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PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki testu modułu lokalizacji, zaimplementowanego w systemie opracowanym w celu monitorowania i lokalizowania (z zakładaną dokładnością) pracowników wewnątrz pomieszczeń, tj. w miejscach, gdzie nie można wykorzystać urządzeń przeznaczonych do lokalizacji na otwartej przestrzeni. System ten jest przeznaczony zwłaszcza do zastosowania w środowisku przemysłowym. Przeprowadzony test modułu lokalizacji polegał na weryfikacji zastosowanego algorytmu lokalizacji w warunkach rzeczywistych.
EN
This article presents the test results of a localization module implemented in a system designed to monitor and locate (with assumed accuracy) employees indoors, i.e., in locations where outdoor location devices cannot be used. This system is specifically designed for use in industrial environments. The localization module test verified the localization algorithm in real-world conditions.
EN
The market for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), along with their associated applications and services, has been developing at a rapid pace in recent years. One of the key emerging trends is the use of UAV swarms, which enable the execution of complex tasks more efficiently than single platforms. Effective control of such a swarm, whether by a human operator or autonomously, requires maintaining safe distances between individual UAVs. This, in turn, necessitates precise navigation and mutual localization within the swarm, posing both technical and operational challenges. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in relative localization techniques within UAV swarms. With the increasing interest in UAV swarm applications for tasks such as search and rescue, surveillance, and delivery, accurate and reliable localization methods have become critical for maintaining formation and avoiding collisions. The paper categorizes localization approaches into cooperative methods and autonomous sensing and further classifies them by the type of sensor used: optical, radio frequency, and acoustic. For each category, representative technologies, and algorithms, such as ultra-wideband (UWB), received signal strength indication (RSSI), angle of arrival (AOA), multidimensional scaling (MDS), and convolutional neural network (CNN)-based vision systems, are discussed, along with their strengths, limitations, and suitability for Global Positioning System (GPS)-denied environments. The paper concludes with an identification of current research gaps, including the challenges of sensor array integration on UAV platforms and the influence of environmental interference on localization accuracy.
EN
The aim of this study was to determine the priorities for road maintenance and reconstruction works at three landslideprone locations in Tarnów district using a multi-criteria analysis method. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was applied using different rating scales, taking into account geotechnical, geological, physiographic, and hydrological criteria. The results enabled the identification of the highest-risk location requiring priority in road planning. The AHP method proved to be an effective decision-support tool for engineering applications under conditions of limited data availability.
PL
W artykule omówiono zagrożenia realizacji prac drogowo-remontowych w trzech lokalizacjach osuwiskowych na terenie powiatu tarnowskiego, z wykorzystaniem metody analizy wielokryterialnej. W badaniach zastosowano metodę AHP z wykorzystaniem różnych skal ocen, uwzględniając kryteria geotechniczne, geologiczne, fizjograficzne oraz hydrologiczne. Wyniki umożliwiły identyfikację obszaru o najwyższym poziomie ryzyka, który powinien zostać uwzględniony przy planowaniu inwestycji drogowych. Metoda AHP potwierdziła swoją użyteczność jako narzędzie wspomagania decyzji inżynierskich w warunkach ograniczonej dostępności danych.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano badanie przyczepności przeprowadzone za pomocą testu pull-out. Eksperymenty miały na celu doświadczalną ocenę jednoczesnego wpływu średnicy pręta oraz jego lokalizacji w betonowym bloku na zachowanie przyczepności. Wyniki wykonanych analiz wykazały, że kluczowe znaczenie ma skrępowanie pręta przez beton, na które bezpośrednio oddziałują przyjęte parametry zmienne badania. Skrępowanie determinowało typ zniszczenia przyczepności, a w konsekwencji przebieg krzywych przyczepność-poślizg oraz wartości szczytowego naprężenia przyczepności i odpowiadającego mu poślizgu, stanowiących główne rezultaty testu pull-out.
EN
The paper presents a bond study that was conducted using a pull-out test. The experiments were designed to evaluate the simultaneous influence of the bar diameter and its location in the concrete block on the bond behavior. The results of the analyses performed showed that the confinement of the bar by the concrete, which is directly affected by the adopted variable parameters of the test, is of key importance. The confinement determined the type of bond failure, and consequently the course of bond-slip curves and the values of peak bond stress and corresponding slip, which are the main results of the pull-out test.
