Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Bioethanol as a fuel component for spark-ignition engines

Kruczyński S. W., Gis W, Stępień Z., Zin D.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

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2018

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z. 2/116

121--129

EN

This article presents the general characteristics of bioethanol and method how it is obtained. Two exemplary bioethanol production processes used in industry were discussed. Next, a comparison was made between the physico-chemical properties of bioethanol and motor gasoline, which were important for supplying the spark ignition engines. The second part of the article discusses the ways of using bioethanol to supply the spark ignition engine and describes selected mixtures of bioethanol and gasoline. The final part of the article lists the basic advantages and problems in the use of bioethanol to supply the spark ignition engine.

PL

W tym artykule przedstawiono ogólną charakterystykę bioetanolu oraz sposób jego otrzymywania. Omówiono dwa przykładowe procesy produkcyjne bioetanolu stosowane w przemyśle. Następnie dokonano porównania właściwości fizyko-chemicznych bioetanolu oraz benzyny silnikowej istotnych ze względu na zasilanie silnika z ZI. W drugiej części artykułu omówiono sposoby zastosowania bioetanolu do zasilania silnika z ZI oraz scharakteryzowano wybrane mieszaniny bioetanolu z benzyną. W końcowej części artykułu wymieniono podstawowe zalety i problemy w zastosowaniu bioetanolu do zasilania silnika z ZI.

2

Adaptation of spark-ignition engines to be fuelled with bioethanol fuels

Kruczyński S. W., Gis W., Zin D.

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Pojazdów / Politechnika Warszawska

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2018

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z. 1/115

65--72

EN

The article presents the issues related to the adaptation of the spark-ignition engine for feeding with bioethanol fuels. Significant properties were compared when powering the engine with SI gasoline and bioethanol, the necessary changes in the construction of the engine and its systems were presented.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia dotyczące przystosowania silnika z zapłonem iskrowym do zasilania paliwami bioetanolowymi. Porównano istotne właściwości przy zasilaniu silnika z ZI benzyną i bioetanolem, przedstawiono konieczne zmiany konstrukcyjne silnika i jego układów.

3

Eksperckie oszacowanie skali zaangażowania krajowych przedsiębiorstw międzynarodowego transportu ciężarowego w przewozach na obszarze Niemiec

Waśkiewicz J., Menes M., Gis W.

Transport Samochodowy

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2018

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z. 1

7--23

PL

Niektóre kraje UE, takie jak np. Niemcy, nie czekając na decyzje wspólnotowe, wprowadzają prawne działania mające na celu ochronę własnego rynku m.in. rynku transportu drogowego przed konkurencją ze strony przewoźników innych państw. Polskie przedsiębiorstwa międzynarodowego transportu drogowego osiągnęły na europejskim rynku transportu rzeczy znaczną przewagę w udziale w tym rynku nad firmami z innych krajów UE. Zdaniem wielu opinii środowiska transportowego takie działania, jak przyjęcie prawa o płacy minimalnej pracowników delegowanych (w tym kierowców) do pracy m.in. na terenie wymienionych tu Niemiec spowoduje wzrost kosztów działalności zarejestrowanych w Polsce przedsiębiorstw, a przez to częściową utratę ich rynkowej przewagi konkurencyjnej, szczególnie wobec przewoźników zachodnioeuropejskich, w tym przede wszystkim wobec przewoźników niemieckich. W artykule skoncentrowano uwagę na oszacowaniu skali zaangażowania polskich firm międzynarodowego transportu drogowego na obszarze Niemiec (wielkości przewozów, liczb przedsiębiorstw i liczb samochodów w latach 2013 i 2016).

