Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Integrated biovalorization of Pongamia pinnata seeds for sustainable biodiesel and bioethanol production

Rani Sidra, Anwar Zahid, Iqbal Zafar I, Zafar Muddassar, Javed Hafiz Muhammad

Green Sciences

|

2026

|

Vol. 28, nr 1

44--59

EN

Biofuels represent a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, with non-food feedstock offering particular promise. This study evaluated Pongamia pinnata seeds as a dual feedstock for biodiesel and bioethanol production. Moisture content was determined at 8.0%, favorably lower than most lignocellulosic biomasses. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, indicating its suitability for biofuel production. Biodiesel was produced via alkaline transesterification, with the highest conversion (70%) obtained at a 5:1 alcohol-to-oil ratio. The de-oiled seed cake, rich in carbohydrates and low in lignin, was optimized for glucose release through Response Surface Methodology. Optimal conditions (100°C, 2.5 g substrate, 1.75% H2SO4, 60 min) yielded 429 mg g−1 glucose. Enzymatic hydrolysis further enhanced sugar release, with maximum glucose (118.21 mg g−1) achieved at 72 h with a 2.0mL enzyme load. Subsequent fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced 6.71% ethanol. These findings highlight the potential of P. pinnata as a feedstock for integrated biorefineries, supporting sustainable biofuel production.

2

Fakty i mity w pomiarach ozonu

Paleczek Witold

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

|

2026

|

Nr 6

15--18

PL

Ozonatory pracujące w powietrzu nie generują czystego ozonu, lecz mieszaninę reaktywnych tlenków azotu prowadzącą do powstawania żrącego i potencjalnie kancerogennego HNO3. Widma UVVIS takich mieszanin mogą imitować sygnaturę O3, co sprzyja błędnej ocenie bezpieczeństwa i przeszacowaniu stężenia ozonu w pomiarach spektrofotometrycznych. Jednocześnie oceniono lokalne uwarunkowania nieliniowej interferencji absorpcyjnej w mieszaninie O3/NO/NO2. Charakterystyczny „zapach ozonu” pochodzi w rzeczywistości od NOx i produktów ich reakcji. Urządzenia te mogą stanowić istotne zagrożenie zdrowotne w pomieszczeniach zamkniętych.

EN

Ozonators operating in ambient air do not generate pure ozone but a mixture of reactive nitrogen oxides that leads to the formation of corrosive and potentially carcinogenic HNO3. The UVVIS spectra of such mixtures may imitate the signature of O3, promoting misjudgment of safety and overestimation of ozone concentration in spectrophotometric measurements. Simultaneously, local conditions affecting nonlinear absorptive interference in O3/NO/NO2 mixtures were evaluated. The characteristic “ozone smell” in fact originates from NOx and their reaction products. These devices may pose a significant health hazard in enclosed indoor environments.

3

Railway station in Rzeszow – social impact building, building material structure survey

Gosztyła Marek, Sikorski Krystian, Gosztyła Jan, Pasztor Peter

Technical Transactions

|

2025

|

Vol. 122, iss. 1

art. no. e2025002

EN

In the body of the article, as a preliminary issue, aspects from the history of the construction of the railroad station in Rzeszow were discussed. The main purpose of the research was to determine the structural characteristics of the materials used in the construction of the railway station along with their selection, use in the construction of the building and their sensory perception. In the course of the research, the chemical and crystalline composition of the sampled stones was determined. Also the origin of the building material was considered in the context of selected facilities of the Charles Ludwig Galician Railway, and the metrics of the building material were interpreted in terms of existing inscriptions/mercs. The realization of the intended objectives caused the selection of research methods. A synthetic analysis of the impact of designed architectural solutions of railway stations on the perception of travelers was carried out. To realize the research tasks, literature analysis was carried out along with an attempt to use specialized research equipment to determine the properties of the stone material used in the construction of the Main Railway Station. The choice of research methods resulted form the specifics of the subject under study.