EN
Binaural technology has been known for decades. However, advancements in software and consumer electronics have facilitated its widespread adoption, primarily in the post-millennium era. As binaural sound becomes more popular, the demand for spatial analysis tools is expected to grow. This paper evaluates three methods for assessing ensemble width in binaural music recordings: (1) an auditory model with decision trees, (2) a neural network model, and (3) a spatial spectrogram approach. Under ideal, anechoic conditions, the auditory model performed best with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 6.59° (±0.11°), followed by the neural network (8.57° ±0.19°) and the technique based on spatial spectrograms (13.54° ±0.92°). Extend-ing previous work, this study analyzes the methods’ robustness to reverberation and noise. Noise resilience tests indicate moderate resistance, with the auditory model yielding an MAE of 12.34° at a 10 dB signal-to-noise ratio. However, reverberation tests show a significant drop in accuracy even at an RT60 reverberation time of 0.1 seconds. The findings may contribute to the improvement of models for estimating ensemble width in binaural recordings of music, which could influence the development of binaural sound analysis tools, with potential applications in audio production.
EN
This research tackles the ongoing challenge of unsustainable urban growth in Algeria by using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to enhance site selection for sustainable urban initiatives in M’Sila. The study used AHP’s systematic approach to develop a regional suitability map, including environmental, social, and economic factors. This differs from earlier ad-hoc methods, offering a clear and impartial assessment via pairwise comparisons. The resultant map delineates regions that reconcile project demands with sustainability goals. The versatility, openness, and ability of AHP to incorporate both quantitative and qualitative data are emphasized as primary strengths. The research highlights AHP’s substantial impact on enhancing urban planning in a resource-limited context, while recognizing constraints including data availability and subjective qualitative evaluations. The produced suitability map indicates that 46.31% (106.94 km²) of M’Sila is classified as very suitable, 21.44% (49.51 km²) as moderately suitable, 10.14% (23.42 km²) as weakly suitable, and 3.64% (8.41 km²) as unsuitable for sustainable urban growth. The technique included a two-phase process: the AHP phase is succeeded by GIS-based spatial representation. The results provide a crucial resource for Algerian policymakers and stakeholders, facilitating evidence-based decision-making and a transition to sustainable urban development methods amid rising urbanization and resource constraints. The research indicates that AHP offers a robust framework for addressing the difficulties of urban planning in resource-limited environments.
PL
Niniejsze badania podejmują trwające wyzwanie niezrównoważonego rozwoju obszarów miejskich w Algierii, wykorzystując proces hierarchii analitycznej (AHP) w celu usprawnienia wyboru lokalizacji dla zrównoważonych inicjatyw miejskich w M'Sila. W badaniu wykorzystano systematyczne podejście AHP do opracowania regionalnej mapy przydatności, obejmującej czynniki środowiskowe, społeczne i ekonomiczne. Różni się to od wcześniejszych metod ad hoc, oferując jasną i bezstronną ocenę poprzez porównania parami. Powstała mapa wyznacza regiony, które godzą wymagania projektu z celami zrównoważonego rozwoju. Wszechstronność, otwartość i zdolność AHP do uwzględniania zarówno danych ilościowych, jak i jakościowych są podkreślane jako główne mocne strony. Badania podkreślają znaczący wpływ AHP na usprawnienie planowania miejskiego w kontekście ograniczonych zasobów, przy jednoczesnym rozpoznaniu ograniczeń, w tym dostępności danych i subiektywnych ocen jakościowych. Wytworzona mapa przydatności wskazuje, że 46,31% (106,94 km²) M'Sila jest klasyfikowane jako bardzo odpowiednie, 21,44% (49,51 km²) jako umiarkowanie odpowiednie, 10,14% (23,42 km²) jako słabo odpowiednie, a 3,64% (8,41 km²) jako nieodpowiednie dla zrównoważonego rozwoju miejskiego. Technika obejmowała dwuetapowy proces: faza AHP jest następowana przez opartą na GIS reprezentację przestrzenną. Wyniki dostarczają kluczowego zasobu dla algierskich decydentów i interesariuszy, ułatwiając podejmowanie decyzji opartych na dowodach i przejście na zrównoważone metody rozwoju miejskiego pośród rosnącej urbanizacji i ograniczeń zasobów. Badania wskazują, że AHP oferuje solidne ramy do rozwiązywania trudności planowania miejskiego w środowiskach o ograniczonych zasobach.
