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Mikroplastik w Morzu Bałtyckim - stan wiedzy na temat metod, analizy i oceny ryzyka ekologicznego

Dereszewska Alina, Heimowska Aleksandra, Krasowska Katarzyna, Popek Marzenna

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2025

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R. XIX

265--316

PL

Mikroplastik obecny w wodzie morskiej jest zanieczyszczeniem, stanowiącym znaczące zagrożenie zarówno dla środowiska, jak i zdrowia człowieka. Niniejszy artykuł konsoliduje aktualny stan wiedzy dotyczący występowania i migracji w łańcuchu pokarmowym oraz metod pobierania, separacji i identyfikacji mikroplastiku, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem obszaru Morza Bałtyckiego. Analiza wykazała, że literatura w tym zakresie pozostaje wciąż słabo rozpoznana. Brak standardowych procedur pozbawia badaczy narzędzi niezbędnych do dokonania oceny ryzyka ekologicznego wynikającego z oddziaływania mikroplastiku na ekosystem morski. Przegląd 232 prac odnoszących się do tematyki mikroplastiku w środowisku wykazał pilną potrzebę wprowadzenia systematycznego monitoringu, znormalizowanych procedur oraz metod raportowania, we wszystkich obszarach badawczych.

EN

Microplastics present in seawater are a form of pollution that poses a significant threat to both the environment and human health. This article consolidates the current state of knowledge on the occurrence, transformation, interaction with pollutants, and migration in the food chain, as well as methods for sampling, separation, and identification of microplastics, with particular emphasis on the Baltic Sea area. The analysis showed that the literature in this field remains poorly recognized. The lack of standard procedures, and thus methods of determination, deprives researchers of the tools necessary to assess the ecological risk resulting from the impact of microplastics on the marine ecosystem. A review of 232 studies on microplastics in the environment revealed an urgent need for systematic monitoring, standardized procedures, and reporting methods in all research areas.

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Perspektywy zarządzania ryzykiem ekologicznym w budownictwie drogowym

Bizon-Górecka Jadwiga, Górecki Jarosław

Przegląd Budowlany

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2025

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R. 96, nr 1

107--111

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano szczególny charakter przedsięwzięć budowlanych, obejmujących budownictwo drogowe. Podkreślono ich związek z inżynierią środowiska w poszczególnych fazach procesu inwestycyjno-budowlanego. Wskazano też zasadność dostrzegania zjawiska ryzyka w przebiegu tego procesu i konieczność obserwacji ryzyka ekologicznego. Reakcją na pojawiające się zagrożenia środowiskowe powinno być zarządzanie ryzykiem ekologicznym. Podano poszczególne perspektywy, jakie należy zauważyć w budownictwie drogowym w toku takiego zarządzania. Omówiono problemy planowania tras komunikacji drogowej i ich relacji ze światem istot żywych oraz możliwości ochrony przed szkodliwymi czynnikami.

EN

The article presents the specific nature of construction projects, including road construction. Their relationship with environmental engineering in individual phases of the investment and construction process was emphasized. The validity of recognizing the phenomenon of risk during this process and the need for observing ecological risk were also indicated. The response to emerging environmental threats should be ecological risk management. Individual perspectives that should be noticed in road construction during such management are given. The problems of roadway planning and its relations with the nature as well as the possibilities of protection against harmful factors were discussed.

3

Potentially toxic elements contamination and ecological risk assessment in water and surface sediments of Bistrica River

Demaku Skender, Kastrati Tringa

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2025

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no. 64

12--20

EN

This research evaluates the quality of water and surface sediment in the Bistrica River, addressing the growing environmental challenges in Kosovo caused by extensive human activities. Contamination of these resources poses significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. To assess this, we analysed the levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the samples using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The elements examined included As, Cd, Fe, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, and Co. Samples were collected from various sites along the Bistrica River during both high-flow and low-flow seasons in October 2023. The degree of PTE contamination was assessed using several pollution indices (contamination factor (CF), contamination degree (CD), pollution load index (PLI), enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and ecological risk index (ERI)), indicating that water exhibit low to moderate levels of pollution (World Health Organization (WHO) standards), while in sediment the pollution is extremely low (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards). Results revealed that pollution, in water samples, for some elements, such as Fe, Pb and Ni, exceeded the guidelines by the WHO, while other elements, such as Co, Al, Cu, Mn, Zn, As and Cd, are below the permitted limits according to the WHO standards. Additionally, statistical analysis and contamination clusters, primarily originating from agricultural fields and grazing areas within the catchment. To reduce these risks and safeguard both the aquatic ecosystem and human health, it is crucial to maintain regular monitoring and enforce effective management strategies.

