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1

Rarely reported Planothidium Round et Bukhtiyarova (Bacillariophyceae) from flowing waters of southern Poland

Noga Teresa, Bysiek Anna, Sobiło Aleksandra, Bąk Wiktoria, Poradowska Anita, Kosiński Krzysztof

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2026

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Vol. 55, No 2

118--132

EN

The aim of this study was to document new records for Poland of Planothidium species occurring in running waters of southern Poland and to characterise their morphology, ecology and distribution. The study material was collected during the spring (April–June) and autumn (September–October) seasons in years 2013, 2017, 2023 and 2024. Species identification was conducted using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Environmental parameters were measured in situ and complemented by laboratory analyses of water chemistry. Ecological status was assessed using diatom indices (Specific Pollution Sensitivity Index, Generic Diatom Index). Five Planothidium species not previously reported from Poland were identified: Planothidium cavilanceolatum, Planothidium daui, Planothidium gallicum, Planothidium hinzianum and Planothidium potapovae. Most taxa occurred rarely and predominantly as individual valves, which limits the precise interpretation of their ecological preferences. In our study, P. daui exhibited a broad ecological amplitude, occurring under oligo- to eutrophic conditions, whereas P. cavilanceolatum, P. gallicum and P. hinzianum were restricted to specific habitats and showed low abundances. In contrast, P. potapovae reached dominant status in the upper course of the Szum River, where it was associated with oligotrophic conditions, sandy substrates and high calcium concentrations.

2

The implicative structure of overabundant paradigms

Bouton Jules, Bonami Olivier

Journal of Language Modelling

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2026

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Vol. 14, No. 1

81--129

EN

In recent years, both quantitative approaches to the implicative structure of paradigms (Wurzel 1989) and non-canonical properties of paradigms such as overabundance (Thornton 2011) have received growing attention from morphological theory. However, the most prominent framework to quantitatively assess implicative structure, the Paradigm Cell Filling Problem (PCFP, Ackerman et al. 2009), does not consider overabundance. In our paper, we present a strategy to measure paradigm predictability for overabundant paradigms and contrast two fine-grained measures, which we call predictive diversity and prediction reliability. We show that they capture conceptually different properties of paradigms. However, in an empirical study of Estonian nominal declension, we conclude that, once the relative token frequency of overabundant forms is taken into account, the two properties are strongly correlated. Our study confirms that overabun-dance affects quantitative approaches to the PCFP in non-trivial ways,and that token frequency should not be ignored in this context.

3

Wpływ wielkości frakcji napełniacza w postaci mączki z łupin orzechów na właściwości kompozytu WPC na bazie polipropylenu

Chmielnicki Błażej, Lenartowicz-Klik Marta, Gajlewicz Izabela, Jurczyk Sebastian, Chmielnicka Ewelina

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

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T. 104, nr 12

1312--1317

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań właściwości fizykomechanicznych kompozytów WPC (wood plastic composites) na osnowie polipropylenu napełnionych mączką uzyskaną z łupin orzechów laskowych lub z łupin orzechów włoskich. W badaniach zastosowano mączki o składzie frakcyjnym: 0-200 μm oraz 315-443 μm. WPC scharakteryzowano za pomocą pomiaru wskaźników szybkości płynięcia i gęstości. Właściwości mechaniczne kompozytu określono za pomocą prób rozciągania. Omówiono obecne zastosowania i aspekty środowiskowe kompozytów polipropylenowych typu WPC na bazie łupin orzechów, biorąc pod uwagę możliwość przetwarzania i aspekty ekonomiczne.

EN

Polymer-wood composites based on polypropylene were prepd. with the addn. of 30-50% by mass of hazelnut or walnut flour. Flour with grain sizes of 0-200 μm and 315-443 μm was used. The injection-molded composites were analyzed for mech. properties (tensile test, stiffness modulus), rheological properties (mass and volume melt flow rate), and d. The decompn. temp. of the nutshell flour was also detd. by TGA anal. within the temp. range of 25-900°C. Materials prepd. with the addn. of nutshell flour exhibited similar properties to composites filled with traditional wood flour. TGA studies of the nutshell flour demonstrated greater resistance to degradation at elevated temp. compared to traditional wood flours, particularly those derived from coniferous trees.