4

Kompleksy bis-ftalocyjanin lantanowców do zastosowań w układach mikroelektronicznych

Słota Rudolf, Dyrda Gabriela

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2025

|

T. 104, nr 12

1374--1378

PL

Zsyntezowano kompleksy bis-ftalocyjanin lantanowców ze wszystkimi metalami tej grupy (LnPc₂, gdzie Ln = lantanowiec, Pc = C₃₂H₁₆N₈ oznacza ligand ftalocyjaninowy), wykorzystując w tym celu metodę polegającą na spiekaniu 1,2-dicyjanobenzenu i odpowiedniego octanu lantanowca w zatopionej ampułce szklanej w czasie 1 h w temp. 300-350°C zależnej od rodzaju Ln. Podstawowym celem zastosowanej metodyki syntezy było otrzymanie produktów o wysokiej jakości i bardzo dużej czystości, tak aby mogły znaleźć zastosowanie jako aktywne komponenty w zaawansowanych układach elektronicznych typu high-tech. Przedstawiono odpowiednie procedury syntezy i oczyszczania kompleksów oraz dokładnie omówiono metodykę oceny jakościowej produktu końcowego.

EN

Bis-phthalocyanine complexes of the complete Ln metal series (LnPc₂, where Ln = rare earth metal, Pc = C₃₂H₁₆N₈ is the phthalocyanine ligand) were synthesized following the procedure involving sintering of 1,2-dicyanobenzene and the relevant metal acetate, in a sealed glass ampoule, for 1 h at 300-350°C, depending on the Ln metal. The appropriate synthesis and purification procedures were characterized and the qual. evaluation mode of the final product was elucidated extensively. The resulting complexes were characterized by high purity, as detd. by FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy.

5

Structural, optical, and photoluminescence properties of CdWO4 films synthesized by a chemical bath deposition method

Jovanovski Stefan, Ristova Mimoza

Materials Science Poland

|

2025

|

Vol. 43, No. 1

93--102

EN

Thin cadmium tungstate (CdWO4) films have gained growing interest in the last few decades because of their high X-ray absorption coefficient and low radiation damage. Various applications are known for CdWO4, such as sensors in radiation detectors and photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds. In this work, we report a simple and cost-effective chemical bath deposition method of CdWO4 thin films on glass substrates from one solution. The films were annealed at 600°C for 1 h in air. The scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed a dense structure of the films with multiple defects (cracks and craters), along with a nonstoichiometric W-rich composition. Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of CdWO4 through v1 and v₃ vibrational modes. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a typical monoclinic CdWO4 structure, along with a minor presence of secondary phases (CdO and WO₃) in the annealed sample at 600°C. UV-vis transmission spectra and the corresponding Tauc plot indicated a direct band gap of 2.62 eV. Reflectance spectra demonstrated intrinsic luminescence under high-energy UV radiation, with a broad emission peak at 500 nm. Preliminary electrochromic tests showed that the films exhibited electrochromic behaviour, with the in situ measured transmittance at 550 nm changing by approximately 55%. With further optimization, CdWO4 films prepared by this method could be applied for high-energy radiation detectors, such as those for UV and X-ray detection, which will be the subject of future research.

6

Classification of microplastic characteristics in surface water and sediments in the lower Mekong river (Vietnam) in the dry season

Tran Thi Chung, Lam Van Hao, Nguyen Thi Thanh Minh, Zieliński Piotr, Nguyen Hoang Phong, Vo Luong Hong Phuc