EN

Some EU countries, such as Germany, without waiting for Community decisions, introduce legal actions to protect their own market, including road transport market, against competition from the carriers of other countries. Polish international road transport enterprises have achieved a significant advantage in the European goods transport market in the share of companies from the other EU countries of this market. According to many opinions of the transport community, such activities as the adoption of the law on the minimum wage of posted workers (including drivers) to work, among the others in the territory of the above-mentioned Germany, will cause the operations costs of the enterprises registered in Poland to rise, and hence the partial loss of their competitive market advantage, especially towards Western European carriers, including primarily German carriers. The article focuses on estimating the scale of involvement of the Polish international road transport companies in Germany (transport volume, number of enterprises and number of cars in the years 2013 and 2016).

4

Wpływ dodatku bioetanolu do benzyny silnikowej na wybrane parametry eksploatacyjne silnika

Kruczyński S. W., Gis W., Zin D.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2018

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T. 97, nr 12

2185--2188

PL

Badano wpływ zasilania silnika z zapłonem iskrowym (ZI) paliwem alternatywnym E40 i porównano procesy spalania paliwa oraz stężenia substancji szkodliwych w spalinach przy zasilaniu benzyną LO95 E5 oraz paliwem E40. Badania przeprowadzono w hamowni silnikowej.

EN

EtOH-gasoline blend was used as fuel in a spark ignition engine to study the combustion process, formation of harmful substances (NOx, HC, CO) and their concn. in exhaust gas. The concn. of NOx and HC was lower than in the exhaust gases from combustion of a com. gasoline by 13% and 21% resp. No difference in concn. of CO was obsd.

5

Hydrogenization of road transport on the example of Sweden, Poland and Japan

Gis W., Gis M.

Journal of KONES

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2018

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Vol. 25, No. 2

137--140

EN

The article analyses the activities within the EU and national (Sweden, Poland) concerning the introduction of hydrogen fuel in road transport. The advantages and disadvantages of this drive were addressed. A directional program of hydrogen propulsion technology motion was presented on the example of Sweden and Poland. The most recent activities in Sweden regard the so-called Nordic Hydrogen Corridor European Project. The location of basic hydrogen refuelling stations in Poland until 2030 was proposed (HIT-2-Corridors European Project). These stations should be located in both TEN-T corridors running through Poland, i.e. in 1 – Poznan, 2 – Warsaw, 3 – Bialystok, 4 – Szczecin, 5 – the Lodz region, 6 – the Tri-City region, 7 – Wroclaw, 8 – the Katowice region, 9 – Krakow, to ensure the possibility of passing vehicles equipped with fuel cells (FCEV – Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle) among others between Western Europe and Scandinavia. For comparison, the article discusses FCEV development and initial hydrogen market creation in Japan. In the article is presented reasons for hydrogen society in Japan. The reasons are as follows: hydrogen is CO2 free; hydrogen can be produced from various sources, energy security – local production and consumption of energy, energy security – compensating for fluctuations in renewable energy production. In the article is presented Hydrogen/FCEV strategy Roadmap in Japan in context Hydrogen/FCEV Roadmap in China.

6

Electromobility and hydrogenization of the motor transport in Poland now and in the future

Gis W.

Journal of KONES

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2018

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Vol. 25, No. 4

95--101

EN

The article analyses activities within the world, EU and Poland in aspect electromobility and hydrogenization now and in the future. Will be presented estimates cars park of global hybrid (HEV), hybrid plug-in (PHEV) and fully electric (BEV). Changes in production volumes and number of registered types of vehicles as abovementioned are presented in a breakdown into world. The overall number of HEVs produced thus far is estimated at approx. 12.5 million and over 1.3 million in Europe. There are roughly 38 thousand HEVs registered in Poland. There were about 800.000 hybrid plug-in vehicles registered in the world in 2016. Of 3.2 million electric plug-in vehicles and BEVs used in the world in 2017 more than 1.2 million were used in China, approx. 750 thousand in the USA, 850 thousand in Europe, including c.a. 650 thousand in the EU countries. Yet, electric plug-in vehicles (BEVs and PHEVs) globally accounted for just 0.3% of the worldwide fleet of passenger cars in 2017. The article also addresses the development of the electric vehicles market and the annual new vehicle registrations. The existing situation in the field of hydrogenization motor transport in the world, in the EU and in Poland will also be analysed. This will be analysed in terms of the number of hydrogen vehicles and hydrogen refuelling stations.