4

Ocena morfologii próbek materiałów wysokoenergetycznych otrzymanych na bazie saletry amonowej oraz mieszaniny oleju napędowego z nadtlenkiem wodoru

Biessikirski Andrzej, Dworzak Michał, Ziąbka Magdalena, Polak Krzysztof, Pytlik Mateusz, Napruszewska Bogna D., Kuterasiński Łukasz

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

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T. 104, nr 9

872--878

PL

Przedstawiono wstępną ocenę możliwości zastosowania mieszaniny oleju napędowego z nadtlenkiem wodoru (FOHP) do otrzymywania próbek materiałów wysokoenergetycznych na bazie azotanu(V) amonu (AN). Przeanalizowano potencjalny wpływ obecności nadtlenku wodoru na właściwości morfologiczne uzyskanych próbek. Analiza mikroskopii skaningowej (SEM) wykazała brak negatywnego oddziaływania nadtlenku wodoru na powierzchnię krystaliczną azotanu(V) amonu. Zaobserwowano, że mieszanina FOHP tworzy cienką warstwę filmu olejowo-nadtlenkowego, pokrywającą zarówno powierzchnię krystaliczną AN, jak i obecne na niej defekty strukturalne. Badania dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej (XRD) potwierdziły, że obecność nadtlenku wodoru nie wpływa na strukturę krystaliczną azotanu(V) amonu. Analiza termograwimetryczna i różnicowa analiza kalorymetryczna (TG/ DSC) ujawniły dodatkowy efekt endotermiczny w temperaturze ok. 80°C w próbkach zawierających nadtlenek wodoru. Zarówno badania morfologii strukturalnej, jak i obliczenia termodynamiczne potencjalnych właściwości detonacyjnych analizowanych próbek wskazują na możliwość zastosowania nadtlenku wodoru jako dodatku w produkcji materiałów wysokoenergetycznych.

EN

High-energy materials were prepared by adding a mixt. of diesel fuel and H₂O₂ (FOHP) to NH₄NO₃. The effect of H₂O₂ on the physicochem. properties of the obtained materials was analyzed using SEM, XRD, and TG/DSC. SEM anal. showed no adverse effect of H₂O₂ on the crystal surface of NH₄NO₃. XRD anal. confirmed that H₂O₂ did not change the crystal structure of NH₄NO₃. TG/DSC anal. showed the presence of an addnl. endothermic effect at a temp. of approx. 80°C in samples contg. H₂O₂. Both the morphol. evaluation of the structure and the thermodynamic calcns. of the potential detonation properties of the analyzed samples suggest that H₂O₂ additives may be useful in the production of high-energy materials.

5

Plastic waste carbonization - a review. Part I. Morphology and characteristics of carbonization products

Mohamad Prim Nasir Adib Hafiizhullah, Norizan Mohd Nurazzi, Saharudin Nur Izzaati, Mansur Sumarni, Knight Victor Feizal, Norrrahim Mohd Nor Faiz

Polimery

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2025

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Vol. 70, nr 5

299--312

EN

This article presents a literature review on the carbonization of plastic waste as a modern approach to waste recycling and a source of renewable energy. The first part of the review discusses the structure and properties of carbonized products, including PE, PP, PS, and PET.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono przegląd literatury na temat karbonizacji odpadów z tworzyw sztucznych jako nowoczesnego podejścia do recyklingu odpadów i źródła energii odnawialnej. W pierwszej części przeglądu omówiono strukturę i właściwości karbonizowanych produktów m.in. PE, PP, PS i PET.

6

New record of bristly crab, Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761) (decapoda: pilumnidae) in Vellar estuary, Tamilnadu, Southeastern India

Jana Gothandapani, Sanjaikumar Vengatesan, Anbuselvan Subramaniyan, Arundathy Anandanatesan, Thangaraj Muthusamy

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2025

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Vol. 54, No. 3

248--254

EN

This study provides the initial documentation of the bristly crab, Pilumnus hirtellus, within Vellar estuary on India’s southeastern coastline, which was collected between January and March 2025. The species was discovered inhabiting oyster beds. Sex was determined based on the size of the major chela and the presence of egg masses, and all individuals were confirmed to be sexually mature. Detailed morphological examinations affirmed their identity as P. hirtellus through comparisons with allied taxa. Historically, this species has been recorded across the North Sea to Morocco, including various Atlantic and Mediterranean islands, and throughout the Mediterranean and Black Seas. This report represents a notable range expansion of P. hirtellus to Indian coastal waters.

