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Wpływ mieszaniny biosurfaktantów na efektywność bioremediacji gruntu zanieczyszczonego węglowodorami ropopochodnymi

Wojtowicz Katarzyna, Steliga Teresa

Nafta-Gaz

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2024

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R. 80, nr 5

269--278

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z wykorzystaniem biosurfaktantów (związki powierzchniowo czynne pochodzenia naturalnego) w procesie bioremediacji gleb skażonych węglowodorami ropopochodnymi. Badania bioremediacji gleby zanieczyszczonej TPH (suma węglowodorów ropopochodnych) i WWA (wielopierścieniowe węglowodory aromatyczne) prowadzono metodą pryzmowania ex situ (skala półtechniczna) w dwóch układach badawczych (układ 1 – badania biodegradacji węglowodorów ropopochodnych na drodze inokulacji biopreparatem, układ 2 – badania biodegradacji węglowodorów ropopochodnych w glebach na drodze inokulacji biopreparatem zawierającym domieszkę biosurfaktantów). Wykorzystany w badaniach biopreparat opracowano na bazie autochtonicznych bakterii i grzybów, zdolnych do rozkładu węglowodorów ropopochodnych, natomiast roztwór biosurfaktantów składał się z mieszaniny ƴ-PGA (kwasu ƴ-poliglutaminowego), ramnolipidów i surfaktyny. Badania bioremediacji prowadzono przez okres 6 miesięcy, monitorując zmiany stężenia TPH i WWA w glebie oraz jej toksyczność co 2 miesiące. W wyniku sześciomiesięcznego procesu oczyszczania uzyskano obniżenie stężenia TPH z 6062,59 mg/kg s.m. do 1774,72 mg/kg s.m. (w układzie 1) i do 768,92 mg/kg s.m. (w układzie 2) oraz WWA z 12,05 mg/kg s.m. do 4,27 mg/kg s.m. (w układzie 1) i do 2,20 mg/kg s.m. (w układzie 2). Zastosowanie domieszki biosurfaktantów w biopreparacie pozwoliło na zwiększenie efektywności biodegradacji TPH o 16,59% oraz WWA o 17,17%. Przeprowadzone analizy toksykologiczne z wykorzystaniem testów Phytotoxkit™, Ostracodtoxkit™ oraz Microtox®STP wykazały poprawę jakości gleby w wyniku prowadzonej bioremediacji oraz potwierdziły, że wraz ze spadkiem stężenia węglowodorów ropopochodnych maleje negatywny wpływ gleby poddanej biooczyszczaniu na organizmy testowe. Badania prowadzone w dwóch układach pozwoliły na ocenę wpływu biosurfaktantu na efektywność procesu bioremediacji gleby zanieczyszczonej TPH i WWA oraz umożliwiły udoskonalenie stosowanych metod rekultywacji gruntów skażonych ropą naftową.

EN

The article presents issues related to the use of biosurfactants (surfactants of natural origin) in the bioremediation of soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. Bioremediation studies were carried out on soil contaminated with TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbons) and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) using the ex-situ pile method (semi-technical scale) in two test systems (system 1 – biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by inoculation with a biopreparation, system 2 – biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by inoculation with a biopreparation containing an admixture of biosurfactants). The biopreparation used in the study was developed on the basis of indigenous bacteria and fungi capable of decomposing petroleum hydrocarbons, while the biosurfactant solution consisted of a mixture of ƴ-PGA, rhamnolipids, and surfactin. Bioremediation studies were carried out over a period of 6 months, with changes in TPH and PAH concentrations in the soil and its toxicity being monitored every 2 months. As a result of the six-month purification process, the TPH concentration was reduced from 6062.59 mg/kg dry matter (d.m.) to 1774.72 mg/kg d.m. (in system 1) and to 768.92 mg/kg d.m. (in system 2), while PAHs from 12.05 mg/kg d.m. to 4.27 mg/kg d.m. (in system 1) and to 2.20 mg/kg d.m. (in system 2). The addition of biosurfactants to the inoculant allowed to increase the biodegradation effectiveness of TPH by 16.59% and PAH by 17.17% compared to inoculation with the biopreparation alone. Toxicological analyzes carried out using the PhytotoxkitTM, OstracodtoxkitTM and Microtox®STP tests showed an improvement in soil quality as a result of the bioremediation and confirmed that a reduction in the petroleum hydrocarbons concentration decreased the negative impact of the biotreated soil on the test organisms. Research conducted in the two systems allowed for the assessment of the impact of the biosurfactants on the effectiveness of bioremediation process of soil contaminated with TPH and PAHs and enabled improvement of methods used for the reclamation of crude oil-contaminated soil.

