The article is devoted to the topic of passenger maritime transport in selected EU countries and the changes in the maritime passenger transport market resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The implemented restrictions on movement entailed a voluntary and temporary suspension of the activities of tourist companies using the maritime fleet. With the above in mind, the purpose of this article was to identify the consequences of changes in the mobility behavior of the population as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic on the operation of passenger maritime transport. The differences in the number of seaborne passengers served in selected EU countries between actual and projected values were indicated. Long-term forecasts were also made, which made it possible to develop scenarios of possible events, describing the potential development directions of the branch. We use a combined forecast method based on a weighted average of individual forecasts (weights inversely proportional to mean percentage absolute error (MAPE)). We use such forecasting methods as Fourier spectral analysis, exponential smoothing models, and seasonality indices. We used time series models to build long-term forecasts. Combined forecasts for selected EU countries were determined. They were used to supplement long-term forecasts. This made it possible to assign the obtained results to ambient scenarios. Combined forecasts showed that in all quarters of 2020-2021, the number of passengers transported by sea transport was lower than forecast values in all EU countries analyzed. This confirms the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on this branch of transportation as well. Long-term forecasts, built on the basis of combined forecasts and assumptions about the annual growth rate of passenger numbers, indicate that in most of the countries analyzed, the most likely scenario is an annual increase of 10% in passenger numbers. This means that by 2026 only Germany and Denmark will see the number of maritime passengers return to pre-pandemic levels.
Artykuł stanowi syntetyczną analizę rynku regionalnych kolejowych przewozów pasażerskich we wschodnich Niemczech. Scharakteryzowano dwie podstawowe grupy podmiotów na tym rynku, to jest organizatorów przewozów i operatorów, a także udzielone zamówienia, prowadzące do zawarcia umowy o świadczenie usług publicznych. Zamówień tych udzielano zarówno w ramach konkurencyjnej procedury przetargowej, jak i bezpośrednio. Charakteryzują się one znacznym zróżnicowaniem pod względem wolumenu oraz czasu ich trwania. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono bezpośredniemu udzielaniu zamówień. Dodatkowo omówiono przykład z kraju związkowego Saksonia-Anhalt, gdzie doszło do przedwczesnego rozwiązania umowy pomiędzy organizatorem a operatorem.
EN
This article provides a synthetic analysis of the regional passenger rail transport market in eastern Germany. It characterizes the two primary groups of players in this market: transport organizers and operators, as well as the awards of public service contracts. These contracts were awarded both through competitive tendering procedure and directly. They vary significantly in volume and duration. Particular attention is paid to direct awarding. Additionally, an example from the state of Saxony-Anhalt is discussed, where a contract between the organizer and operator was prematurely terminated.
The article presents the development of high-speed rail in Great Britain in the years 2002-2020. The assessment of the development of high-speed rail was preceded by a short description of the country, transport structure and economic development based on basic macroeconomic variables. The collected material also made it possible to determine the trends in shaping the transport intensity of the UK economy on the basis of curves developed using the 6th degree polynomial and the exponential function. In summary, apart from the effects of the development of high-speed rail, development plans and methods of financing are discussed. The article is based on the authors' own thoughts and research as well as on factual sources indicated in the footnotes.
The presented research is focused on the design of a new driving cycle of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) for the Kyiv city. This cycle consists of a complex of two types of sections. Each of them includes various phases of the traffic. A mathematical model was specified, which serves for defining the efficiency properties indices and for regimes of bus transport. The BRT are used within the bus lines. It was found, that two articles articulated buses are the most suitable choice, the MAZ-215 among them, for exploitation. At the same time, they provide the smallest fuel consumption together with the shorter operation time on the bus line as well as higher average speed at full and half loading. The optimal driving speeds of the steady traffic are the values of 50 km/h for section up to 1 km and 60 km/h or 70 km/h for section over 1 km. It was evaluated, that depending on the steady motion speed and the load level, the driving time of the BRT on the line varies from 20.1 min to 23.4 min, which is much lower than the driving time of a trolleybus on the same line according to the traffic schedule.