7

Impact of Faisalabad industrial and domestic wastewater on stress morphophysiological and biochemical responses of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Almas Hafiza Iqra, Rasul Fahd, Shahbaz Muhammad, Mustafa Ghulam

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 6

447--463

EN

Irrigation with wastewater imperils human health by introducing toxic metals, harmful pathogens, and organic and inorganic pollutants into crops that potentially contaminate the entire food chain. This pot experiment investigated the impact of Faisalabad wastewater (Madhuana drain, Pharang drain, University of Agriculture) and canal water (control) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), focusing on morphophysiological parameters, which were assessed alongside biochemical stress markers such as photosynthetic pigments, enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative and secondary metabolites. Water physiochemical analysis showed that the Madhuana drain wastewater contained the maximum heavy metal concentration, including lead (1.5 mg/L), cadmium (0.13 mg/L), chromium (0.83 mg/L), and zinc (5.46 mg/L), then other irrigation treatments but all wastewater sources beyond the recommended permissible limit. The growth results indicated that Madhuana drain wastewater irrigation significantly altered and decreased plant growth patterns (plant fresh weight (19%) and plant dry biomass (22%), leaves per plant (26%), leaf area (40%), and plant height (45%), and also increased metal accumulation, including Pb (3.75 mg/kg), Zn (12.92 mg/kg), Cd (1.21 mg/kg), and Cr (2.05 mg/kg), while photosynthetic pigments revealed a significant reduction, with chlorophyll content declining by 40%, 31%, and 60% than all other irrigation treatments. Oxidative stress markers including MDA, EL, and H2O2 were elevated, indicating cellular damage by 64%, 62%, and 73%. Enzymatic antioxidant assays (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) and secondary metabolites (flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, and anthocyanin) elevated by 50% and 40%, respectively, indicating a response against heavy metal stress. These findings underscore that untreated wastewater adversely influences plant metabolic mechanisms that ultimately reduce growth and physiological processes. To protect food security and yield, strict wastewater treatment procedures must be put in place to reduce environmental contamination.

8

Mechanism of the effect of modified TiO2 on the strength of gold tailings-based no-fire bricks samples

Guohao Yang, Zhiming He, Jiawei Sun, Hao Guo, Kai Zhang

Environment Protection Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 51, nr 2

85--104

EN

Brick-making from gold tailings is one of the common utilization methods, however, this method usually requires pressurized sintering. This study investigates the effect of modified TiO2 on the strength of gold tailings-based no-fire bricks under ambient temperature and pressure conditions. Gold tailings, river sand, and gravel were used as raw materials, with cement-epoxy resin serving as the composite binder and modified TiO2 acting as the reinforcing agent. The surface of TiO2 was modified by silane coupling agent KH-560 and polyethyleneimine (PEI), and the effect of modified TiO2 on the performance and characterization of gold tailings-based no-fire bricks was investigated. The results show that 25% KH-560 silane coupling agent and 75% polyethyleneimine (PEI) modify TiO2 best. The optimal compressive strength of 79.6 MPa was achieved in gold tailings-based no-fire bricks with 2% modified TiO2 addition. Microscopic morphology and chemical analysis confirmed that the modified TiO2significantly enhanced the structural integrity of gold tailings-based no-fire bricks.