4

Unveiling the path from sediment trace elements to bioaccumulation in edible mussels: ecological and human health risk in Lake Singkarak, Indonesia

Ibrahim Aiman, Fahimah Nurul, Rosada Keukeu Kaniawati, Syawal Muhamad Suhaemi, Waluyo Agus, Taufik Imam

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 2

201--220

EN

Lake Singkarak is one of the tectonic lakes on Sumatera Island and is classified as a national priority lake in Indonesia. Our study aimed to investigate the accumulation level of trace elements in the bottom sediments and edible bivalves Corbicula sumatrana in Lake Singkarak, Indonesia. The study also assessed the ecological and health risks associated with the presence of these elements. Surficial sediments and mussels were taken from seven sites of Lake Singkarak in September and November 2022. The levels of several elements were determined in sediments and mussel soft tissues. Our results suggest that the lake sediments were uncontaminated to moderately contaminated by Cd according to the geo-accumulation index (Igeo). The contamination factor (CF) results exhibited moderate to considerable contaminated sediments in terms of Cd metal. Ecological risk evaluation posed by seven different trace elements identified Singkarak sediments as having low to moderate risk. Biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values indicated Corbicula sumatrana as a potential biomonitor for sediment chemical elements, especially Ag, Mo, Sb, Au, Pb, and Sn. Furthermore, human exposure to trace elements in sediments through dermal absorption poses no non-cancer risk, but lifetime exposure to Cr and Cd increases cancer risk (Cr: 29.04–70.80%, Cd: up to 30.26%). Consumption of Pb-containing mussels poses a risk of non-cancer effects, while prolonged exposure to Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, and As increases cancer risk. Our findings highlight the importance of educating the public about the risks of consuming contaminated mussels and implementing safer eating practices to reduce exposure to toxic elements.

5

Distribution and ecological risk of microplastics in soil at the Jatibarang landfill in Semarang, Indonesia

Hartini Eko, Hadiyanto Hadiyanto, Warsito Budi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 2

272--285

EN

Inadequate waste management contributes significantly to the accumulation of plastic waste, as landfills accept unsorted waste. Various natural processes in landfills play a crucial role in microplastic pollution of both soil and aquatic systems. This study examined samples from Jatibarang Landfill, Indonesia, the largest waste disposal site in Central Java. Soil samples were collected from a depth of 0 to 20 cm in three zones – active, passive, and areas near settlements – and analyzed for microplastic abundance, size, shape, color, and polymer type. The study aimed to evaluate the distribution, ecological risks, and impacts of microplastics on the physical and chemical properties of soil at Jatibarang Landfill. Results indicated a high microplastic abundance, with counts reaching 2340 particles per kilogram of soil, particularly in areas close to settlements. The primary types of microplastics identified were polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The polymer hazard index (PHI) and coefficient of microplastic impact (CMPI) were employed to assess the potential risks of microplastic pollution. Polypropylene was identified as the most significant pollutant due to its widespread use and persistent nature. Improved landfill management strategies are essential to mitigate microplastic pollution and its adverse environmental effects.