Inżynieria Mineralna

|

2025

|

Vol. 2, no. 1

678--692

EN

The study analyzes the distribution and composition of microplastics at 17 locations along the Mekong River (Vietnam) during the dry season (April 2024). Microplastic samples were collected from both surface water and riverbed sediments. Optical microscopy was used to observe and identify the shape characteristics of microplastics, while Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was applied to analyze the polymeric composition. Preliminary results indicate that the distribution of microplastics at monitoring stations depends on various factors, including geographical location, degree of urbanization, transportation activities, population density, riverside exploitation activities, and the hydrological characteristics of the river. Higher densities of microplastics were found in areas near urban centers and residential activities, as well as in riverside exploitation zones. The most common microplastic shapes identified were fibers and fragments. FTIR analysis revealed that Polystyrene (PS), Polypropylene (PP), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and Nylon are the primary types of polymers. Comparisons between surface water and sediment samples showed that microplastic accumulation was higher and more diverse in water, with fragments consistently accounting for a larger proportion in most samples. The study provides an overview of the microplastic pollution status in the Mekong Delta river system, serving as a foundation for further research on the environmental impacts on riverside communities.

7

Optimization of iron and manganese removal from groundwater using activated carbons derived from waste materials via response surface methodology

Wafa Deiaa, Elsayed Abdelaziz, Ayoub Mohamed, El-Morsy Ahmed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2025

|

Vol. 26, iss. 9

376--391

EN

Activated carbon derived from cigarette butts (CI-AC), corn cobs (CO-AC), and luffa sponge (LU-AC) was evaluated for adsorbing iron and manganese from aqueous solutions. Each material was carbonized at 300 ℃ for 2 hours, followed by chemical activation with HCl (carbonaceous material/HCl ratio of 1:5). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterized the adsorbents. The effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, initial Fe and Mn concentrations, and contact time on Fe(II) and Mn(II) adsorption were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box–Behnken design. Optimal conditions for CI-AC were: pH 8, 50 minutes contact time, 2 g adsorbent dose, and 3.32 mg/l initial Fe and Mn concentration, resulting in 70.33% Fe and 65.12% Mn removal. Optimal conditions for CO-AC were: pH 6.34, 37.8 minutes contact time, 1.25 g adsorbent dose, and 3.52 mg/l initial Fe and Mn concentration, resulting in 88.53% Fe and 79.75% Mn removal. Optimal conditions for LU-AC were: pH 6.49, 50 minutes contact time, 1.67g adsorbent dose, and 0.5 mg/l initial Fe and Mn concentration, resulting in 79% Fe and 86.37% Mn removal.

8

Functional groups in microalgal extracellular polymeric substances: A promising biopolymer for microplastic mitigation in marine ecosystems

Lestari Septiana Widi, Hertika Asus Maizar Suryanto, Yona Defri, Buwono Nanik Retno

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2025

|

Vol. 26, iss. 3

159--170

EN

This study aims to characterise the amounts of EPS produced and the chemical functional groups of three different microbial phyla, namely Chlorophyta (Dunaliella sp.), Bacillariophyta (Phaeodactylum sp.), and Cyanobacteria (Spirulina sp.). Microalgae of Dunaliella sp., Phaeodactylum sp. and Spirulina sp. were grown in culture media with continuous aeration and lighting and controlled temperature. At the beginning of the stationary phase, the culture medium was centrifuged, ethanol precipitated, dialysed with deionised water and freeze-dried to produce white EPS biopolymer. The dry EPS weight of microalgae Dunaliella sp., Phaeodactylum sp. and Spirulina sp. were 0.356±0.01 gL-1, 0.245±0.02 gL-1 and 0.477±0.02 gL-1, respectively. In the present study we used micro scopic Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to investigate functional group of EPS microalgae. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of all three exopolysaccharides (EPS) reveal key similarities, including O-H stretching vibrations around 3500 cm-1, indicative of hydroxyl groups that enhance hydrophilicity, and C=O stretching vibrations between 1700–1600 cm-1, suggesting the presence of carbonyl groups. These functional groups, along with C-H stretching vibrations around 2920–2850 cm-1 linked to aliphatic hydrocarbons, contribute to the structural integrity, solubility, and versatility of EPS in biological and industrial applications. The study concludes that EPS-producing microalgae hold significant potential for mitigating microplastic pollution through aggregation and possible biodegradation, especially in marine environments.