9

Improving the permeability characteristic of nickle oxide/yttria stabilized zirconia anode through thermal decomposition of organic porous support as sustainable material for green hydrogen ecosystem

Febriandyono Muhammad Faesal, Sulistyo, Tauviqirrahman Mohammad, Calista Rayhan, Rahman Reza Abdu

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 4

270--279

EN

Modification of the anode for fuel cell is essential to achieve the effective conversion rate at desired level. It is influenced by the gas distribution during the process. The compact profile of the anode is a direct impact for using sintering as reliable production method, making further material modification is demanded to solve the issue. At this work, practical solution is conducted to maintain the effective gas diffusion for anode, which is achieved through surface decoration enhancement. The study uses organic porous support (PS) as one sustainable and applicable method. The organic PS is made from flour, which evaporates during the sintering process. The diffraction profile for the produced anode indicates no substantial changes in the structural and physical characteristics. The morphology observation implies various models on the pore formation, including an elongated gap, achieved by a higher PS ratio (15 wt%). It promotes the highest permeability up to 0.425 m2, with maximum partial pressure difference only 4.53 kPa. It shows the achievement of surface modification is reliable to provide substantial improvement on the gas distribution throughout the conversion process. Thus, the contribution of this work is possible for applied as reliable method to improve the pores formation.

10

Evaluation of the possibility of obtaining spherical powders of titanium alloy Ti 6Al 4V by supersonic reverse polarity plasma torch for use in additive manufacturing

Gao Shiyi, Korzhyk Volodymyr, Strohonov Dmytro, Tereshchenko Oleksii, Demіanov Oleksii, Ganushchak Oleg

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 8

434--448

EN

This work demonstrates the possibility of producing spherical Ti-6Al-4V Grade 5 alloy powders with superior technological properties compared to those obtained through conventional industrial gas atomization methods for additive manufacturing, by utilizing plasma atomization of a 1.0 mm diameter solid wire. The process employs supersonic plasma jets generated by a DC reverse polarity plasma torch with vortex arc stabilization. The plasma torch has a copper hollow electrode anode and a special diffusive nozzle cathode. Analysis of the particle size distribution of the powder showed the main fraction of -140 μm 96 %wt., and the amount of the finely divided fraction of -63 μm is up to 55-60 %wt. Also, using subsonic jet had been give fraction -250 μm, which is 97 %wt., and the amount of the finely-divided fraction -63 μm does not exceed 30 %wt. The study of the shape and structure properties of Ti 6Al 4V Grade 5 powder showed that the sphericity coefficient reaches up to 0.9, the number of defects in the form of satellites and irregular particles does not exceed 1 %wt. In terms of technological characteristics, Ti 6Al 4V Grade 5 powder obtained by the adopted technique is on par with the industrial method of producing spherical powders for additive manufactuing by the direct polarity plasma torches.

11

Qualitative Studies of Selected Types of Composts

Grąz Katarzyna

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2024

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Tom 26

700--706

EN

More and more waste is being generated in the world. One form of waste processing is the composting process. This work aims to study the morphological composition of selected composts to determine the amounts of the various fractions contained therein. In the present work, four types of composts are presented to study their morphological composition. Composted grass, backyard compost, soil improver formed after composting green waste, and stabiliser – waste formed due to mechanical-biological processing of municipal waste taken from the Municipal Waste Mechanical-Biological Treatment Facility – were studied successively. Fifty samples of 2 kilograms each were taken from each group of composts, respectively. Each sample was divided into seven fractions: organic waste, plastics, ceramics, paper and cardboard, glass, metal and others. After analysis, it can be concluded that it is very difficult to obtain homogeneous compost due to the heterogeneity of the raw material. The results are accurately presented in tables with the distinction of the different fractions. It was found that mowed grass contained the most organic matter, while stabiliser contained the least. The least amount of plastic was found in backyard compost, and the most in stabiliser.

12

Synthesis, structural, thermal, and morphological characterization of Ru(III) complex with gatifloxacin and its utility to obtain RuO2 nanostructures

Althubeiti Khaled

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2024

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Vol. 26, nr 1

80--87

EN

In this work, the reaction between the drug gatifloxacin (as a ligand) with Ru(III) ions was investigated and the resulting complex was structurally and morphologically characterized. The structural properties of the complex were assessed using elemental analyses, molar conductance, thermogravimetry, UV-Vis, and IR spectroscopies, where the morphological characteristics were evaluated using SEM-EDX and XRD methods. The analyses suggested that two ligand molecules were coordinated to the Ru(III) ion via the nitrogen atoms of piperazine rings. The complex was formulated as [Ru(L)2(Cl)2]Cl, where the Ru(III) ion has a six-coordinate mode, and the coordination sphere is complemented by chlorine atoms. The interaction of the ligand with the Ru(III) ions leads to the product having an organized smooth plate-like structure with a main diameter of 39.42 nm. The RuO2 oxide in the nanoscale range was generated by the thermal decomposition of the [Ru(L)2(Cl)2]Cl complex at 600°C for 3 hours. SEM micrographs indicated that the RuO2 material possesses uniform and organized microstructures with many internal cavities enabling it to be used as a catalyst for the heterogeneous degradation of dyes and organic pollutants.

