efektywność pozyskiwania energii EM prototypu wyniosła ok. 50% przy częstotliwości mikrofalowej ok. 2,6 GHz. Otrzymane wyniki potwierdziły możliwości aplikacyjne zaproponowanego prototypu harwestera EM.

EN

This work verified the potential of an original metamaterial (MM) array as part of an electromagnetic radiation (EM) harvesting system for EM energy capturing in the microwave frequency range from the environment. The motivation for this research is the rapid development of small portable electronic devices with low energy demand. The main goal of the research is evaluation the effectiveness of the prototype EM harvester system, which consists of the original MM array and an RF/DC converter. The task of the RF/DC converter is to convert the EM energy harvested from the environment by the MM array into electrical energy. The operation of the EM harvester prototype was experimentally verified. The efficiency of the prototype and its potential application in the energy harvesting technology were evaluated. The energy harvesting efficiency of the prototype EM was approximately 50% at a microwave frequency around 2.6 GHz. The obtained results showed the attractiveness of the proposed EM harvester prototype.

12

Energy Harvesting system with battery-supercapacitor hybrid storage for highly maintenance-free remote sensing stations

Szybiński Krzysztof

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2024

|

R. 100, nr 9

292--297

EN

In this article, the usage of a Hybrid Energy Storage System concept is proposed. The proposed solution is dedicated to Energy Harvesting systems operating in remote areas, where a high level of maintenance-free operation and reliability is required. Attention is drawn to the problem of self-discharge in traditional batteries, proposing the use of batteries as a source with a much lower self-discharge rate, supported by a supercapacitor.

PL

W artykule zaproponowano wykorzystanie idei Hybrydowego Systemu Magazynowania Energii. Proponowane rozwiązanie dedykowane jest systemom pozyskiwania energii, pracującym na obszarach odległych, w których wymagany jest wysoki poziom bezobsługowości, a zarazem niezawodności. Zwrócono uwagę na problem samorozładowania klasycznych akumulatorów, proponując wykorzystanie baterii jako źródła o znacznie mniejszym współczynniku samorozładowania, wspomaganego superkondensatorem.

13

Modeling of a power unit using a photovoltaic energy harvester

Dziadak Bogdan, Sabry Ahmad H., Almamoori Nawres Ali, Kucharek Mariusz

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2024

|

Vol. 65, Nr 1

14--18

EN

A critical parameter of IoT nodes and WSN nodes is runtime. In most cases, nodes are battery-powered. The use of Energy Harvesting based power systems in the nodes allows to extend the operating time. Modeling and simulation of circuits using Energy Harvesting makes it possible to achieve optimal circuit design before physical implementation. This article presents the design and simulation process of a power system using a micro photovoltaic panel for energy support.

PL

Krytycznym parametrem węzłów IoT oraz węzłów sieci WSN jest czas pracy. W większości przypadków węzły zasilane są w sposób bateryjny. Wykorzystanie w węzłach układów zasilania bazujących na układach Energy Harvesting pozwala wydłużyć czas pracy. Modelowanie i symulacja układów wykorzystujących Energy Harvesting pozwala na osiągniecie optymalnej konstrukcji układu przed przystąpieniem od fizycznej realizacji. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiony jest proces projektowania i symulacji układu zasilania wykorzystujący do wspomagania energetycznego mikro panel fotowoltaiczny.

14

Mikroharvester piezoelektryczny do pozyskiwania energii

Bokla Nataliia, Klymkovych Tamara, Kubiak Andrzej, Bernacki Łukasz, Lisik Zbigniew

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2024

|

Vol. 65, Nr 7

12--16

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki prac poświęconych opracowaniu, realizacji i charakteryzacji mikroharvestera przeznaczonego do konwersji energii cieplnej w energię elektryczną. Elementy składowe mikroharvesterów, wykonane za pomocą techniki obróbki laserowej podłoży krzemowych, pozwoliły na złożenie struktur prototypowych i obserwację skutecznej generacji impulsów elektrycznych na dedykowanym stanowisku pomiarowym odzwierciedlającym potencjalne warunki pracy struktury mikroharvestera.

EN

The paper presents the results of work devoted to the development, implementation and characterization of a microharvester intended for the conversion of thermal energy into electricity. The components of microharvesters, made using laser processing of silicon substrates, allowed the assembly of prototype structures and the observation of the effective generation of electric pulses at a dedicated measurement station reflecting the potential operating conditions of the structure. (Piezoelectric microstructure for energy harvesting).

15

System monitoringu elementów rozdzielnicy SN pod napięciem

Kucharek Mariusz, Książek Leszek, Radziak Kamil, Michalski Paweł, Lisowiec Aleksander

Elektro Info

|

2024

|

nr 10

32--34

PL

W artykule opisano system eTemp służący do monitoringu elementów pod napięciem, których temperatura może wzrosnąć w wyniku zwiększenia rezystancji połączeń skręcanych, przewężeń, połączeń wykonawczych, głowic kablowych oraz w wyniku słabej wentylacji lub długotrwałego przekroczenia prądów znamionowych rozdzielnicy. Sensory temperatury, instalowane na elementach będących pod napięciem, pobierają energię zasilającą z pola elektromagnetycznego wokół przewodów z prądem. System eTemp składa się z sieci takich sensorów do pomiaru temperatury elementów znajdujących się w strefie napięcia niebezpiecznego oraz sensorów temperatury i wilgotności powietrza zasilanych bateryjnie.

EN

In the paper a system, called eTemp, for monitoring the temperature of switchboard elements, like busbars, cable connectors, has been described. Temperature sensors installed on the busbars are powered from the electromagnetic field around the current conductors. The eTemp system consists of temperature sensors located in hazardous area and temperature and humidity sensors that are battery powered.