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Microbiological treatment of post-industrial water : Example of efficient bioremediation of the heavily polluted Kalina pond, Poland

Starzec Katarzyna, Stańkowska Emilia, Supel Paulina, Mazur Robert, Surma Piotr, Kaszycki Paweł

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 60

236--245

EN

The Kalina pond has been well known as a severely degraded area in the Silesia region, Poland. The environmental deterioration results from high contamination of water and bottom sediments with recalcitrant and toxic organic compounds, mainly phenol. The study was aimed at developing a bioremediation-based approach suitable for this type of polluted areas, involving microbiological treatment of water as a key and integral part of other necessary actions: mechanical interventions and the use of physical methods. During the initial biological treatment stage, autochthonous microorganisms were isolated from contaminated samples of water, soil and sediment, then subjected to strong selective pressure by incubation with the pollutants, and finally, cultivated to form a specialised microbial consortium consisting of five extremophilic bacterial strains. Consortium propagation and its biodegradation activity were optimised under variant conditions enabling bacteria to proliferate and to obtain high biomass density at large volumes allowing for the in situ application. After installing aeration systems in the pond, the consortium was surface-sprinkled to launch bioremediation and then both bacterial frequency and the contaminant level was systematically monitored. The complex remediation strategy proved efficient and was implemented on an industrial scale enabling successful remedial of the affected site. Treatment with the specifically targeted and adapted microbial consortium allowed for removal of most organic pollutants within a four-month season of 2022: the chemical oxygen demand (COD) value decreased by 72%, polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) level by 97%, while the content of total phenols and other monoaromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) dropped below the detection thresholds.

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Identification of Oil Degrading Bacteria from Oil-Contaminated Soil in the Northeastern Part of Jordan

Aladwan Mohammad Mahmoud, Dababneh Basem Fou'ad, Farah Husni Shukri, Abusalah Mai Abdel Haleem

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 5

306--320

EN

Bioremediation aspects of crude oil-polluted fields can be achieved by isolating and identifying bacterial species from oil-contaminated soil. This allows for the selection of the most active isolates and the enhancement of the effectiveness of other bacteria. This project will be a base to use green technology for clean the oil contaminated soil in Jordan. This study involved the isolation and identification of oil-degrading microbes from soil samples contaminated with oil in the northeastern region of Jordan. The morphological and biochemical tests were used to characterize twenty-five bacterial isolates. Molecular identification of a universal primer 16S rDNA gene was used to identify bacterial isolates. Total petroleum hydrocarbons were analyzed using gas chromatography for soil samples. All soil samples were analyzed for heavy metal contamination (Cu, Cd, Mn, Zn, and Pb). The bacterial growth count (CFU/g) was between 1.06×105 and 2.80×1017. The identified bacterial genera included: Staphylococcus, Citrobacter, Lactobacillus, Alcaligin’s, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Serratia, Enterobacter, Bacillus, Salmonella, Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, and, Microbacterium. The most species showed high growth rates on different types of hydrocarbons such as toluene, naphthalene, and hexane were Lactobacillus casei, Staphylococcus intermedius, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas putida, Mycobacterium phlei, Corynebacterium xerosis. Soil sample M1A contains the highest levels of Fe, Cd , and Pb and Cu,. While M1C contains the highest levels of Fe and Mn. On the other hand, M2A, and M2C have the least levels of Mn and Fe. While M3C has the least level of Zn and Pb. our study conclude the bacterial isolates could be used for in situ and ex situ cleanup of oil-contaminated desert soil in northeastern part of Jordan.