7

Próba estymacji światowego parku samochodów elektrycznych (HEV, PHEV i BEV)

Gis W., Menes M.

Transport Samochodowy

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2017

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z. 2

45--56

PL

Szacunki światowego parku osobowych samochodów hybrydowych (HEV), hybrydowych typu plug - in (PHEV), w pełni elektrycznych (BEV). Łącznie liczbę wyprodukowanych na świecie do chwili obecnej hybrydowych samochodów elektrycznych (HEV) szacuje się na około 12,5 mln sztuk (Japonia ok. 4,3 mln sztuk, USA ok. 4 mln sztuk, Europa 1,1 mln sztuk, Polska ok 21 tys. zarejestrowanych sztuk). Liczba zarejestrowanych samochodów hybrydowych typu plug-in (PHEV) na świecie to ok. 500 tys. sztuk (2015 r.). Spośród 2,1 mln zarejestrowanych na świecie samochodów w pełni elektrycznych BEV (wraz z PHEV) w Europie było ok. 650 tys. sztuk (ok. 450 tys. sztuk w krajach UE).

EN

Estimates of global hybrid car park (HEV), hybrid plug-in (PHEV), fully electric (BEV). Overall, the number of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) produced in the world is estimated to be around 12.5 million (Japan about 4.3 million, USA about 4 million, Europe with 1.1 million, Poland about 21 thousand registered cars). The number of registered plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) in the world is around 500,000 (2015). Of the 2.1 million registered worldwide BEV electric vehicles (including PHEV) in Europe was, around 650,000 (about 450 thousand in EU countries).

8

Ecological and economic conditions for implementing hydrogen fuel

Gis W., Kruczyński S., Waśkiewicz J., Gis M., Menes M.

Journal of KONES

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2017

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Vol. 24, No. 3

79--86

EN

Hydrogenation of the motor transport has become the highest form of broadly understood contemporary electro mobility, with the use of hybrid vehicles through fully electrical vehicles to fuel cell vehicles. This article presents development of hydrogen technology applying fuel cells, in particular in road transport. The emission of greenhouse gases in the production cycles of the said fuel were discussed, depending on the use of various energy carriers in its production. Emphasis was given to the rationale underlying the production of hydrogen for the needs of fuel cells. Furthermore, the advantages were presented of exploiting electrical power for the production of hydrogen with the use of renewable sources of energy. The example of France was used to discuss the advantages of the hydrogen fuel technology for reducing the emission of combustion pollutants, in particular the emission of carbon dioxide. The article also evaluates – on the example of Poland – average unit costs (PLN/km) for using fuel cell vehicles. At present, they will be higher than in case of vehicles with conventional drivers. High cost is one of the causes – apart from limited production of fuel cell vehicles – of slacked development of the hydrogen fuel technology. The article also presents premises for the road transport hydrogenation national plan in Poland.

9

Studies of energy use by electric buses in SORT tests

Gis W., Kruczyński S., Taubert S., Wierzejski A.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 3

135--138

EN

In article the market for electric buses in the world and in Poland have been discussed. The test methods for energy consumption of city buses in Poland and the appropriate measuring devices have been presented. The article presents the results of the energy consumption of the city bus in the test SORT 2. The results obtained were referred to results in the case other electric and conventional buses.

10

Problems in fuelling spark ignition engines with dimethyl ether

Kruczyński S. W., Ślęzak M., Gis W., Orliński P., Kulczycki A., Dzięgielewski W., Bednarski M.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 3

154--158

EN

This paper discusses briefly the production technology of dimethyl ether, taking into account plant raw materials and the physical and chemical properties of DME as compared to diesel fuel. The benefits and disadvantages of DME as a fuel are presented and changes in the emission of harmful substances characterised as compared to the combustion of diesel fuel. Also, basic usage problems are addressed, e.g. the wear of engine’s elements, cavity and leakages in the fuel system.