6

Contamination level of heavy metals and assessment of the ecologic risk in the surface water and sediments of Batanghari river, Dharmasraya region, Indonesia

Puari Aninda Tifani, Anandika Arrya, Apriani Intan Ika, Azora Arti, Maida Sartiwi Putri

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 4

182--197

EN

Heavy metals contamination in river surface water and sediments represents a critical environmental issue on a global scale. The Batanghari river in Dhamasraya region plays a main role in domestic water supply and agricultural activities, necessitating a comprehensive investigation into heavy metal contamination within its water and sediment. The aims of this study were to visualize the overview of the heavy metals concentration present in the Batanghari river and to assess the contamination degree using several ecological assessment tools, such as the enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (Cf), contamination degree (CD), eco-logical risk index (Er), and potential ecological risk index (RI). The samples of surface water and sediment were obtained from 15 locations along the Batanghari river. The heavy metal analysis in the water samples revealed that the Fe, Zn, and Cd concentrations exceeded the established safety thresholds. The mean concentrations observed in the water in the following descending order was, 1.030 mg/L, 0.380 mg/L, 0.005 mg/L, for Fe, Zn and Cd, respectively, while Cu and Pb concentration were not detected. Meanwhile, the concentrations in the sediment were significantly higher, with the following mean values: 14,422.37 mg/kg for FE, 53.05 mg/kg for Zn, 22.37 mg/kg for Cu, 18.00 mg/kg for Pb, and 0.13 mg/kg for Cd. Furthermore, EF, Igeo, Cf, and Er evaluations, Fe contamination was classified as high, while Pb and Cu showed low to moderate contamination levels, and Zn and Cd were categorized as low. Moreover, the contamination degree and potential ecological risk analyses indicated the highest pollution level were in downstream areas. Although pollution sources such as domestic effluents, road runoff, local mining, and agricultural activities were more prevalent in upstream and midstream regions, the mobilization of heavy metals through river flow led to their accumulation downstream.

7

Assessment of Soil Contamination by Roof Runoff. A Case Study from Wrocław, Poland

Hołtra Anna, Zamorska-Wojdyła Dorota, Ferenc Zbigniew

Environment Protection Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 51, nr 1

93--109

EN

The study focused on the determination of heavy metals originating from anthropogenic sources to assess the environmental and health risks to city residents. The single pollution indices showed the key pollutants in soils such as Zn, Cd, and Pb. Contamination level assessment and the toxicity of pollutants were done by the multi-elemental pollution indices. They showed heavy pollution of tested soils with high ecological risk. The correlation analysis and the principal component analysis model were utilized to identify the relative contribution of metals to soil pollution and provide information about the potential sources of metals. The most important for elemental composition in soils in Wrocław are three emission sources: leaching of pollutants from the materials used in the roof coverings and guttering, domestic heating with fossil fuel combustion and other solid materials, leaching of the air pollution including of the road traffic. The health risk analysis shows that ingestion and then dermal contact are the greatest exposure pathways for humans. The health risk was low, although children have greater risks than adults.

8

Environmental consequences of a galvanising plant fire

Świercz Anna, Szwed Mirosław, Bąk Łukasz

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 62

1--9

EN

The aim of the study is to determine the concentration of selected heavy metals in soil contaminated with galvanising fume resulting from a fire in a galvanising plant. Surface horizon of soil exposed to contamination by toxic fumes due to the fire of a galvanising plant in Dębska Wola near Kielce (SE Poland) was analysed. Soil samples were collected in an agricultural area of 12 ha after the plant’s failure in 2019 and three years after the fire in 2022. Grain-size distribution, pH and concentration of zinc, lead and cadmium were determined. The acceptable values of pollutants were significantly exceeded in soil (Znmax - 2007.3 mg∙kg-1 DM, Pbmax - 509.5 mg∙kg-1 DM, Cdmax - 17.1 mg∙kg-1 DM in 0-5 cm horizon) and reduced in control samples (Znmax - 756.1 mg∙kg-1 DM, Pbmax - 320.1 mg∙kg-1 DM, Cdmax - 15 mg∙kg-1 DM). In the organic-mineral horizon the concentrations declined by an average of Zn - 41.8%, Pb - 26.1% and Cd16.3%, while in the mineral horizon by 27.8% (Zn), 26.7% (Pb) and 15.6% (Cd). Industrial plants, in which thermal treatment of molten metals is conducted, pose a real threat to the environment in the case of a failure. In order to minimise the effects of potential leaks, their location should be thoroughly considered. The course and consequences of accidents should be monitored during the event (such as fire) and in the long term (e.g. with the use of bioindicators).