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Influence of Organic Waste on Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Soil

Marwa Alexander

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 5

32--41

EN

As the transportation sector develops and urbanization increases, so does the demand for automobiles and workshop or garage services. During maintenance or workshop activities, oil may be discharged into the environment, leading to oil-contaminated soil. This study focused on optimizing the use of local organic waste to improve the bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil. The concentration of oil-contaminated soil was mixed with various organic wastes (cow manure, chicken droppings, and sewage sludge) in different ratios of organic waste (R1 100 g, R2 200 g, R3 300 g) combined with 1000 g of soil for a 56-day bioremediation trial. The results showed that the oil-contaminated soil in the case study area varied from 96.07 mg·kg-1 to 123.11 mg·kg-1. Organic wastes used contained higher levels of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus compared to the oil-contaminated soil. After 56 days, the treated soil exhibited a reduction of oil contamination by 66.9% with cow manure (CM), 61.6% with sewer sludge (SS), and 79.2% with chicken droppings (CD). The soil mixed with CD had the highest bacterial count (35·106 CFU·g-1), while the soil mixed with SS had the lowest bacterial count (22·106 CFU·g-1). Optimal bacterial counts were observed over the 35-day experiment, followed by a decrease in bacterial counts in all reactors. This study demonstrated that the promising technology of utilizing local organic waste has the potential to enhance bioremediation in oil-contaminated soil.

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Evaluation of Biosurfactant Production Capabilities in Bacterial Strains Isolated from Oil-Contaminated Soil

Mahdi Abdulwahhab Jasim, Al-Kalidy Saad Kadhim Ala Allah, Al Shubaily Iman Ismaeel Jaseem

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 3

9--20

EN

This study aims to investigate the biosurfactant production capabilities of bacterial strains isolated from oil-contaminated soil samples. Employing a comprehensive methodological approach, we collected soil samples from thirty different fuel pumps and conducted an extensive screening of bacterial isolates using various tests such as hemolytic activity, emulsification index, blue agar plate method, and drop collapsing test. The results revealed significant biosurfactant production among certain isolates, specifically highlighting the effectiveness of two particular strains. This paper presents a detailed analysis of these strains, including their optimal growth conditions in terms of pH, temperature, carbon, and nitrogen sources. Our findings indicate a notable potential of these bacterial strains in biosurfactant production, with implications for environmental bioremediation, particularly in oil pollution contexts. The study also sheds light on the limitations encountered and underscores the originality of the research in exploring biosurfactant production in a novel context. This study contributes to the field by offering insights into the effective utilization of microbial strains for biosurfactant synthesis, which is crucial for sustainable and eco-friendly bioremediation practices.

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Bioremediation of fishery waste using water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.)

Al-Rosyid Latifa Mirzatika, Komarayanti Sawitri, Arifin Pramesya Ramadhana, Guritno Wulan

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2024

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Vol. 31, nr 3

329--338

EN

One of the relatively affordable and safe waste treatment is biological treatment by utilising certain plants as biofilters. The water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) is an aquatic plant that is usually considered a weed by the community. These plants can be used to absorb toxic elements in wastewater. The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between Pistia stratiotes L. and the decrease in the organic matter content of fishery processing wastewater. The research method involved varying the effectiveness of the relationship between the bacteria and the water lettuce, the cover rate of the water slide plants and measuring water quality. Water quality measurements include: analysis of BOD5, COD, TSS, pH and temperature. Data analysis with regression and correlation tests using SPSS 28 software. In this study, the density of Pistia stratiotes L. used was 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the effectiveness of the Pistia stratiotes L. in reducing levels of BOD5, COD and TSS is highest at a density of 100 % with the effectiveness values of each 23.7 mg/L, 58.7 mg/L and 2.67 mg/L.