9

Function Functional groups in microalgal extracellular polymeric substances: A promising biopolymer for microplastic mitigation in marine ecosystems

Lestari Septiana Widi, Hertika Asus Maizar Suryanto, Yona Defri, Buwono Nanik Retno

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2025

|

Vol. 26, iss. 3

159--170

EN

This study aims to characterise the amounts of EPS produced and the chemical functional groups of three different microbial phyla, namely Chlorophyta (Dunaliella sp.), Bacillariophyta (Phaeodactylum sp.), and Cyanobacteria (Spirulina sp.). Microalgae of Dunaliella sp., Phaeodactylum sp. and Spirulina sp. were grown in culture media with continuous aeration and lighting and controlled temperature. At the beginning of the stationary phase, the culture medium was centrifuged, ethanol precipitated, dialysed with deionised water and freeze-dried to produce white EPS biopolymer. The dry EPS weight of microalgae Dunaliella sp., Phaeodactylum sp. and Spirulina sp. were 0.356±0.01 gL-1, 0.245±0.02 gL-1 and 0.477±0.02 gL-1, respectively. In the present study we used micro scopic Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to investigate functional group of EPS microalgae. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of all three exopolysaccharides (EPS) reveal key similarities, including O-H stretching vibrations around 3500 cm-1, indicative of hydroxyl groups that enhance hydrophilicity, and C=O stretching vibrations between 1700–1600 cm-1, suggesting the presence of carbonyl groups. These functional groups, along with C-H stretching vibrations around 2920–2850 cm-1 linked to aliphatic hydrocarbons, contribute to the structural integrity, solubility, and versatility of EPS in biological and industrial applications. The study concludes that EPS-producing microalgae hold significant potential for mitigating microplastic pollution through aggregation and possible biodegradation, especially in marine environments.

10

The role of laboratory testing and sampling in ensuring material compliance and controlling the rubber production process

Górska Monika, Caban Renata

Chemical and Process Engineering : New Frontiers

|

2025

|

Vol. 46, nr 4

art. no. e111

EN

Laboratory testing plays a key role in ensuring the quality of the rubber production process. Quality has a direct impact on the efficiency and innovation of industrial enterprises. Control of the chemical structure of rubber at individual stages of production, carried out using advanced analytical methods such as FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography), enables the detection of any non-compliance. FTIR enables an early assessment of structural changes in the material, which is the foundation for further research. DSC is used to study the stability of polymers. Its main purpose is to analyse changes in the mechanical, physical and physicochemical properties of polymers with a controlled increase or decrease in temperature. The technological process of rubber production also depends on the molecular weight of the sample at a given stage of the process. The analysis was performed using the GPC method. By using the selected testing techniques, the rubber production process can be corrected promptly, minimising waste and improving the quality of the final product. Regular testing, including the identification of moisture content, eliminates problems that can prevent precise measurements and the ultimate functionality of the rubber. Based on the results of the tests, changes were made to the rubber production technology, introducing an additional drying stage which enabled not only the elimination of the observed problems but also the optimisation of the process and improvement of the quality of the final product. Such measures make it possible not only to enhance productivity but also to meet the growing demands of customers and remain competitive in a dynamic market.

11

Development, comprehensive characterization, and antimicrobial activity evaluation of a novel class of symmetrical 1,3-benzoxazine derivatives

Issam A.M., Kareem Huda Salah, Jweeg Muhsin Jaber, Mohammed M.N, Abdullah Thamer Adnan, Abdullah Oday I., Hassan Chiya Othman

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

|

2024

|

Vol. 26, nr 4

104--113

EN

Completely symmetrical 6,6’-cyclohexane-1,1-diyl bis (3-substituted-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine) synthesized compounds have been able by a two-step process that yields a large amount of the compound. First, phenol and cyclohexanone were subjected to the Friedel-Craft process to produce 1,1’-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) cyclohexane. The reaction between the bisphenol and formaldehyde and several primary amines produced unique symmetrical 1,3-benzoxazine compounds. Several spectroscopic methods, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C), GCMS spectrometry, and CHNS, were utilized in conjunction with tridimensional liquid chromatography (TLC) to investigate and validate the structures of the compounds created thoroughly. Two Gram-negative and two Gram-positive bacteria and a pathogenic fungus were tested for antimicrobial activity in contrast to the gold-standard medications streptomycin and nystatin. The antibacterial activity of some of these compounds was even better than that of the gold-standard medications, which is encouraging.