13

PLA/PBAT blends for blown film extrusion

Ostrowska Justyna, Sadurski Waldemar, Paluch Magdalena, Dębowski Maciej, Wrona Olga, Sołtan Karolina, Tyński Piotr

Polimery

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2024

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Vol. 69, nr 7-8

420--429

EN

Films of biodegradable PLA/PBAT blends with PBAT content of 10–90 wt% were obtained by extrusion blowing. PLA/PBAT blends were characterized by FT-IR, DSC, TGA and SEM. Tensile properties and tear strength of the films were also determined. It was shown that despite thermodynamic immiscibility of PLA and PBAT, addition of PBAT in amounts above 50 wt% allows obtaining films with good functional properties. Optimal properties were obtained with PBAT content of 60 or 70 wt%. Tensile strength was 36.7–38.7 MPa, elongation at break 357–388% and tear strength 11–22 N/mm.

PL

Metodą wytłaczania z rozdmuchiwaniem otrzymano folie z biodegradowalnych mieszanin PLA/PBAT, w których zawartość PBAT wynosiła 10–90% mas. Mieszaniny PLA/PBAT scharakteryzowano za pomocą FT-IR, DSC, TGA i SEM. Określono również właściwości mechaniczne przy rozciąganiu i wytrzymałość na rozdzieranie folii. Wykazano, że pomimo termodynamicznej niemieszalności PLA i PBAT, dodatek PBAT w ilości powyżej 50% mas. umożliwia otrzymanie folii o dobrych właściwościach użytkowych. Optymalne właściwości uzyskano przy zawartości PBAT wynoszącej 60 lub 70% mas. Wytrzymałość na rozciąganie wynosiła 36,7–38,7 MPa, wydłużenie przy zerwaniu 357–388%, a wytrzymałość na rozdzieranie 11–22 N/mm.

14

Morphological variability of otolith organs in three congeneric Pagellus species

Bostanci Derya, Yedier Serdar, Türker Dilek, Işmen Ali

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2024

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Vol. 53, No. 1

88--101

EN

Morphological features of sagittal otoliths in Pagellus acarne, P. bogaraveo, and P. erythrinus samples collected from the Aegean Sea were used to assess the variability both between Pagellus species and between otolith pairs employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contour shape analysis. Twenty-one otolith morphological characters were compared in detail using SEM analysis. Twelve of these characters differ between Pagellus species and are suitable for distinguishing between the three congeneric Pagellus species. Wavelet functions of otolith contour shape were compared for six Pagellus groups. The wavelet functions obtained from the contour shape analysis showed high variability in the antero-dorsal, postero-dorsal, and antero-ventral regions of otoliths among the six groups analyzed. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) of the wavelet data provided a clear distinction between the groups under study. Cluster analysis supported the PCA results and basically divided them into two main branches. One of these branches contained only P. erythrinus, while P. acarne and P. bogaraveo were present in the other branch. This is the first study to provide detailed morphological characters and wavelet analysis of left- and right-side otoliths in these three congeneric Pagellus species from the Aegean Sea.

15

Experimental investigation of stereolithography and digital light processing additive manufactured pallets

Bairapudi Anil, Sastry C. Chandrasekhara, Krishnaiah J., Sundeep Dola, Eswaramoorthy K. V.