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Can microorganisms play a beneficial role in oil spill clean-up?

Zegrocka-Stendel Oliwia

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2023

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Nr 2

13--16

EN

Flourishing petroleum industry is the main cause of environmental pollution. According to the estimates, annually from 3 up to 6 million metric tons of crude oil are released into the world's water reservoirs due to oil seepage and spills. Supertanker accidents and oil rig disasters are the cause of major oil spills in the ocean, the oil slick while floating on the water surface can spread out by wind and currents to disrupt the ecosystem at long distances from the source of the spill. To limit the scale of environmental damage some oil spill clean-up techniques have been implemented, like for example skimming - physical separation of oil from water, use of sorbents such as, for example, volcanic ash and shavings of polyester-derived plastic to absorb oil hydrocarbons or application of surfactants to disperse oil plume in a water column and thus make it available for bacterial degradation. Recently, more attention is being paid to bioremediation process employing indigenous and exogenous hydrocarbon degrading bacteria to remove spilled oil fractions. This approach seems most promising and beneficial as ecosystem clean-up and recultivation method, since based on activity of naturally occurring microorganisms it is safer, more sustainable and providing diminished human impact on environment in comparison with other techniques.

PL

Rozwijający się przemysł naftowy jest główną przyczyną zanieczyszczenia środowiska. Według szacunków do światowych zbiorników wodnych trafia od 3 do 6 milionów ton ropy naftowej rocznie w wyniku wycieków. Wypadki supertankowców i katastrofy na platformach wiertniczych są przyczyną dużych wycieków ropy do oceanów. Plamy ropy unoszące się na powierzchni wody mogą rozprzestrzeniać się przez wiatr i prądy zakłócając ekosystem na duże odległości od źródła wycieku. Aby ograniczyć skalę szkód środowiskowych wdrożono techniki usuwania wycieków ropy, takie jak np. skimming - fizyczne oddzielenie ropy od wody, stosowanie sorbentów, takich jak np. popioły lub pyły wulkaniczne, lub tworzyw sztucznych na bazie poliestrów w celu sorpcji smug ropnych na powierzchni wody, a tym samym umożliwiania ich degradacji bakteryjnej. Ostatnio coraz więcej uwagi poświęca się procesowi bioremediacji z wykorzystaniem rodzimych i egzogennych bakterii rozkładających węglowodory do usuwania rozlanych frakcji ropy naftowej. Podejście to wydaje się najbardziej obiecujące i korzystne jako metody oczyszczania i rekultywacji ekosystemów ponieważ oparte są na aktywności naturalnie występujących mikroorganizmów. Techniki to są bezpieczniejsze i bardziej ekologiczne zapewniając mniejszy wpływ człowieka na środowisko w porównaniu z innymi technikami.

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Environmental contaminants of emerging concern: occurrence and remediation

Prasad Majeti Narasimha Vara, Elchuri Sailaja V.

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

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2023

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R. 28, NR 1-2

57--77

EN

Certain contaminants are termed as emerging (Contaminants of Emerging Concern, CEC) since all aspects of these pollutants are not known and their regulation is not ununiform across the nations. The CECs include many classes of compounds that are used in various industries, plant protection chemicals, personal care products and medicines. They accumulate in waterbodies, soils, organisms including humans. They cause deleterious effects on plant animal and human health. Therefore, alternative greener synthesis of these chemicals, sustainable economic methods of waste disposal, scaling up and circular methods using sludge for removing the contaminants are innovative methods that are pursued. There are several improvements in chemical waste treatments using electro-oxidation coupled with solar energy, high performing recycled granular activated charcoal derived from biomass are few advances in the field. Similarly, use of enzymes from microbes for waste removals is a widely used technique for bioremediation. The organisms are genetically engineered to remove hazardous chemicals, dyes, and metals. Novel technologies for mining economically the precious and rare earth elements from e-waste can improve circular economy. However, there is additional need for participation of various nations in working towards greener Earth. There should be pollution awareness in local communities that can work along with Government legislations.