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Ecotoxicological Hazard of Pesticide Use in Traditional Agricultural Technologies

Lishchuk Alla, Parfenyk Alla, Furdychko Orest, Boroday Vira, Beznosko Iryna, Drebot Oksana, Karachinska Nadiya

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

274--289

EN

The ecotoxicological hazard assessment of pesticide use on crops was performed. The study was conducted in 2021-2023 at the experimental field of the Skvyra Research Farm of the Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, located in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine. The influence of herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides on the formation of environmental hazards in crop agrocenoses was studied: experiment (1) – peas, winter wheat, buckwheat; experiment (2) – winter wheat, buckwheat, oats. The ecological risk was assessed taking into account the ecotoxic properties of the chemical active ingredients of pesticides. It was found that the main parameters characterizing the occurrence of environmental risks are: (i) the pesticide load, i.e. the amount of toxicant applied per unit of sown area; (ii) the ecotoxicity of the pesticide (LD50), which is established by hygienic standards; (iii) the persistence of the pesticide in the soil, namely, its half-life (DT50), etc. The calculations proved that the pesticides used had a low environmental risk of impact on agrocenoses. This is evidenced by the ecotoxicity index (E). The total pesticide load (ΣE) on the agrocenosis of each crop during the three years of the study (2021–2023) was calculated. It was found that in experiment (1) – ΣExperiment 1 = 0.23 conventional units (c.u.); in experiment (2) – ΣEexperiment 2 = 0.04 c.u. The results obtained indicate an insignificant environmental risk of pesticide use for experimental plots of crops of the studied farm. However, prolonged use of pesticides certainly leads to the concentration of their persistent residues in the soil. This can lead to contamination of crop products and environmental. The cereals (buckwheat and oats) grown on the farm are intended for dietary consumption. To confirm the reliability of the hypothesis of the safety of the obtained grain and cereal products, it is advisable to further study their quality in terms of pesticide residues. It is shown that this methodology can be used to assess the risk of pesticide contamination of an agroecosystem. The ecotoxicity criterion (E) can be considered as a management tool for reducing environmental risks in agroecosystems.

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An Investigation of Microplastic Occurrence and Heavy Metals Concentrations in Street Dust on the Left Side of Mosul City, Iraq

Almola Marah Ayad, Al-Ahmady Kossay K., Mhemid Rasha Khalid Sabri

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 9

116-132

EN

The issue of street dust pollution is primarily related to levels of microplastic particles (MPs) and heavy metals, raising concerns about their potential risk to the environment. In this work, twenty street dust samples with three replicates were collected from different areas (residential, commercial, and industrial) on the left side of Mosul city/Iraq, to investigate the presence of MPs and study their characteristics. Additionally, to assess the potential ecological risk impact of twelve heavy metals. Among the 60 dust samples taken from the streets, an average of MPs ranging between 244 and 2760 per 15 grams of dust was detected. Most of these plastic particles were transparent fragments with sizes varying from less than 10 to 200 µm as observed through a stereomicroscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Furthermore, results from FTIR analysis indicated that polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was the dominant polymer type found in MPs, accounting for around 63%. The levels of metal in road dust were assessed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) showing that quantification of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sb, Hg, and Pb surpassed the background values of world soils among the twelve elements studied. Variation coefficients (VCs) coupled with enrichment and contamination factors revealed that Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Hg, and Pb are associated with both sources (anthropogenic and natural). On the other hand, Mn, Fe, and Ni originate from natural sources. Calculated potential ecological risk (Er) indicated high ecological risk by Hg. Approximately half of the samples exhibited moderate ecological risk indices (RI).