Materials Science Poland

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2024

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Vol. 42, No. 1

1--31

EN

Pallets are a tertiary form of packaging used for stacking, storing, protecting, or transporting goods in supply chains. They are utilized as a base for the unitization of goods for logistics and warehousing. Moreover, pallets can be manufactured using wood, plastic, metal, and corrugated paper, which can be used as material-handling equipment. With several products being transported worldwide and with year-on-year growth, it would be beneficial to make lightweight pallets. Such pallets are recyclable, easy to clean, cheap, and durable to maintain and store. Though most of the pallets are widely available for basic purposes, applications involving high-end bio-packings and transportation of special chemicals require specialized pallets to be manufactured like polymers to ensure a negligible chemical reaction, light in weight, and attenuation in freight capacity, thereby widespread reduction in wastage. With advancements, job to job and immediate requirements, additive manufacturing has the potential to close the gap for jobs with short lead times. If the design process of new pallets has limits the creation of specific codes, the transitions will be smoother in rapid prototyping. This work describes the development of polymer pallets by taking advantage of stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) technology for 3D printing pallets in correlation to injection moulding. After the pallets are designed and manufactured, AM technologies can be applied to specified standards, and the pallets then undergo tensile strength, elongation, and hardness tests. The analysis was carried out for configurable geometries adapting to fork lifting, conveyor, racking, and stacking conditions. Analytical and numerical solutions were carried out to understand the stress and deflections for each geometry and its wide range of applications for pallets.

16

Corpus-based measures discriminate inflection and derivation cross-linguistically

Haley Coleman, Ponti Edoardo M., Goldwater Sharon

Journal of Language Modelling

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2024

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Vol. 12, No. 2

477--529

EN

In morphology, a distinction is commonly drawn between inflection and derivation. However, a precise definition of this distinction which reflects the way it manifests across languages remains elusive within linguistic theory, typically being based on subjective tests. In this study, we present 4 quantitative measures which use the statistics of a raw text corpus in a language to estimate to what extent a given mor-phological construction changes the form and distribution of lexemes. In particular, we measure both the average and the variance of this change across lexemes. Crucially, distributional information captures syntactic and semantic properties and can be operationalised by word embeddings. Based on a sample of 26 languages, we find that we can recon-struct 89±1% of the classification of constructions into inflection and derivation in UniMorph using our 4 measures, providing large-scale cross-linguistic evidence that the concepts of inflection and deriva-tion are associated with measurable signatures in terms of form and distribution that behave consistently across a variety of languages. We also use our measures to identify in a quantitative way whether categories of inflection which have been considered non-canonical in the linguistic literature, such as inherent inflection or transpositions, appear so in terms of properties of their form and dis-tribution. We find that while combining multiple measures reduces the amount of overlap between inflectional and derivational construc-tions, there are still many constructions near the model’s decision boundary between the two categories. This indicates a gradient, rather than categorical, distinction.

17

Alignment everywhere all at once : applying the late aggregation principle to a typological database of argument marking

Inman David, Witzlack-Makarevich Alena, Chousou-Polydouri Natalia, Steiger Melvin

Journal of Language Modelling

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2024

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Vol. 12, No. 2

287--347

EN

This article presents the structure of the ATLAs Alignment Module, a typological database designed to exhaustively capture language-internal variation in argument marking (indexing and flagging). The flexible design of our database can be extended to cover further aspects of morphosyntactic alignment. We demonstrate with a small diversity sample how the database can be queried and the data aggregated at different levels of structure (e.g. for a language as a whole or for in-dividual referential types in the form of alignment statements) for the purposes of cross-linguistic comparison. The database is made avail-able in the Cross-Linguistic Data Formats (CLDF), and we provide code that generates an array of aggregations.

18

Study of Morphogenesis and Anatomical Structure of Arctium tomentosum Mill. Native to Kazakhstan

Nurmahanova Akmaral, Akhmetova Aigul, Atabayeva Saule, Sadyrova Gulbanu, Childibayeva Assel, Kyrbassova Elzira, Imanova Elmira, Parmanbekova Meruyert, Chunetova Zhanar, Tynybekov Bekzat