EN
This paper presents the concept of a vision system designed to determine the position of a camera within a given coordinate system. The system focuses on identifying pulsating light markers in images recorded by the camera. These markers are characterized by specific colors, pulsation frequencies and known locations. Detection is achieved using a spatialtime- frequency processing method developed by the authors. The identified markers serve as input data for a mathematical model that determines the camera’s position within the reference system. The article discusses the theoretical foundations of the proposed system design. The system was subjected to testing to verify its operational accuracy and precision in position determination. The results of these tests are presented. The article concludes with a summary of the work and a discussion of the system’s further development and practical applications.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono główne aspekty implementacji funkcji lokalizacji w systemie bezpieczeństwa, przeznaczonym do monitorowania pracownika, zwłaszcza w środowisku przemysłowym. Opisano strukturę systemu (w tym beacony Bluetooth, urządzenie osobiste i system nadrzędny) oraz techniki zastosowane do realizacji funkcji lokalizacji pracownika. Przedstawiono metodykę przeprowadzonych testów i ich wyniki wraz z interpretacją.
EN
This article presents aspects of implementing the location function in a security system designed to monitor an employee, especially dedicated to applications in industrial environment. The description includes structure of the system and the technology used to implement the worker localization function, moreover Bluetooth beacons, a personal device and a master system, the hardware and software used. The methodology and results of the tests conducted and the interpretation of these results are presented.
EN
The paper deals with the notion of stability for thermo-elastoplastic materials undergoing large strains. The stability analysis is performed by using the perturbation approach applied to a comprehensive material model derived in a thermodynamic format. As the main contribution of this paper a stability condition for a material model incorporating geometrical and material non-linearities under full thermo-mechanical coupling, without typical simplifying assumptions, is derived, and a hybrid analytical-numerical verification of the stability condition at a material point is investigated for the three-dimensional case. Special emphasis is placed on the quasi-static case, for which a specific stability criterion is derived. The theoretical analysis is followed by the numerical verification of the obtained condition. The implementation of the model in the finite element method, using the numerical-symbolic package AceGen, is also presented in the paper. Two representative three-dimensional examples are solved, namely a cube under simple shear and a plate with imperfection, subjected to tension. The obtained results reveal that the type of softening, i.e., thermal or material softening, has a significant influence on the stability at a material point level.
EN
Binaural audio technology has been in existence for many years. However, its popularity has significantly increased over the past decade as a consequence of advancements in virtual reality and streaming techniques. Along with its growing popularity, the quantity of publicly accessible binaural audio recordings has also expanded. Consequently, there is now a need for automated and objective retrieval of spatial content information, with ensemble location and width being the most prominent. This study presents a novel method for estimating these ensemble parameters in binaural recordings of music. For this purpose, a dataset of 23 040 binaural recordings was synthesized from 192 publicly-available music recordings using 30 head-related transfer functions. The synthesized excerpts were then used to train a multi-task spectrogram-based convolutional neural network model, aiming to estimate the ensemble location and width for unseen recordings. The results indicate that a model for estimating ensemble parameters can be successfully constructed with low prediction errors: 4.76° (±0.10°) for ensemble location and 8.57° (±0.19°) for ensemble width. The method developed in this study outperforms previous spatiogram-based techniques recently published in the literature and shows promise for future development as part of a novel tool for binaural audio recordings analysis.
EN
The pursuit of achieving lifelike spatial sound reproduction in music production has spurred the advancement of immersive sound systems. With the growing prevalence of immersive sound systems, investigating their perceptual attributes through a psychoacoustic lens has become a pertinent endeavour. This study focuses on the subjective assessment of directional perception when exposed to audio signals rendered via both stereo and immersive sound systems. A comprehensive series of listening tests were conducted to evaluate listeners' capacity to localise sound sources originating from five distinct positions on a virtual stage, comparing results between stereo and immersive sound configurations. The findings of this study unequivocally underscore the perceptual advantages of immersive sound setups over conventional stereo configurations.