11

Spatial Distribution, Ecological Risk and Analysis of Sources of Trace Metal Elements in Surface Sediments of Pond Thomas (Brenne), France

Haouchine Amina, Nedjai Rachid, Motelica-Heino Mikael, Erdmann Saskia, Nemer Zoubida

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 8

194--206

EN

This study aims to contribute to understanding the processes influencing the spatial distributions of trace metal elements in surface sediments of Brenne’s ponds (France) and assess potential pollution levels in the area. It was motivated by the lack of knowledge regarding the hydrogeochemical dynamics of limnic entities, which are ponds. To achieve this, 25 sediment samples were collected from Pond Thomas, considered as a ‘sentinel pond’, and underwent analysis for grain size, total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations, and trace metal elements (TMEs) (specifically Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, and Cd). The results revealed that trace metal elements are primarily concentrated in two areas: the northwest section and the upstream region in the southern part of the pond. Applying various pollution indicators such as the enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and potential ecological risk index (RI), it was found that Pb and As are the most enriched elements, with respective EFs of 3.5 and 4.9. Their average concentrations exceed geochemical background values by 4 and 5.68 times in certain samples. The sediments in the southern part of the pond showed moderate contamination levels for As and Pb, with moderate to severe pollution (2 < Igeo < 3), reaching a maximum Igeo of 2.26 for As. Although the RI values across the pond are relatively low, Cd and As still pose moderate potential ecological risks. Additionally, principal component analysis and Pearson correlation analysis indicated two sources of TMEs in the area: Zn, As, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Cr are primarily from natural sources, while Cu appears to have a local anthropogenic origin.

12

Ecological and health risk assessment of soil heavy metal contamination along National Highway 107 in China

Jin Xiaohua, Tong Xinru, Hua Shunheng, Xu Yang

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2024

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Vol. 31, nr 2

155--175

EN

This study investigates soil heavy metal contamination behind the green belts along National Highway 107 in China. Soil samples were collected from both sides of the highway to determine the concentrations of heavy metals such as copper, cadmium, chromium, lead, and zinc. The distribution patterns, ecological risks, and health hazards associated with these heavy metals were analysed. In order to provide more sample examples and data support for soil heavy metal pollution control. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed to detect the concentrations and speciation of these five heavy metals in the soil samples. The Geo-Accumulation Index method, the Nemerow pollution index method, and a health risk assessment model were used to evaluate the ecological and health risks of heavy metal pollution adjacent to the highway. Results indicated that: (1) The concentrations of Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn in the soil decreased with the increasing number of protective forest layers, highlighting the significant role of protective belts in impeding the migration of heavy metals from the highway. (2) In terms of pollution assessment, the Geo-accumulation index method revealed prominent Cd contamination, the Geo-accumulation index of Cd peaked at 1.95 indicating a moderate to mild pollution level overall. Conversely, the Nemerow index method suggested a medium to extremely high risk of soil heavy metal Cd contamination. Specifically, the peak value of Cd single-factor pollution index in the study area reached 5.78, and the mean value of its Nemerow index (P) was 4.67. (3) In health risk assessment, it was found that children are more susceptible to heavy metal threats. The non-carcinogenic risk indices of all five heavy metals were less than 1, implying minimal risk. However, the total carcinogenic risk index for Cr ranged between 10–6 and 10–4, posing a certain level of carcinogenic risk to humans.

13

Ecological and human health risks assessment of heavy metals in bottom sediments of the Pławniowice water reservoir – artificial lake (Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)

Tytła Malwina, Kernert Joanna

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2023

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Nr 87

35--51

EN

This study aimed to assess the ecological and human health risks of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the bottom sediments of the Pławniowice reservoir, which is located in the Silesian Voivodeship, one of the most polluted regions in Poland. Sediment samples were collected at 5 sampling points located along the main axis of the reservoir. The concentrations of heavy metals were determined using Avio 200 ICP-OES atomic absorption spectrometer (PerkinElmer Inc.). The geochemical quality classification, Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Ecotoxicological criteria, and Potential Ecological Risk Factor (ER) were used for the assessment of the ecological risk, while for the human health risks, the Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), Carcinogenic Risk (CR) and Total Carcinogenic Risk (TCR). The results of the ecological risk analysis indicated that among the studied metals, only Cd may pose a potential hazard to the fauna and flora of the reservoir. The results of the health risks assessment indicated that the primary exposure pathway for adults and children can be accidental ingestion of polluted sediments. In both cases, children are far more exposed to the health effects. Although the studied metals did not pose a direct threat to human health, due to the values of CRs and TCRs to Cd, Cr and Ni it is recommended to take appropriate steps to reduce the concentrations of these heavy metals in the bottom sediments by their periodical removal.