11

Development of the international freight transport sector in Poland against the background of the EU market

Gis W., Waśkiewicz J.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 4

181--184

EN

Development of Polish international road transport of goods after Poland's accession to the EU. Haulage work carried out between 2005 and 2015. International transport in the context of haulage carried out by the remaining EU transport. Transport arranged by types of haulage in 2005 and in 2015. Development of the number of Polish enterprises and their transport potential measured by the numerousness of the car fleet. Changing structure of the trucks fleet according to the pollutants emission standards in the years 2010–2015. Shaping of the average efficiency of the haulage work by the statistical vehicle. Factors influencing the future demand for international transport performed by Polish carriers. Trends for introducing high-volume lorries to run on the EU roads. Prospects for the development of Polish international freight transport until 2030.

12

Comparative studies of exhaust emission from diesel engine fuelled with diesel fuel and B100 fuel

Kruczyński S., Ślęzak M., Gis W., Żółtowski A., Gis M.

Combustion Engines

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2017

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R. 56, nr 3

126--130

EN

The article presents a comparative study of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and the mass and number of particulate of diesel engine fuelled with diesel and B100. B100 is a biofuel produced from vegetable oils for vehicles with compression-ignition engines. B100 fuel and diesel have similar physical-chemical characteristics which have been analyzed. The research was carried out on an engine dynamometer in four cycles: ESC, ETC, WHSC and WHTC. The article provides an analysis of the research results, preceded by a discussion of the test cycles used.

13

Przyszłość indywidualnej elektromobilności w Polsce w świetle badań użytkowników samochodów osobowych

Gis W., Menes M., Waśkiewicz J.

Transport Samochodowy

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2016

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z. 4

25--34

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań zainteresowania mieszkańców polskichaglomeracji nabywaniem i eksploatacją samochodów elektrycznych w perspektywie nadchodzących lat. Badania wykonano w Instytucie Transportu Samochodowego w ramach projektu europejskiego „e-MAP”. Wywiady przeprowadzono w 370 losowo wybranych gospodarstwach domowych na postawie anonimowej ankiety, której wzór przygotowano w INFAS A.G. i uzupełniono w wersji polskiej w ITS. Pytania i odpowiedzi dotyczyły m.in. posiadania i wykorzystywania samochodów osobowych i kryteriów wyboru pojazdów. Pytania ankiety badały wiedzę ankietowanych i ich postawy wobec elektromobilności. Pytano o przyszłościowe preferencje wyboru samochodów osobowych, o gotowość do ponoszenia kosztów związanych z zakupem samochodu elektrycznego, a także podatność obecnych użytkowników samochodów osobowych na oddziaływania o charakterze propagandowym, administracyjnym i ekonomicznym wpływających na decyzje o zakupach samochodów elektrycznych.

EN

The article presents the results of survey conducted on the interest of the inhabitants of Polish agglomerations in the acquisition and operation of electric cars in the years ahead. The study was performed at the Motor Transport Institute as part of the European "e-MAP" project. The interviews were conducted in 370 randomly selected households based on an anonymous questionnaire, the specimen of which was prepared at INFAS A.G. and converted into the Polish version at ITS. Questions and answers were related, among the others, to the ownership and use of passenger cars and criteria for the selection of vehicles. Survey questions explored respondents’ knowledge and their attitudes towards electromobility. The questions asked concerned also future preferences choice of passenger cars, a willingness to incur costs associated with the purchase of an electric car, as well as the vulnerability of current users of passenger cars on the impact of propaganda, administrative and economic character influencing the purchasing decisions of electric cars.