9

Isolation, characterization and growth assessment of biodegrading chlorpyrifos-methyl Bacillus species isolated from Algerian soil

Slimani Hanane, Abdi Akila, Branes Zidane

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2022

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Vol. 31, No. 2

135--146

EN

Chlorpyrifos-methyl (CM) is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide, which is widely used in pest control. In this research, the isolation, and biochemical and molecular identification of bacterial strains obtained from three soils located in northeastern Algeria were carried out, as well as the evaluation of their ability to grow in the presence of CM. Out of 48 bacterial isolates between Gram-negative and Gram-positive identified, several were able to grow on mineral agar with at least 25 mg·l–1 of CM. Four bacteria showed the best growth capacity, were identified as Bacillus sp. H1-80, Brevibacterium frigoritolerans strain WJB99 and two Bacillus sp. strains GL5. The strains were tested for their ability to grow on liquid media with CM as the sole energy and carbon source. In general, these strains showed slow but significant growth visualized by the 600 nm turbidity control, suggesting that they could be used for bioremediation applications of CM polluted soils.

10

Bacterial selection of the Pseudomonas genus with the capacity to treat water and contaminated soils

Escudero-López Henry Joel, Serrano-Carrillo Karla Anabel, Jácome-Pilco Carlos Rodrigo, Sanaguano-Salguero Herminia del Rosario, Bayas-Morejón Isidro Favian

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 53

238--241

EN

In the present work, bacteria of the Pseudomonas genus native to the Ecuadorian Amazon with the capacity to treat contaminated water and soils were selected. For this purpose, 20 soil samples from Amazon region with evidence of contamination were analysed. For identification, each sample was assigned a code according to the sampling area: Joya de los Sachas (S), Minga (M) and Siete de Julio-Shushufindi (SH). The cultures were performed in the combination of Bushnell Hass (BH) + Luria Bertani (LB) and Müeller-Hinton (MH) + Brucella agar (BA) media, all with the addition of diesel to verify their efficacy in the growth of bacteria capable of surviving in contaminated media. The combination with ideal results was that of BH + LB, by means of Gram-staining it was determined that 19 of the samples had interest microorganisms. To characterize the isolates at the species level, biochemical tests of: catalase, citrate, glucose, hemolytic activity and urease were applied, which allowed to confirm the existence of the Pseudomonas of interest. The results indicated that P. stutzeri (in samples S1 and M1), P. aeruginosa (in SH2 and SH5) and P. putida (in S7, S8, S10 and SH4) obtaining a total of 8 isolates (40%) of interest from the initial 19. With the results obtained from this work, an optimal culture method was standardized for the selection of bacteria with potential for treating contaminated soils and water.

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Utilizing the Eutrophication in Bioresources Recovery and Biogas Production – A Case Study in Egypt

Khalil Mohamed M., Ficara Elena, Colaninno Nicola, EL-Baz Amro

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 12

299--313

EN

In this work, the nutrients and eutrophication problem are integrated into a nature-based solution by incorporating microalgae-based nutrient removal from wastewater and collecting the residue in an anaerobic digestion plant to produce biogas that is directly exported to an existing gas-fired power plant and closes the bioresource loop. El Burullus lake in Egypt was selected as a case study because it is rich in nutrients and suitable for the integrated system. The theoretical results were promising as for one-hectare, nutrient pollution could be reduced with a total nitrogen removal rate of 4 kg•d-1, a total phosphorus removal rate of 1.1 kg•d-1, and a total COD removal rate of 9.3 kg•d-1. The digester volume corresponding to the biomass produced was 120 m3 per hectare of algae pond and the methane yield () from anaerobic digestion was 73 m3•d-1.