12

Development of the hybrid distributed Bragg reflectors for mid-infrared applications

Mikulicz Monika, Badura Mikołaj, Rygała Michał, Smołka Tristan, Macherzyński Wojciech, Łozińska Adriana, Motyka Marcin

Opto-Electronics Review

|

2024

|

Vol. 32, No. 1

art. no. e149168

EN

In this study, an analysis of the optical performance of two types of distributed Bragg reflector structures based on GaAs and InP material systems was carried out. The structures were designed for maximum performance at 4 μm with their reflectivity achieving between 80 and 90% with eight pairs of constituent layers. To further enhance the performance of these structures, additional Au layers were added at the bottom of the structure with Ti precoating applied to improve the adhesivity of the Au to the semiconductor substrate. The optimal range of Ti layer thickness resulting in the improvement of the maximum reflectivity was determined to be in between 5 and 15 nm.

13

Review of the possible application of laboratory testing techniques for corrosion protection of steel structures

Kunce Izabela

Ochrona przed Korozją

|

2024

|

nr 8

220--226

EN

The article includes examples of problems with the corrosion protection of steel structures after a few or several years of operation and presents selected laboratory testing techniques used during technical assessments. The research techniques used included infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). These enabled the following questions to be answered: whether the paint was applied according to the required technology, whether a conversion coating was applied before the powder coating, why a correctly applied zinc coating did not provide sufficient corrosion protection for the fasteners of the steel structure. The paper also details other applications of the presented research methods, not only in the field of performing technical expert reviews, but also in testing systems used in the corrosion protection of steel structures.

PL

W artykule opisano przykłady problemów z zabezpieczaniem antykorozyjnym konstrukcji stalowych po kilku lub kilkunastu latach eksploatacji obiektów oraz przedstawiono wybrane laboratoryjne techniki badawcze wykorzystywane podczas wykonywania ekspertyz technicznych. Zastosowano następujące metodyki badawcze: spektroskopię w podczerwieni (FTIR), skaningową mikroskopię elektronową (SEM) oraz spektroskopię promieniowania rentgenowskiego z dyspersją energii (EDS). Pozwoliło to uzyskać informacje, czy zastosowano farbę zgodną z wymaganą technologią, czy naniesiono powłokę konwersyjną przed malowaniem proszkowym, a także dlaczego poprawnie wykonana powłoka cynkowa nie była wystarczającym zabezpieczeniem antykorozyjnym elementów złącznych konstrukcji stalowej. W pracy wyszczególniono również inne możliwości zastosowania przedstawionych metodyk badawczych, nie tylko w zakresie wykonywania ekspertyz technicznych, lecz także w obszarze badań systemów stosowanych w ochronie antykorozyjnej konstrukcji stalowych.

14

Fabrication and characterization of a 3D printing filament from polylactic acid and Cryptostegia grandiflora fibers

Udhayakumar A., Mayandi K., Rajini N., Murali M., Mohammad Faruq, Al-Lohedan Hamad A., Krishnan Kumar, Santulli Carlo