PL

Celem pracy jest ocena ryzyka ekologicznego i zdrowotnego związanego z obecnością metali ciężkich (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb i Zn) w osadach dennych zbiornika Pławniowice, który znajduje się w województwie śląskim, jednym z najbardziej zanieczyszczonych regionów w kraju. Próbki do badań pobierano w pięciu punktach rozmieszczonych wzdłuż głównej osi zbiornika. Stężenia metali ciężkich oznaczano przy użyciu spektrometru absorpcji atomowej Avio 200 ICP-OES (PerkinElmer Inc.). Do oceny ryzyka ekologicznego wykorzystano geochemiczne klasy czystości osadów, Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Ecotoxicological criteria oraz Potential Ecological Risk Factor (ER), z kolei do oceny ryzyka zdrowotnego użyto Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), Cancirogenic Risk (CR) oraz Total Carcinogenic Risk (TCR). Wyniki analizy ryzyka ekologicznego wskazują, że spośród badanych metali tylko Cd może stanowić potencjalne zagrożenie dla fauny i flory zbiornika. Ocena ryzyka zdrowotnego wykazała, że główną drogą narażenia dla dorosłych i dzieci może być przypadkowe połknięcie zanieczyszczonych osadów. Ponadto w obu przypadkach dzieci są bardziej narażone na skutki zdrowotne. Pomimo że analizowane metale nie stwarzały bezpośredniego zagrożenia dla zdrowia człowieka, to ze względu na wartości indeksów CR i TCR, w odniesieniu do Cd, Cr i Ni, zaleca się podjęcie odpowiednich działań w celu zmniejszenia stężeń tych metali ciężkich w osadach dennych poprzez ich okresowe usuwanie.

14

Risk Management Model in ISO-standards as the Implementation of Environmental Safety for Housing Construction

Smirnova Elena, Larionov Arkadij, Shkarovskiy Alexander

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2023

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Tom 25

282--288

EN

The authors analyse the standardisation of risk management as an effective tool for the safety of design solutions in residential construction. The analysed regulatory documentation answers the question of achieving an acceptable level of risk. Within the framework of improving environmental management, the use of specific penalties looks quite natural. However, the primary purpose of ISO 14001 is to form a responsible attitude toward the environment and natural resources as the most crucial assets of economic activity. The article raises the issue that domestic standards cannot thoroughly guide risk analysts due to their lack of development and inconsistency with ISO 31000:2018 and ISO 14001:2016. It is necessary to develop a unique approach to risk assessment, de facto describing the interaction of different scenarios, which will ensure an increase in the environmental and economic effects in the field of housing safety.

15

Predicting the Level of Ecological Safety for Man-made Objects

Smirnova Elena, Mamedov Shirali, Shkarovskiy Alexander

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2023

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Tom 25

235--241

EN

The authors explored the utilization of simulation models as a means to ensure environmental safety, using the industrial hub of Kemerovo as an illustrative example. The article analyzes the factors that have contributed to the deterioration of the environment in the region for decades. It has been established that in terms of the overall percentage distribution of emissions from stationary sources, energy enterprises (73.0%), chemical and petrochemical industries (4.7%), and black metallurgy enterprises (7.8%) are leading in the city of Kemerovo. Simulation modelling has shown that the cause of high concentrations of harmful substances in the atmosphere of Kemerovo is due to the negative factors of industrial and household activities and their impact on environmental safety. High correlation and sensitivity coefficients indicate a lack of new available technologies in the region's industry and transport that could prevent air pollution. The forecasting model has indicated a potential two, three or even greater increase in emissions. For example, in the long-term perspective, by 2063, manufacturing emissions could potentially increase by 35 times, leading to irreversible ecological consequences. Extreme pollution and depletion of natural resources could make living in this region impossible.