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Microalgae Biomass Modelling and Optimisation for Sustainable Biotechnology – A Concise Review

Ugya Adamu Yunusa, Meguellati Kamel

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

309--318

EN

The autotrophic forms of microalgae are referred to as "efficient biological factories", because they play a significant role in CO2 removal from the atmosphere by utilizing it for the process of photosynthesis. The industrial application of microalgae biomass includes the production of cosmetics, health products, fertilisers, biofuel, feeds, and food. Microalgae biomass is also an important tool used in the treatment of wastewater. The current review is aimed at reviewing the progress and prospects of microalgae resource modelling and optimisation as a tool for sustainable biotechnology. The mechanism of biomass production by microalgae tends to vary according to whether the microalgae are autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic organisms. In the current study, the modelling and optimisation of microalgae biomass production were discussed, as well as the modelling of CO2 sequestration, light intensity, nutrients, and photobioreactor. The role of microalgal biomass production in attaining sustainable biotechnology has also been extensively studied. Microalgae are an emerging tool used in the phycoremediation of wastewater and reduction of high CO2 level. The modelling and optimisation of microalgae biomass production will help to upscale the production of the microalgal based fuel and bioproducts from model scale to the money-making level.

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Evaluation of a Wetland Constructed with Typha domingensis Pers., for the Recovery of Contaminated Water from Hospital Effluents

Peralta Inocencia, Cardozo César, Nakayama Héctor, Ávalos Claudia, Benítez Gilberto, Elkhalili Ryad, Ayala José, Arenas Rossana, Samudio-Oggero Antonio

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 9

136--145

EN

The objective of this research project was to evaluate the implementation of a phytoremediation system for the effluents generated by the National Cancer Institute (INCAN), Central Department, Paraguay to contribute to the management of the liquid waste that it generates. The system consisted of a set of three pools, in which were made up of floating Typha domingensis Pers plants, at an approximate density of 10 plants per m2, all the roots formed a filter, which was in direct contact with the effluent. The effluent was of continuous flow; the flows of entry and exit were regulated according to the generation of liquid waste by INCAN. There were 5 measurements made with an interval of 7 days for each measurement, at a point of entry and exit of the effluent, to determine the system. The parameters evaluated were: BOD5, COD, NTK, PT, pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and fecal coliforms. The results showed a considerable reduction of the pollutants generated for all the parameters evaluated, obtaining an efficiency of 67.9 to 92.4% in the evaluated parameters, indicating that it is very feasible to implement this type of systems for phytodepuration of liquid waste.

14

Carbonized Sorbents of Shungite and Rice Husk for Purification of Petroleum Contaminated Soils

Ongarbayev Yerdos, Baigulbayeva Moldir, Tileuberdi Yerbol, Ualieva Perizat, Abdieva Gulzhamal

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 5

16--25

EN

Contamination of soil and water with petroleum during its extraction, collection, transportation, storage and preparation occurs frequently, and purification of oil spills is one of the pressing environmental problems of oil producing organizations. There are a large number of methods for utilization oil spills. The sorption method in combination with bioremediation is capable of effectively purification of petroleum contaminated soils. The paper shows the possibility of using a carbonized mixture of shungite from the Koksu deposit (Kazakhstan) with rice husk as a sorbent and carrier of microorganism strains. The physicochemical properties and elemental composition, as well as the microstructure of carbonized samples were established. The maximum sorption capacity of carbonized sorbents when purifying the soil samples from oil from the Karazhanbas field was 1.86 g/g after 60 days. The carbonized samples with microorganism strains immobilized on them showed a degree of oil destruction reaching 90%.

15

Biosurfactant Produced by Indigenous Bacteria During Composting Process of Crude Oil Polluted Soil: Properties and Role

Sari Gina Lova, Trihadiningrum Yulinah, Ni'matuzahroh, Putra Suhendra Amka, Kasasiah Ahsanal, Alim Muhammad Syahirul