Materials Science Poland

|

2024

|

Vol. 42, No. 4

1--10

EN

Additive manufacturing (AM), i.e., 3D printing, has seen significant growth in recent years in all industries due to its potential advantages, requiring the polymers that are adapted as for melt flow index (MFI) to this use to have adequate tensile strength as well. Hence, in this work, a novel ligno-cellulosic fiber from Cryptostegia grandiflora (CG) and polylactic acid (PLA) were blended to obtain a filament for AM using a twin screw extruder. To determine the filament’s suitability for the 3D printing process, MFI and thermal degradation were examined. In order to identify the distribution and the effect of CG fiber (CGF) filler on the matrix, the filaments were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). CGF powder distribution was observed in the microstructure of the CGF/PLA composite filament. Due to the high compatibility between PLA and CGF, their blending slightly increased the degradation temperature, though did not lead to any crystallinity loss, and the CGF/PLA filament showed 12.5% better tensile characteristics than the pure PLA filament. Based on their performance, the CGF may represent a suitable and compatible filler to improve the properties of the PLA filament for 3D printing applications.

15

Copper oxide–ferric oxide nanocomposite: Synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial and antifungal properties

Elnouby Mohamed, Nabil Marwa, Al-Askar Abdulaziz A., Kowalczewski Przemysław, Abdelkhalek Ahmed

Materials Science Poland

|

2024

|

Vol. 42, No. 3

100--110

EN

Recently, copper oxide–ferric oxide nanocomposites (CuO/Fe2O3-NCs) have gained popularity and are widely employed in various applications. However, their effectiveness against phytopathogens has not been studied yet. This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of CuO/Fe2O3-NCs using the hydrothermal technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the produced nanocomposite (NC). EDX and TEM analyses revealed the presence of Cu, Fe, and O elements. The NC had a polygonal shape with sides around 12 nm, spherical CuO particles of 7–10 nm, and plate-likeFe2O3. XRD measurements confirmed the crystal and hexagonal structures of CuO and Fe2O3. The XRD patterns of CuO/Fe2O3 showed the characteristic peaks of (−111) and (004) reflections for CuO at 35.69° and 37.73°. The FTIR spectra showed characteristic lines at 525 and 567 cm−1 for the Cu–O bond and Fe–O stretching modes of Fe2O3, respectively. The antifungal activity of CuO/Fe2O3-NCs showed significant growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Botrytis cinerea by up to 71, 50, and 81%, respectively, at 100 µg/mL. At 50 µg/mL, the antibacterial test revealed inhibition zones of 12.33 mm for Pectobacterium carotovorum, 9.33 mm for Streptomyces scabies, 10.67 mm for Pectobacterium atrosepticum, and 14.67 mm for Ralstonia solanacearum. The results show that CuO/Fe2O3-NCs can efficiently suppress the growth of various fungal and bacterial strains, making them potential antimicrobial agents against phytopathogenic microorganisms.

16

An Investigation of Microplastic Occurrence and Heavy Metals Concentrations in Street Dust on the Left Side of Mosul City, Iraq

Almola Marah Ayad, Al-Ahmady Kossay K., Mhemid Rasha Khalid Sabri

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, nr 9

116-132

EN

The issue of street dust pollution is primarily related to levels of microplastic particles (MPs) and heavy metals, raising concerns about their potential risk to the environment. In this work, twenty street dust samples with three replicates were collected from different areas (residential, commercial, and industrial) on the left side of Mosul city/Iraq, to investigate the presence of MPs and study their characteristics. Additionally, to assess the potential ecological risk impact of twelve heavy metals. Among the 60 dust samples taken from the streets, an average of MPs ranging between 244 and 2760 per 15 grams of dust was detected. Most of these plastic particles were transparent fragments with sizes varying from less than 10 to 200 µm as observed through a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Furthermore, results from FTIR analysis indicated that polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was the dominant polymer type found in MPs, accounting for around 63%. The levels of metal in road dust were assessed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) showing that quantification of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sb, Hg, and Pb surpassed the background values of world soils among the twelve elements studied. Variation coefficients (VCs) coupled with enrichment and contamination factors revealed that Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Hg, and Pb are associated with both sources (anthropogenic and natural). On the other hand, Mn, Fe, and Ni originate from natural sources. Calculated potential ecological risk (Er) indicated high ecological risk by Hg. Approximately half of the samples exhibited moderate ecological risk indices (RI).