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 8

325--335

EN

The article presents the biological features of Arctium tomentosum Mill. in natural and sowing conditions, the changes in morpho-anatomical structure of vegetative organs in ontogenesis. The growth rate of the germinal root was quite active, and the formation of many lateral roots was observed at the juvenile stage of life. There was an increase of the neck of the germinal root in the immature state, the formation of primary and secondary lateral roots in length, and an increase in the level of growth of the germinal root in the virginal age state. In the generative state, in the second year of life, the lateral roots form two distinct layers. The seed shell in the natural environment is lamellar, without protein, the seed is well ripened. In the next juvenile state, it was observed that the components of the xylem and phloem were not fully formed in the leaf-like cotyledon, with an underdeveloped mesophyll, of a homogeneous type. The first anatomical features in the root structure have been clarified. The size and shape of mesophyll cells are stable, columnar and loose parenchyma are determined, conductive tissues are formed. The anatomical structure of the root undergoes a period of over-development. In the generative state, the size of the central cylinder increased in the structure of the root, the layer of cutin thickened on the leaves, and the layer of columnar mesophyll containing chlorophyll grains increased. There was an accumulation of idiotic cells and needle-like calcium oxalate druzes in the root.

19

Pogórze Przemyskie Landscape Park Complex as a Habitat for Rare and New to Poland Pinnularia Species

Noga Teresa, Skubisz Jolanta, Poradowska Anita

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

203--214

EN

The peat bog areas in southeastern Poland are a habitat for many interesting, often endangered, and rare or even new diatom species for Poland. Research conducted in the years 2022–2023 in three landscape parks (Pogórze Przemyskie Landscape Park, Południoworoztoczański Landscape Park, and Janowskie Forests Landscape Park) has allowed the identification of numerous rare and endangered species from the Pinnularia genus, including some that are new to Poland. The paper provides a detailed morphological and ecological characterization of six rare or endangered Pinnularia species, among which two were found to be new for Poland (Pinnularia lokana and P. esoxiformangusta).

20

Urban Development - Specific Aspects of the City of Suceava Driven by the Orthodox Churches

Gavril Andreea G., Agachi Mihaela I.M

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 2, no. 2

art. no. 46

EN

The present paper is part of the doctoral research on the places where monastic churches created urban structures that have been preserved to this day in Suceava municipality. The article briefly presents the period from which are dated the oldest churches that have been preserved over time, namely in the 14th to 17th centuries. Natural continuity in the urban space does not mean either the destruction or the indiscriminate preservation of everything that is old, but, on the contrary, an integration between what is created new and what is useful as a material or spiritual value from the historical existing. In the configuration of the medieval city, the church was a polarizing reference point. In this sense, the topological field, as the urbanistic meaning of all religious architecture projects (monuments that have been preserved to this day) constitutes a totality of connected areas configured. Due to the urban texture, these areas are in reciprocal relations with the civic center. It can therefore be stated, based on the topological analysis, that the medieval religious architecture also has an important urban dimension. The founding activity on the territory of the city of Suceava, during the Middle Ages, materialized through a remarkable series of art and architecture monuments, of which, those that have survived to this day, make up a distinct compartment of the dowry of the national cultural heritage, being formed from only 11 churches that still exist today, from the 24 definitely registered in the documents issued by the royal chancellery.

PL

Niniejszy dokument stanowi część badań doktoranckich dotyczących miejsc, gdzie klasztorne kościoły tworzyły struktury miejskie, które przetrwały do dziś w gminie Suceava. Artykuł krótko przedstawia okres, z którego pochodzą najstarsze kościoły, które przetrwały przez wieki, a mianowicie z XIV do XVII wieku. Naturalna ciągłość w przestrzeni miejskiej nie oznacza ani zniszczenia, ani bezmyślnego zachowania wszystkiego, co stare, lecz wręcz przeciwnie – integracji tego, co nowo stworzone, z tym, co stanowi wartość materialną lub duchową z istniejącej historii. W konfiguracji średniowiecznego miasta kościół stanowił punkt odniesienia. W tym sensie pole topologiczne, jako urbanistyczne znaczenie wszystkich projektów architektury religijnej (pomników, które przetrwały do dziś), stanowi całość połączonych obszarów. Ze względu na strukturę miejską te obszary są w ramach reciprocialnych relacji z centrum obywatelskim. można więc stwierdzić, na podstawie analizy topologicznej, że średniowieczna architektura religijna ma również ważny wymiar urbanistyczny.