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

297--314

EN

Bacterial co-metabolism in composting process has been widely used to remove hydrocarbons, aided by in-situ production of bio-based surfactants, in terms of compost humic acid-like substances and biosurfactants. The properties of compost humic acid-like substances have been shown in previous studies as potential surface tension reducers and emulsifiers for hydrocarbons. The current study aimed to analyze the properties of biosurfactant of surface tension decrease, emulsification activity, and hydrocarbon solubilization ability. Four indigenous bacteria consortia were isolated from composted materials of yard waste, rumen residue, crude oil-polluted soil, and the mixture of polluted soil with organic waste (1:1, w/w) at day 0th, 20th, 40th, and 60th. Organic waste consists of yard waste and rumen residue in the ratio of 1:1. The isolated indigenous bacteria consortia were incubated for 7 days in different media, i.e., organic waste extract, 6.00% of crude oil, and a mixture of organic waste extract with 6.00% crude oil. The results indicated that the surface tension decrease and emulsification activity of biosurfactants were 8.35–52.90 mN m-1 and 0.00–12.00%, respectively, which showed the potential as surface tension reducers with low emulsification activity. The higher hydrocarbon solubility was shown by the biosurfactant from the rumen residue (13 620 µg g-1) and the mixture (10 998 µg g-1) at day 40th, which was comparable to 1.50% of Tween 80. The biosurfactants in the current research were produced with the same materials, process, and time as compost humic acid-like substances which acts as in-situ bio-based surfactants. The respective ability to solubilize hydrocarbon might be combined and estimated to be higher than Tween 80 of 24 329 µg g-1 and 21 619 µg g-1 for rumen residue and the mixture, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that the best composition for in-situ bio-based surfactant production to assist the degradation of hydrocarbon through composting process is polluted soil with organic waste (1:1, w/w). The solubility of hydrocarbons can be increased without synthetic surfactants addition, but through providing nutrients to maintain in-situ bio-based surfactant production with intermittent addition of organic waste every 40 days. This method is expected to be an appropriate approach in composting development as a cost-effective sustainable bioremediation technique for polluted soil.

16

Bioremediation Possibilities of Oil-Contaminated Soil by Biosurfactant Based on Bacillus Strain

Nedoroda Vladyslav, Trokhymenko Ganna, Magas Nataliya

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

49--55

EN

This paper represents the results of the investigation of soil phytotoxicity with a high level of oil pollution. The artificially contaminated soils were exposed to an oil-destroying biosurfactant based on the strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis. The main objective of the work was to evaluate the effectiveness of a consortium of microorganisms in reducing the phytotoxicity of soils with high levels of oil contamination. The determination was performed on the reactions of test organisms to the pollution of the soil environment. The test system in the experiment comprised Sorghum bicolor subsp. Drummondii, Phleum pretense, Galéga officinális, Trifolium pretense, Medicágo sativa, and Sinapis arvensis. The variety of the applied indicator plants has provided a comprehensive analysis of the results of oil destruction and allowed an assessment of the sensitivity of the seeds of each species to toxic substances.

17

Nutrient Removal and Biomass Production by Culturing Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in Parboiled Rice Effluent

Fehrenbach Gustavo Waltzer, Sitowski Aline, Novo Diogo La Rosa, Mesko Márcia Foster, Gil de los Santos Diego, Leite Fábio Pereira Leivas

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2022

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Vol. 23, iss. 3

177--183

EN

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the treatment of rice parboiling effluent (PE) and biomass production. PE was inoculated with S. cerevisiae at 1.2×104 CFU mL-1 and cultured in shaker at 28 °C and 180 rpm for 72 h. PE supplied the required nutrients for S. cerevisiae growth, reaching a biomass of ± 8.2 g·L−1, cell viability of ± 2×1011 CFU mL−1 and removals of 74%, 56% and 17% for total Kjedahl nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and phosphorus, respectively. The versatile of S. cerevisiae supported the direct and non-supplemented cultivation in PE, resulting in high removals of nutrient and biomass production and represent an alternative method to reduce the environmental impact of rice industry and an alternative process to obtain marketable yeast biomass.