17

Oznaczanie wartości opałowej koksów za pomocą różnicowej kalorymetrii skaningowej DSC połączonej z analizą termograwimetryczną TGA

Czajka Krzysztof M.

Górnictwo Odkrywkowe

|

2024

|

R. 65, nr 2

4--10

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metodę oznaczania wartości opałowej koksów z zastosowaniem różnicowej kalorymetrii skaningowej (DSC) połączonej z analizą termograwimetryczną (TGA). Opracowana technika jest alternatywą dla obecnie stosowanych metod. W odróżnieniu od nich, oznaczanie wartości opałowej za pomocą TGA/DSC umożliwia charakteryzowanie miligramowych prób koksów, o różnym stopniu odgazowania, uzyskanych z różnorodnych paliw. Zastosowanie opisywanej metody, pozwala dodatkowo na wyznaczenie zmiany wartości opałowej analizowanych prób, w zależności od stopnia konwersji paliwa oraz pośrednie oznaczenie wartości opałowej części lotnych. Weryfikacji wyników uzyskanych za pomocą techniki TGA/DSC dokonano na podstawie metody znormalizowanej, przy zastosowaniu bomby kalorymetrycznej. Rozbieżności pomiędzy wartościami zmierzonymi dla koksów z biomasy i węgla kamiennego, koksu ponaftowego oraz grafitu wyniosły od 0,2 MJ/kg do 0,8 MJ/kg.

EN

The study presents a method for determining the calorific value of cokes using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) combined with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The developed technique serves as an alternative to currently used methods. Unlike traditional approaches, determining the calorific value using TGA/DSC allows for the characterization of milligram-sized coke samples with varying degrees of devolatilization, obtained from diverse fuels. Additionally, the described method enables the determination of calorific value change profiles of the analyzed samples depending on the degree of fuel conversion, as well as the indirect determination of the calorific value of volatile matter. The results obtained using the TGA/DSC technique were validated against a standardized method employing a bomb calorimeter. Discrepancies between the measured values for biomass and bituminous coal cokes, petroleum coke, and graphite ranged from 0.2 MJ/kg to 0.8 MJ/kg.

18

Zastosowanie techniki FTIR i metod chemometrycznych do oceny procesu biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków komunalnych osadem czynnym

Piaskowski Krzysztof, Walendzik Bartosz

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

|

2024

|

Nr 1

32--39

PL

Biologiczny proces osadu czynnego jest najpopularniejszą metodą stosowaną w licznych oczyszczalniach ścieków, która z reguły pozwala na uzyskanie wymaganego efektu ekologicznego. Jednakże charakteryzuje się ona również pewną niestabilnością uzyskiwanych efektów zależną od warunków i parametrów, na które częściowo eksploatator nie ma wpływu. Dlatego też poszukuje się szybkich technik analitycznych do kontroli i oceny osadu czynnego, które w przypadku pojawienia się nieprawidłowości w komorach biologicznych pozwolą na podjęcie decyzji operacyjnych korygujących proces, jak również jego optymalizację. W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano możliwości wykorzystania analizy FTIR-DRIFT zawiesiny osadu czynnego połączonej z analizą chemometryczną wybranych parametrów osadu i ścieków do oceny procesu oczyszczania na poszczególnych etapach pracy reaktora biologicznego. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że zastosowanie techniki FTIR do szybkiej oceny procesu biologicznego jest możliwe, a w połączeniu z modelowaniem PLS i po odpowiednim skalibrowaniu z wartościami parametrów fizyczno-chemicznych może stanowić element kontrolny w eksploatacji oczyszczalni ścieków.