PL
Lokalizacja mobilnych źródeł emisji radiowych wiąże się z koniecznością wykonywania wszelkich obliczeń w czasie rzeczywistym. Projektując sensor lokalizacyjny przeznaczony do wykorzystania na dronach, mamy natomiast do czynienia z ograniczonym rozmiarem ładunku. Metodą lokalizacji, która może zostać zaimplementowana na takim nośniku jest signal Doppler frequency, bazująca na estymacji częstotliwości dopplerowskiej. Częstotliwość ta może być wyznaczana na wiele sposobów. W tym artykule przebadano możliwości obliczeniowe różnych komputerów jednopłytkowych wchodzących w skład elementów sensora lokalizacyjnego, w przypadku zaimplementowania na nich widmowej metody estymacji częstotliwości. W oparciu o uzyskane wyniki określono ograniczenia związane z maksymalną szerokością pasma sygnałów emitowanych przez lokalizowane nadajniki.
EN
The location of mobile radio emission sources requires performing all calculations in real time. When designing a location sensor intended for use on drones, we are faced with a limited payload size. The location method that can be implemented on such a carrier is signal Doppler frequency, based on Doppler frequency estimation. This frequency can be determined in many ways. This article examines the computational capabilities of various single-board computers included in the location sensor components when a spectral frequency estimation method is implemented on them. Based on the results obtained, limitations related to the maximum bandwidth of signals emitted by the located transmitters were determined.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono badania dotyczące lokalizacji urządzeń nadawczych w terenie zurbanizowanym przy użyciu zaawansowanych technik takich jak algorytm MUSIC, wsteczne śledzenie promieni i sztuczna inteligencja. Zastosowanie tych metod pozwoliło na znaczną poprawę dokładności lokalizacji, szczególnie przy użyciu sieci neuronowych do filtracji danych z BR a poprzez to na znaczące zwiększenie dokładności lokalizacji w terenie zurbanizowanym.
EN
This article presents research on the localization of transmitting devices in urban areas using advanced techniques such as MUSIC algorithm, reverse raytracing and artificial intelligence. The application of these methods significantly improved localization accuracy, especially when using neural networks for filtering raytracing data, and consequently increase accuracy in the urban environment.
EN
Taking into consideration the increasing need for sanitary, teletechnical, gas and other installation projects in heavily urbanised areas, it becomes apparent that ground utilities need to be verified. Considering uninventoried network elements, depth difference and offsets relative to maps, obstacles can often be encountered that can significantly alter the cost estimate and work schedule. It is also important to verify the groundwater table at the site of the planned works to avoid contamination of ground waters. A good solution for this type of engineering issues is the use of non-invasive geophysical methods, which allow preliminary site investi¬gation by interpreting survey results and recording underground utilities, prior to the start of design work or, in the case of an entrusted project, prior to earthworks. In the present study, the ground was measured and analysed using geophysical methods. The focus was on two types of methods: the GPR and the GCM. Geophysical surveys were carried out on the premises of the State University of Applied Sciences in Krosno. The main objective of the study was to assess the suitability of selected geophysical methods, in engineering terms, and more specifically in determining the location in the subsoil of underground utility elements in the area of the former sports field. A construction project is planned on the site in question, so it was subjected to a detailed investigation. The GPR and GCM survey works carried out have provided material to expand the knowledge of the area under verification regarding the identification of a given object in the field, along with underground infrastructure elements: sewers, water mains or power cables. The utilities map shows an object-perhaps a well - to which the water supply and power mains are connected. This object is invisible, covered by a layer of soil. However, in reality, these networks have not been found. The measurements presented demonstrate that the geophysical methods used are very successful in determining the location of the routing of underground objects. It should be stated that confirmation of the presence or absence of a correspondence between the utility map and the geophysical surveys carried out is proof of the validity of the use of the GPR method. Cooperation between geologists and geophysicists leads to obtaining optimal information about the ground when identifying underground engineering infrastructure or other objects. However, unfortunately, it seems that in Poland the use of geophysical methods for ground investigations, including environmental ones, is relatively small compared to Western European countries and the USA. In summary, the possibilities and accuracies of practical use of the geophysical methods used, as determined by the measurements, indicate their usefulness in engineering applications. Furthermore, the use of not one, but two methods is more valuable, as it provides the possibility of confirming the results obtained. These methods are recommended as methods for preliminary site recognition prior to proper investigations, such as geotechnical investigations. This procedure will reduce the number of geotechnical sounding points.