18

The efficiency of some fungi species in wastewater treatment

Kadhim Nuha F., Mohammed Wathiq J., Al Hussaini Ibtihal M., Al-Saily Hala M.N., Ali Rasha N.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2021

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no. 50

248--254

EN

Using microorganisms in eliminating or reducing the impacts of harmful remnants is very ancient manner. The current study was conducted to explore the potential of utilizing some fungi species that isolated from the main sewage treatment plant in Al-Muamirah area, Babylon-Iraq, in reducing some pollutants. Six fungi taxa Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. terrues, Candida albicans, C. krusei, and Penicillium digitatum were identified before any treatment process, whereas only four fungi species A. flavus 20%, A. niger 20%, A. terrues 10%, and P. digitatum 18% were recognized after completing the physical and chemical treatment stages. Only three taxa A. niger, A. terrues, and P. digitatum were employed to reveal their capability in treating the sewage water, which represent the biological treatment stage as the final step of the treatment processes. The results showed a considerable capability of these fungi species in decreasing many variables values such as pH, total soluble solids (TSS), electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, total alkalinity, chlorides, nitrite, and phosphate. Where, slightly low reduction was detected in TSS value in all experiments (1.1–5.9%), similarly, both EC and salinity which were decreased with low ratios (6.6%, 3.9%, respectively). Taxon A. terrues exhibited high ability in reducing the total alkalinity and chloride ions in the treated water (30.9%, 43%, respectively) in comparison with the other two fungi species. Furthermore, all three fungi species were posed high capability in decreasing nutrients, where both nitrite and phosphate ions were highly reduced (87–97% and 22.8–32.1%, respectively). Based on these findings, we suggest using other microorganisms and exploring their capacity in removing the pollutants, and revealing the ability of the above fungi taxa in removing other pollutants.

19

Study of Oil-Contaminated Soils Phytotoxicity During Bioremediation Activities

Sivkov Yuriy, Nikiforov Artur

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 3

67--72

EN

This work is devoted to studying the dynamics of changes in phytotoxicity of oil-contaminated meadow soils in the process of microbial bioremediation. The research was conducted under laboratory and field conditions. Winter rye (Secále cereále) was selected as the test object. In order to assess the degree of toxicity in the laboratory, the indicators of seed germination – germination rate and germination energy-were determined. In a field experiment, the ecological state of oil-contaminated soils was evaluated by the germination rate and the amount of aboveground plant biomass. The research results showed that the content of petroleum products significantly affected the percentage of germination of rye seeds. There are differences in the size of seedlings for different experimental schemes: in all tests, the average height of cleoptila on polluted soil was less than on unpolluted soil, but at the same time it varied for different experimental bioremediation schemes. The use of potassium humate and modified vermiculite as additives significantly reduced the toxicity of the oil-contaminated soil.

20

Nutrient Absorption and Biomass Production by the Marine Diatom Chaetoceros Muelleri: Effects of Temperature, Salinity, Photoperiod, and Light Intensity

Minggat Elizerberth, Roseli Wardina, Tanaka Yasuaki

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 1

231--240

EN

The marine diatom Chaetoceros muelleri is commonly used for aquacultural feed and is well known for its fast growth and easy maintenance. In order to evaluate the potential of C. muelleri to be used for the nutrient removal and biomass production from eutrophic saline wastewaters, the algae were cultured under a wide range of temperature, salinity, photoperiod, and light intensity. The optimum temperature for the biomass production was observed at 30°C, but the algae could maintain at least 66% of the highest production between 20°C and 35°C. The optimum salinity for the biomass production was 25, but the algae could maintain at least 22% of the highest production between 10 and 30. Both light intensity and photoperiod affected the algal biomass production, and the minimum light requirement was considered 100 μmol m−2•s−1 for 6 hours to maintain the biomass production and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) absorption. Throughout all the experiments, the N and P absorption increased with the biomass production, but the ratio of N and P to the biomass exponentially decreased with the biomass production. These results showed that C. muelleri is tolerant to the wide range of environmental conditions, absorbing nutrients and producing organic matter. C. muelleri has a great potential to be introduced in the water treatment processes, especially where the temperature and salinity fluctuate.