EN

The activated sludge process is the most popular method used in many sewage treatment plants, which usually allows to achieve the required ecological effect. However, it is also characterized by a certain instability of the obtained effects, depending on conditions and parameters which are partly beyond the operator's influence. Therefore, rapid analytical techniques are being sought for the control and assessment of activated sludge, which, in the event of irregularities occurring in biological tanks, will allow operational decisions to be made to correct the process as well as its optimization. This article presents the possibilities of using FTIR-DRIFT analysis of activated sludge suspension combined with chemometric analysis of selected sludge and sewage parameters to assess the course of the purification process at various stages of operation of the biological reactor. The obtained results indicate that the use of the FTIR technique for rapid assessment of a biological process is possible, and in combination with PLS modeling and after appropriate calibration with physical and chemical parameters, it can constitute a control element in the operation of sewage treatment plants.

19

Comparative Analysis of Phenolic and Flavonoid content, Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities, and Functional Groups of Chemicals from Hypericum perforatum L., and Papaver Rhoeas L. Flower Extracts

Afqir Hajar, Belmalha Saadia, Farihi Ayoub, Elbouzidi Amine, Bouhrim Mohamed, Elrherabi Amal, Boutagayout Abdellatif, Oubihi Asmae, Ouhssine Mohammed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, iss. 2

88--101

EN

In this study, the authors aimed to compare the phytochemical compounds (polyphenols and flavonoids), antioxidant activity, functional groups present in the compounds (FTIR), and anti-microbial effects, in the aqueous and methanol extracts obtained from flowers of commercial Hypericum perforatum and native Papaver Rhoeas from Morocco. P. Rhoeas L was collected from El Lhaj Kaddour near Meknes, while H. perforatum L was bought in a dried state from a Moroccan herbalist in the same city. Total polyphenols were evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, respectively. The antioxidant activity was assessed via DPPH and antimicrobial effects were tested against six bacteria (Gram– and Gram+). The aqueous and methanol extracts of P. Rhoeas had the highest TPC value (23.67 ± 0.94 mg GAE/g; 15.86 ± 0.65 mg GAE/g) compared to H. perforatum (15.26 ± 1.30 mg GAE/g; 5.50 ± 1.13 GAE/g). The aqueous extract of Papaver Rhoeas exhibited the highest TFC at 14.36 ± 0.49 mg QE/g, while the methanol extract of Hypericum perforatum had the highest 10.65 ± 0.49 mg QE/g in TFC. In contrast, the methanol and aqueous extracts of H. perforatum showed significant zones of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (9.5 ± 0.5 mm and 10.17 ± 0.29 mm) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (8.33 ± 0.58 mm and 9.33 ± 0.58 mm) respectively, with a minimum inhibitory concentration was estimated at 10 μL/ml. The FTIR analysis demonstrated that the extracts of both plants are rich in bioactive molecules with potential biological activities and a pharmaceutical industry perspective. Consequently, these Papaver Rhoeas and Hypericum perforatum extracts exhibit antioxidant and antibacterial activities.

20

Assessment of oil change intervals in urban buses based on the selected physicochemical properties of used engine oils

Gołębiowski Wojciech, Zając Grzegorz, Sejkorová Marie, Wolak Artur

Combustion Engines

|

2024

|

R. 63, nr 1

15--23

EN

The paper presents the results of the analysis of selected physicochemical parameters of engine oils after their use. The oils were obtained both from urban buses belonging to the fleet of a municipal transport company in Lublin, Poland but also from the city of Pardubice in the Czech Republic. Five samples of 10W40 semi-synthetic oil and four samples of 5W30 synthetic oil were tested. Kinematic viscosity at 40°C and 100°C, oxidation, nitration, sulfonation, total acid number (TAN), total base number (TBN), remaining antiwear additives, water content and glycol content, were assessed using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The tests were performed on the basis of the ASTM E2412-10 standard. The article also presents the exceedance of the limit values results for the selected parameters. The results of the research can be used in optimizing the engine oil change interval so that the decision to replace the oil is justified both in economic and technical terms, taking into account the need to maintain the service life of the bus.