14

Wpływ prężności par benzyny na emisję nie-metanowych lotnych związków organicznych z pojazdów transportowych

Kruczyński S., Ślęzak M., Gis W.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2016

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T. 95, nr 5

1025--1028

PL

Scharakteryzowano źródła emisji NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compound) począwszy od rafinerii poprzez bazy paliw do stacji paliw oraz źródła tej emisji w samym pojeździe samochodowym. Podano obecne wymagania na lotność benzyny w okresie letnim, przejściowym i zimowym. Oceniono wpływ zwiększenia prężności par benzyny z 60 do 69 kPa na emisję NMVOC w teście SHED (sealed house for evaporative determination) i w procesie tankowania pojazdu na stacji paliw.

EN

A review, with 12 refs., of sources of gas emissions (non combusted fuel components, fuel vapors during storage and tankage).

15

Ocena wpływu zawartości etanolu w benzynach silnikowych na emisję nie-metanowych lotnych związków organicznych z pojazdów transportowych

Ślęzak M., Gis W., Kruczyński P.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2016

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T. 95, nr 5

1029--1031

PL

Podano obecne wymagania na lotność benzyny w okresie letnim, przejściowym i zimowym. W literaturze podaje się, że zwiększenie prężności par benzyny spowodowane dodatkiem etanolu w ilości 4,7 oraz 9,7% wpływa na emisję NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds) w teście SHED (sealed house for evaporative determination). Na podstawie analizy literatury stwierdzono, że dodatek etanolu w ilości ok. 10% (benzyna E10) nie powoduje przekroczenia dopuszczalnych granic emisji par paliwa w teście SHED.

EN

A review, with 14 refs., of EU requirements for gasoline volatility and result of studies on Et-contg. gasoline vapor emission.

16

Uwarunkowania wodoryzacji transportu samochodowego w Polsce

Gis W., Menes E., Waśkiewicz J.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

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2016

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z. 112

111--117

PL

Zasadniczym, utylitarnym celem artykułu jest wskazanie wstępnej lokalizacji prototypowych stacji tankowania zbiorników samochodowych wodorem na wybranej sieci dróg w Polsce. Podjęte działanie ma charakter pionierski w Polsce. Obejmuje m.in. kwestie szczegółowe uwarunkowań technicznych i ekonomicznych rozwój u wodoryzacj i transportu samochodowego w Polsce.

EN

The essential objective of the paper is to identify the initial locations of the prototype hydrogen car refuelling stations along the selected road network in Poland. The study undertaken is of a pioneering character in Poland. It includes within its scope technical conditions and economic ones for development of the hydrogenization of transport in Poland.

17

Hydrogen as fuel in operation of internal combustion engines

Kruczyński S., Ślęzak M., Gis W.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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Vol. 23, No. 4

237--244

EN

Hydrogen internal combustion engines (HICE) are presently the subject of numerous R&D projects. For hydrogen fuelling mainly, spark-ignition engines are adapted but it is also possible to adjust self-ignition engines. Self-ignition engines may be fuelled only with dual-fuels and usually demonstrate an oversized level of compression ratio requiring reduction because of engine knocking, whereas spark-ignition engines – on the contrary feature an undersized level of compression ratio that needs to be increased to ensure an effective combustion process. Hydrogen may be used also for gasoline dual-fuel engines. Hydrogen utilization as diesel engine fuel should be considered depending on the type of diesel cycle: 1.The use of hydrogen alone or as an addition to gasoline or LPG and methane in spark-ignition engines; 2.The use of hydrogen as an addition to diesel oil in self-ignition engines. In the paper are presented the review of the literature on the use only of hydrogen as a fuel or only of the additionof hydrogen to hydrocarbon fuels in engines with spark ignition and diesel. Have been studied combustion process, generation of heat and power, and efficiency of the engine. Have been evaluated opportunities to reduce harmful emissions. Have been evaluated possibilities of using hydrogen as a fuel for both type of engines. In the paper are presented the review use hydrogen as a fuel for vehicles with fuel cells too.