Public transport focuses on meeting the transport needs of people both within the city and in the suburban area. Passenger transport is a key element of sustainable development and improving the quality of life in agglomerations because it provides mobility for residents and tourists. In recent years, residents have become increasingly willing to use public transport. However, this trend was disrupted as a result of global changes taking place in the years 2019 - 2022. The aim of this publication was to analyse and assess the impact of crisis situations on the implementation of transport processes using the example of public transport in Warsaw. It has been shown that events such as the COVID-19 pandemic or the war in Ukraine also had a significant impact on the functioning of transport processes in Warsaw public transport. The study made it possible to identify recommendations aimed at securing the operation of public transport in the event of similar threats in the future.
Problemy finansowe głównych przewoźników świadczących usługi pozamiejskiego pasażerskiego transportu zbiorowego stanowią istotne zagrożenie dla regularnego funkcjonowania przewozów. Kryzys wywołany pandemią COVID-19 ograniczył mobilność w transporcie zbiorowym i wpłynął na działalność przedsiębiorstw realizujących przewozy. Potrzeba więc diagnozy stanu przedsiębiorstw po kryzysie pandemicznym w celu identyfikacji potencjalnych zagrożeń funkcjonowania pozamiejskiego pasażerskiego transportu zbiorowego. Celem opracowania jest określenie wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na kondycję finansową wybranych przedsiębiorstw świadczących usługi pozamiejskiego pasażerskiego transportu zbiorowego na terenie Polski. W opracowaniu uwzględniono okres siedmioletni (przed, w trakcie i po kryzysie), a do analiz pozyskano dane publikowane w sprawozdawczości wybranych spółek akcyjnych. Wyniki zastosowanej analizy wskaźnikowej potwierdziły wpływ na działalność przedsiębiorstw nie tylko w samym okresie pandemii, ale też po zakończeniu okresu najbardziej restrykcyjnych ograniczeń. Znalazło to odzwierciedlenie w działaniach podejmowanych przez zarządy (w tym optymalizacji oferty przewozowej).
EN
The financial problems of the main operators providing non-urban public passenger transport services pose a significant threat to the regular operation of their services. The crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has reduced mobility in public transport and affected the activities of the companies providing transport. Therefore, there is a need to diagnose the state of enterprises after the pandemic to identify potential threats to the operation of non-urban public passenger transport. The aim of the study is to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial condition of selected enterprises providing non-urban public passenger transport services in Poland. The study considers a seven-year period (before, during, and after the crisis), and data published in the reports of selected joint-stock companies were obtained for the analyses. The results of the indicator analysis confirmed the impact on company operations not only during the pandemic itself but also after the most restrictive restrictions ended. This was reflected in the actions taken by management, including optimizing of the transport offer.
Celem badań była ocena potencjału kolejowych stacji pasażerskich na terenie Szczecińskiego Obszaru Metropolitalnego. Pod uwagę wzięto wszystkie czynne stacje pasażerskie, które we wrześniu 2022 r. wykorzystywane były w planowym ruchu pociągów. Obszar badań objął 18 gmin, w tym 13 wchodzi w skład stowarzyszenia Szczecińskiego Obszaru Metropolitalnego, zaś pozostałe pięć jest z tym obszarem silnie powiązane funkcjonalnie i infrastrukturalnie. Uwzględniono liczbę ludności miejscowości i osiedli oraz generatory ruchu pasażerskiego położone w obszarze ciążenia stacji, tj. w odległości 1 kilometra dojścia pieszego od wyjścia z peronów, a także ofertę w zakresie połączeń kolejowych. Na podstawie zebranych danych stworzono klasyfikację wszystkich stacji pasażerskich na obszarze badań. Przyjętą klasyfikację zestawiono z danymi o rocznej wymianie pasażerskiej na poszczególnych stacjach, żeby zweryfikować rzeczywiste wykorzystanie ich potencjału. We wrześniu 2022 r. na badanym obszarze czynnych było 46 kolejowych stacji pasażerskich na terenie 12 z 18 gmin. Zdecydowanie największym potencjałem wyróżniała się stacja Szczecin Główny. Wysoki potencjał miały również stacje Stargard, Goleniów, Szczecin Dąbie, Świnoujście i Gryfino, pełniące kluczowe role w miastach powiatowych. Najmniejszy potencjał posiadały małe stacje pasażerskie na obszarach wiejskich. Autorzy stwierdzili także rosnące zainteresowanie transportem kolejowym w SOM i pewne dysproporcje w wykorzystywaniu potencjału poszczególnych stacji.