16

Analiza potencjalnego ryzyka ekologicznego jako narzędzie wspomagające ocenę przydatności osadów ściekowych na cele przyrodnicze

Tytła Malwina

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2023

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nr 1

18--24

PL

Procesy stosowane w oczyszczalniach ścieków nie gwarantują usuwania metali ciężkich, a jedynie sprawiają, że zanieczyszczenia te kumulują się w osadach ściekowych. Dlatego też zawartość metali w osadach ściekowych stanowi jedno z głównych kryteriów ograniczających wykorzystanie tej grupy odpadów do kondycjonowania i nawożenia gleb, jak również do rekultywacji i rewitalizacji terenów zdegradowanych w wyniku działalności człowieka. Obecność metali w osadach ściekowych wiąże się z potencjalnym zagrożeniem, zarówno w aspekcie ekologicznym, jak i zdrowotnym. Dlatego też, tak ważne jest monitorowanie zarówno ogólnej zawartości tych zanieczyszczeń w osadach ściekowych, jak również ich form chemicznych (specjacyjnych) występowania. Narzędziem ułatwiającym podjęcie decyzji o tym, czy dany osad ściekowy może być stosowany na cele przyrodnicze, w szczególności w rolnictwie, jest analiza potencjalnego ryzyka ekologicznego.

EN

The processes used in wastewater treatment plants do not guarantee the removal of heavy metals, but only make these pollutants accumulate in the sewage sludge. Therefore, the content of metals in sewage sludge is one of the main criteria limiting the use of sewage sludge for soil conditioning and fertilization, as well as for the reclamation and revitalization of areas degraded by human activity. The presence of metals in sewage sludge is associated with a potential threat, both in terms of ecology and health. Therefore, it is so important to monitor both the total content of these pollutants in sewage sludge, as well as their chemical (speciation) forms of occurrence. A tool facilitating the decision on whether a given sewage sludge can be used for natural purposes, in particular in agriculture, is the analysis of potential ecological risk.

17

Formation of the Population of Micromycetes in the Leaf Microbiome of Cereal Cultures Using Different Plant Cultivation Technologies

Beznosko Iryna, Havryliuk Liliіa, Mazur Svetlana, Gorgan Tetiana, Mosiychuk Iryna, Bashta Olena, Kichigina Olga, Turovnik Julia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 11

236--248

EN

The selection of cereal crops varieties as a factor in the regulation of the phytopathogenic microbiome in agrocenoses is an actual direction of the research. Cultivation of such varieties leads to a decrease in the level of biological pollution in agrocenoses and increases the quality as well as safety of agricultural products in agroecosystems. Therefore, the influence of the environmental factors (including abiotic, biotic, anthropogenic, and other) on the formation of micromycete populations in the leaf microbiome of grain crops using different plant cultivation technologies has been thoroughly studied earlier. The results of the selection the plant varieties by the indicators of influence on their population density, the frequency of the occurrence, and the intensity of the micromycete sporulation, were presented in this article. Vegetative organs of plants of the cereal crops (including the oats of Parliamentsky variety, Tembre variety, and spring barley Salomi and Sebastian varieties) were selected in the following phases: tillering, stem stage of growth, and earing. It was determined that using the traditional and organic technologies of plant cultivation in the leaf microbiome of Tembre oats and Salomi variety spring barley, the population density, the frequency of the occurrence of micromycete species, and their sporulation intensity were significantly lower compared to the plants of Parliamentsky oat and Sebastian spring barley. This shows that the cultivation of the cereal crops varieties capable of restraining the formation of micromycete on an ecologically safe level will result in a decrease in the level of biological pollution of agrocenoses and increase the biosafety of plants.