16

Generatory termoelektryczne - zasada działania, budowa, zastosowania

Żabnieńska-Góra Alina

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2024

|

T. 55, nr 2

13--20

PL

Zmniejszenie emisji gazów cieplarnianych jest jednym z głównych wyzwań stojących przed ludzkością w nadchodzących latach. Dlatego celem dla naukowców i przemysłu jest poszukiwanie alternatywnych źródeł energii oraz zmniejszenia zużycia energii przez zwiększenie wydajności produkcji, dystrybucji i końcowego wykorzystania z uwzględnieniem procesów odzyskiwania energii. Technologia termoelektryczna (TE) jest uważana za alternatywną i przyjazną w odniesieniu do środowiska technologię pozyskiwania i odzyskiwania ciepła. Generatory termoelektryczne (TEG) wykorzystują efekt Seebecka do bezpośredniej konwersji ciepła w energię elektryczną. Artykuł przybliża czytelnikowi zasadę działania TEG, stosowane materiały termoelektryczne oraz możliwe zastosowania. Tym samym zwraca uwagę, na wciąż niewykorzystywany w pełni potencjał generatorów termoelektrycznych i zauważa, że dalsze prace nad rozwojem tej technologii są konieczne.

EN

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is one of the major challenge facing humanity in the coming years. Therefore, the goal for researchers and industry is to seek alternative sources of energy and to reduce energy consumption by increasing the efficiency of production, distribution and end-use, taking into account energy recovery processes. Thermoelectric (TE) technology is considered as an alternative and environmentally friendly technology for heat harvesting and recovery. Thermoelectric generators (TEG) use the Seebeck effect to directly convert thermal energy into electrical energy. This article introduces the reader to the principle of TEG, the thermoelectric materials used and possible applications. It also draws attention to the still not fully exploited potential of thermoelectric generators and notes that further development of this technology necessary.

17

Research on the Use of Multifrequency Excitations for Energy Harvesting in a Combustion Engine

Caban Jacek, Stączek Paweł, Wolszczak Piotr, Nowak Radosław, Karczmarzyk Stanisław

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2024

|

Vol. 18, no. 5

400--412

EN

Research conducted around the world shows that energy harvesting (EH) systems can be used in modern vehicles powered by combustion, hybrid or electric engines. The efficiency of modern combustion engines is about 40%, the rest of the energy is lost and can be recovered to some extent. Therefore, the search is ongoing for systems that will use this part of the energy to power specific systems or micro-sensors installed in the vehicle. The article presents the possibilities of energy recovery from such vehicle systems as: energy recovered during braking, damping energy in the vehicle suspension, energy recovery from the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine and energy from the vibrations of the internal combustion engine. Based on the analysis of the literature on the presented research of various scientific centers and the author's experiment, it can be concluded that there is a huge potential for obtaining thermal energy from the engine exhaust system and the vehicle suspension system. A field that has not been explored much, but according to the authors also has energy potential, is energy recovery from the combustion engine suspension system in the vehicle's engine compartment. Preliminary research shows the possibility of mounting the energy recovery system in the engine compartment and the potential possibility of obtaining electricity in certain operating states of the combustion engine.

18

Experimental Energy Recovery from a Backpack Using Various Harvester Concepts

Kęcik Krzysztof

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2024

|

Vol. 18, no. 3

67--78

EN

Energy harvesting from human body kinetics is a crucial issue. The primary challenge lies in designing and optimizing the energy converter. This paper presents an analysis of energy harvesting using three variants of electromagnetic harvesters designed for backpack integration. The first harvester comprises a single levitating magnet within a coil. The second concept involves a specially designed oscillating magnet consisting of two divided magnets with a separator. The third harvester variant utilizes two levitating magnets within the coil. The results indicate that, for harmonic excitation, the harvested power is the highest for the classical harvester with a single oscillating magnet. However, when integrated into a backpack, the concept of two levitating magnets proves to be more effective in lower speed ranges.

19

Numerical investigations on the dynamic behaviour of a 2-DOF airfoil with application in energy harvesting system

Haniszewski Tomasz, Gąska Damian, Margielewicz Jerzy, Opasiak Tadeusz

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

|

2023

|

z. 118

77--91

EN

This article presents the basic airfoil model with two degrees of freedom - the semi-rigid model, where its forced vibrations were considered, and the exciting force is the aerodynamic force, including its periodic changes, that is, gusts. Since the phenomenological model under study has a coupled form, its versions after decoupling are presented, which has an impact on the results of the final research. The airfoil model presented in this way was shown from the application side in the system of a simple energy harvester based on a deformable beam with piezoelectric elements. The result of the simulation tests is a preliminary analysis of the possibility of using the airfoil as a vibration generator for the energy harvesting system. Along with the application of the mechanical part, a numerical simulation of the electrical part was also implemented, related to the transformation of the voltage generated by piezoelectric elements into a constant voltage signal with a connected receiver with power consumption similar to the Atmega microcontroller with battery charging.

20

Zasilanie gwarantowane w czasie niedoborów energii

Kuczyński Karol

Rynek Instalacyjny

|

2023

|

Nr 12

42--46

PL

W artykule omówiono wybrane sposoby magazynowania energii elektrycznej oraz strukturę pozyskiwania energii ze źródeł odnawialnych w Polsce. Zwrócono uwagę na zasilanie odbiorców z kilku źródeł, w tym z sieci elektroenergetycznej (układy hybrydowe), w okresach niedoborów energii.

EN

The article discusses selected methods of electricity storage and the structure of obtaining energy from renewable sources in Poland. It draws attention to the power supply of consumers from several sources, including the power grid (hybrid systems), during periods of energy shortages.