18

Forecasts for the development of hydrogen technology in the road transport in Poland against the background of global and European trends

Gis W., Menes E., Waśkiewicz J.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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Vol. 23, No. 4

109--115

EN

The cars that use fuel cells are equipped with electric motors, batteries and brake energy recovery system. Traditional engines and liquid fuel tanks in conventional vehicles are replaced with fuel cells and hydrogen tanks. Duel cells produce energy in the oxidation reaction of hydrogen, and the vehicles powered by them emit only water vapour. The article concerns the current developments and prospects of the development of technology of fuel cell vehicles powered by hydrogen. Achievements of the leading car companies in this respect, the expected future sales volume of cars equipped with fuel cells, expectations of lowering production costs of such vehicles (affecting their price), forecasts of the quantitative development of FCV fleet in the world, in Europe, including selected countries as well as the expected development of a network of hydrogen car refuelling stations. Rationale for the development of the road transport hydrogenization in Poland, indicating the importance of initiating the construction in our country of hydrogen refuelling stations. Expert estimates of the quantitative development of the fuel cells cars fleet by the 2030 and 2050 against the forecasts electric cars fleet development in Poland. Future demand for hydrogen fuel by the road transport, including vehicles using the road infrastructure in Poland acc. to the type of road traffic participants (passenger cars operated in Poland, cars travelling in transit or to Poland, buses) by the 2050. Future importance of the hydrogen technology development in the road transport to the economy and the protection of the natural environment from the destructive influence of the automotive industry.

19

Estimating environmental benefits resulting from the justification for the implementation of hydrogen technology in the road transport in Poland

Gis W., Menes E., Waśkiewicz J.

Journal of KONES

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2016

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Vol. 23, No. 4

597--603

EN

Taking into account the depletion of crude oil resources, as well as progressive climate changes, requires both in the short and the long term a radical restructuring of the EU’s transport system. Among the measures designed to ensure attaining objectives of transport policy there are, among the others, proposals such as: gradual phasing-out of the conventionally-powered cars from the cities by the 2050 and transferring in the same time horizon, 50% of passenger transport over medium distances and the freight one over long distances, from the roads over to other modes of transport. New technologies for vehicles and traffic management will be the key to decreasing pollutants emissions form transport. The method of estimating environmental benefits resulting from the expected development of hydrogen technology in the road transport in Poland. The results of the adopted scenario of the expert forecast by the 2050 of the development of the fleet of cars equipped with hydrogen supplied fuel cells diving along the Polish roads, forecasts of the mileages of these vehicles. Predicted consumption of petroleum originated fuels by the vehicles being replaced by electric vehicles equipped with fuel cells. Estimating the emissions of pollutants by the said car fleet. The costs not incurred, related to the air pollution by gases and dust emitted from combustion engines of cars and buses as a result of the development of hydrogen technology in Poland in the selected forecast years, calculated based on the rates in force in Poland. These costs estimated based on the indicators published by the European Commission.

20

Evaluation of the impact of combustion hydrogen addition on operating properties of self-ignition engine

Kruczyński S., Ślęzak M., Gis W., Orliński P.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2016

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Vol. 18, no. 3

343--347

EN

The work presents the results of effect of the addition of hydrogen in an amount up to 9% of mass of diesel oil into the intake system of Perkins1104C-E44TA engine. The impact of hydrogen addition on process heat release in the combustion chamber and the concentration of CO, THC, NOX and PM in the exhaust at predetermined engine operating conditions. It was summarised that the analysis of the results does not justify the use of hydrogen as a fuel additive in self-ignition engines.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu dodatku wodoru w ilości do 9% masy oleju napędowego do układu dolotowego silnika Perkins1104C-E44T. Oceniono wpływ dodatku na proces wydzielania ciepła w komorze spalanie i stężenia CO, THC, NOX i PM w spalinach w ustalonych warunkach pracy silnika. W podsumowaniu stwierdzono iż analiza wyników badań nie uzasadnia stosowania wodoru jako dodatku do paliwa w silnikach o zapłonie samoczynnym.