18

Environmental Risks of the Pesticide Use in Agrocenoses and Their Management

Lishchuk Alla, Parfenyk Alla, Horodyska Іnna, Boroday Vira, Ternovyi Yurii, Tymoshenko Liudmyla

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 3

199--212

EN

The article is devoted to the development of methodical approaches to the management of environmental risks due to pesticide contamination of agrocenoses. An assessment of ecological risks due to the use of pesticides was carried out at the scientific research field of the Skvirskaya research station of organic production of the IAP of the National Academy of Sciences during the growing seasons of 2019–2021. The methods of assessing the ecological risks of potential pesticide contamination of agrocenoses based on the indicators of the agroecotoxicological index (AETI) and the ecotoxic impact of harmful substances (E) were used on the natural environment. It was shown that the level of environmental risk due to the use of pesticides in the research field of the station according to the weighted average indices (AETI) is characterized as low – risk, and the environmental risk due to the pesticides using is minimal. According to indicators of ecotoxicity (E), the pesticides that were used are characterized as having a low potential ecotoxic risk of impact on agrocenoses of cultivated plants. However, the total pesticide ecotoxicological load (ΣЕ = 0.425 compared to the standard EDDT = 1) indicates the possibility of disruption of ecological connectivities in the agroecosystem. One of the elements of environmental risk management can be the assessment of the pesticide load on agroecosystems and considering of the territory ability to self-clean. In order to minimize the environmental risks of pesticide contamination of agrocenoses, measures should be taken to regulate the use of chemical plant protection agents. This can be done by banning or limiting the use of pesticides that have a high level of ecotoxicity and are persistent in the soil. This will contribute to increasing the ecological safety of agro-ecosystems and the natural environment.

19

Assessment of the Risks of Toxic Effects of Atmospheric Air Pollution for Humans (on the Example of Cities in Southern Ukraine)

Kolіsnyk Alla, Chugai Angelina, Mozgovyy Andriy, Soloshych Iryna

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 6

147--154

EN

The significance of the research lies in the fact that atmospheric air is one of the vital components of the natural environment, and a high level of atmospheric pollution can cause toxic effects on human health. Therefore, an important and necessary task is to assess the negative impact of atmospheric air pollution on human health using certain methodological approaches. The aforementioned impact can manifest itself through carcinogenic and immunotoxic, that is, chronic effects. The possibility of solving the task is provided by the „Methodology for assessing the risks of toxic effects on human health from atmospheric air pollution”, which is based on the use of a linear-exponential thresholdless model. The research aimed to assess the risks of toxic effects from atmospheric air pollution in the cities of southern Ukraine for the population. The specified methodical approach allows for establishing the level of safety of city dwellers under the conditions of polluted atmospheric air. According to the results of the assessment of the carcinogenic risk of chronic intoxication of the population of four cities in the south of Ukraine in 2015–2020, it was established that the highest level of total risk from atmospheric air pollution was observed in the city of Odesa. The total risk index at maximum exposure for the city of Zaporizhia is lower compared to Odesa. In 2019–2020, a slight increase in the risk of intoxication of the population of the city of Zaporizhia was noted. The level of total risk of chronic intoxication of the population in the city of Kherson according to average indicators is lower than in the city of Zaporizhia. The level of danger for the population in the city of Mykolaiv is the lowest; there was a clear trend of reducing the risk of intoxication during the study period. The safest conditions for the population are in the city of Mykolaiv.

20

Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination Using Pollution Index, Geo-Accumulation Index, and Potential Ecological Risk Index in Agricultural Soil – A Case Study in the Coastal Area of Doukkala (Morocco)

Zaakour Fatna, Kholaiq Mariame, Khouchlaa Aya, El Mjiri Ikram, Rahimi Abdelmejid, Saber Najib

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 2

38--44

EN

Studies assessing the environmental risks related to metal pollution in agricultural soils are lacking in the coastal area of Doukkala, with is one of Morocco’s most agricultural regions. To overcome the shortcomings of such studies, trace element (As, Cd, Pb, and Zn) analyses were carried out at four sampling points in agricultural surface soils, a total of sixty-six surface soil samples were raised with an auger at a depth of (0–20 cm) from the study area. This study examined the classification and levels of heavy metals in agricultural soil and applied the pollution score and ecological risk index to the Doukkala coastal area (Morocco). This study used pollution indicators, a geo-accumulation index, and potential ecological risk indices to examine the distribution and quantity of heavy metals in agricultural soils in the coastal region of Doukkala (Morocco). This study provides significant information for policymakers and environmental specialists to quantify soil contamination in the coastal area of Doukkala (Morocco).