EN
The article presents the first implementation of the Signal Doppler Frequency (SDF) location method on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) named Autonomous System of Location radio EmmiteRs (ASLER), employing a DJI Matrice UAV as its mobile platform for the radio sensor. The system is used for position estimation, i.e., determining the location coordinates of localized radio emitters. Such functionality is the basis of radio reconnaissance, electronic warfare, or combat systems, and many radio navigation systems. The ASLER localization procedure is based on the Doppler localization method, also known as the SDF. Its distinctive feature is the use of a single moving platform for localization. In addition, the SDF allows simultaneous localization of multiple emission sources, which is an innovative distinction compared to other solutions of this class. ASLER is the first autonomous implementation of the SDF method on a flying platform. This paper illustrates the hardware and software implementation of location sensor, and results of the first empirical studies.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie uwarunkowań przestrzennych wielkomiejskiego osiedla mieszkaniowego w kontekście zrównoważonej polityki parkingowej. Przedstawione badanie oparto na dostępnych źródłach statystycznych oraz mapowych. Obiektem badania było nasycenie miejscami parkingowymi osiedla Ursynów Północny w Warszawie, a także lokalizacja miejsc parkingowych w przestrzennej strukturze osiedla w aspekcie rozwoju zrównoważonego. Wyniki wykazały wyższą niż przewidywano liczbę miejsc parkingowych w stosunku do liczby mieszkań. Badanie wskazuje na to, że ograniczenia przestrzenne osiedli mieszkaniowych współgrają ze współczesnymi trendami w politykach parkingowych, mając również potencjał w pogodzeniu społecznych i klimatycznych aspektów rozwoju zrównoważonego.
EN
The article examines spatial conditions of a large housing estate against the background of sustainable parking policy. The research was based on available statistical and map sources. The research object was the parking ratio in the Ursynów Północny estate in Warsaw, as well as location of parking places in the estates spatial structure considering sustainability issues. Results show the number of parking places higher than predicted. The research indicates that the spatial constraints of a housing estate complies with current trends in parking policies, having the potential to reconcile the social and climatic objectives of sustainable development.
PL
SDF (ang. signal Doppler frequency) jest jedną z metod lokalizacji bazujących na efekcie Dopplera. Jej dokładność jest ściśle związana z dokładnością określania przesunięcia częstotliwości Dopplera. W związku z tym, w sensorach lokalizacyjnych niezbędne jest wykorzystanie wysoce stabilnych częstotliwościowo platform radia programowalnego (SDR). W tym artykule przyjrzano się dwóm szeroko dostępnym platformom SDR, które mogłyby zostać wykorzystane do budowy sensora. W oparciu o dokładność pomiaru częstotliwości chwilowej w czasie, oszacowano parametr stabilności częstotliwości każdej z badanych platform SDR.
EN
Signal Doppler frequency (SDF) is one of the methods for localization of radio emitters, which is based on the Doppler effect. Its accuracy is closely related to the accuracy of determining the Doppler frequency shift. Therefore, it is necessary to use highly frequency-stable software-defined radio (SDR) platforms in location sensors. In this paper, we explore two widely-available SDR platforms that could be used in that sensor. Based on the accuracy of instantaneous frequency measurement over time, we evaluate the frequency stability parameter of each SDR platform.
EN
In recent years, researchers have tried to estimate the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of wideband sources and several novel techniques have been proposed. In this paper, we compare six algorithms for calculating the DOA of broadband signals, namely coherent subspace signal method (CSSM), two-sided correlation transformation (TCT), incoherent multiple signal classification (IMUSIC), test of orthogonality of frequency subspaces (TOFS), test of orthogonality of projected subspaces (TOPS), and squared TOPS (S-TOPS). The comparison is made through computer simulations for different parameters, such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), in order to establish the efficiency and performance of the discussed methods in noisy environments. CSSM and TCT require initial values, but the remaining approaches do not need any preprocessing.
EN
The use of higher-order ambisonics in spatial sound recordings makes it possible to increase the accuracy of recording information about the direction from which the sound comes to the listener. However, with binaural ambisonic sound reproduction, the listener's ability to locate the sound source accurately may be limited. This paper presents a comparison of the listener's ability to locate a sound source during binaural listening to recordings made with first and third order ambisonic microphones. The analysis was carried out for two types of signal: pink noise and ringing sound. The analysis of localization errors depending on the ambisonics order, azimuth and elevation angles as well as the type of signal is presented. The obtained data indicate that in binaural reproduction of the ambisonic sound the localization errors in the azimuth plane were smaller for the third order ambisonics, compared to the first order. In the elevation plane both for first and third order the errors were significant.
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