EN
The aim of the study was to assess the potential of passenger railway stations in the Szczecin Metropolitan Area. All active passenger stations used for scheduled train traffic in September 2022 were taken into account. The study area covered 18 municipalities, 13 of which are part of the association of the Szczecin Metropolitan Area, with the remaining five having strong functional and infrastructural ties to them. The population of towns and settlements and the passenger traffic generators located in the catchment area of the station, i.e. within a 1 km walking distance from the platform exits, were taken into account, as well as the railway connection offer. Based on the data collected, a classification of all passenger stations in the study area was created. The classification adopted was cross-referenced with annual passenger exchange data at individual stations to verify the actual utilisation of their potential. As of September 2022, there were 46 passenger rail stations in the study area in 12 of the 18 municipalities. By far the highest potential was the Szczecin Główny station. Stargard, Goleniów, Szczecin Dąbie, Świnoujście and Gryfino stations, which play key roles in county towns, also had high potential. Small passenger stations in rural areas, on the other hand, had the lowest potential. The authors also found growing interest in rail transport in SOM and some disparities in the use of the potential of individual stations.
Celem badań była ocena poziomu integracji kolejowego transportu pasażerskiego z innymi środkami transportu na terenie Szczecińskiego Obszaru Metropolitalnego. Przyjęto założenie, że każda kolejowa stacja pasażerska stanowi potencjalny węzeł przesiadkowy. Obszar badań objął 18 gmin, w tym 13 wchodzących w skład stowarzyszenia Szczecińskiego Obszaru Metropolitalnego (miasta: Szczecin, Świnoujście i Stargard, gminy miejsko-wiejskie: Goleniów, Gryfino, Nowe Warpno, Police i Stepnica oraz gminy wiejskie: Dobra, Kobylanka, Kołbaskowo, Stare Czarnowo, Stargard), a także 5 gmin powiązanych z nim funkcjonalnie (gminy miejsko-wiejskie: Golczewo, Kamień Pomorski, Międzyzdroje i Wolin oraz gmina wiejska Przybiernów). Zbadano stan wyposażenia kolejowych stacji pasażerskich na obszarze badań oraz ich otoczenia, w tym liczbę dostępnych miejsc parkingowych i stojaków rowerowych oraz odległość do najbliższego przystanku autobusowego. W obrębie wszystkich badanych stacji stwierdzono występowanie infrastruktury umożliwiającej zmianę środka transportu, czyli wybór rozwiązania multimodalnego. Integracja kolei z innymi środkami transportu była jednak mocno zróżnicowana. Największe węzły przesiadkowe na badanym obszarze tworzą Szczecin Główny, Szczecin Dąbie, Stargard oraz Świnoujście, a nieco mniejsze stacje w ośrodkach powiatowych, tj.: Goleniów, Gryfino i Kamień Pomorski. Stacje pasażerskie z najbardziej rozbudowaną infrastrukturą i bogatszą ofertą przewozową (zwłaszcza ofertą pociągów dalekobieżnych), stanowiły najczęściej ważne węzły przesiadkowe.
EN
The aim of the study was to assess the level of integration of passenger rail transport with other modes of transport in the Szczecin Metropolitan Area. It was assumed that each passenger railway station is a potential interchange. The study area covered 18 municipalities, 13 of which are part of the association of the Szczecin Metropolitan Area (cities: Szczecin, Świnoujście and Stargard, urban-rural municipalities: Goleniów, Gryfino, Nowe Warpno, Police and Stepnica and rural municipalities: Dobra, Kobylanka, Kołbaskowo, Stare Czarnowo, Stargard), as well as 5 communes functionally linked to it (urban-rural communes: Golczewo, Kamień Pomorski, Międzyzdroje and Wolin, and the rural commune of Przybiernów). The condition of the facilities of the railway passenger stations in the study area and their surroundings was investigated, including the number of available parking spaces and bicycle racks and the distance to the nearest bus stop. Within all of the stations surveyed, infrastructure was found to be in place to enable modal shift, i.e. a multimodal choice. However, the integration of rail with other modes of transport was highly variable. The largest interchanges in the study area are formed by Szczecin Główny, Szczecin Dąbie, Stargard and Świnoujście, with slightly smaller stations in the district centres i.e.: Goleniów, Gryfino and Kamień Pomorski. Passenger stations with the most extensive infrastructure and a wider range of services (especially long-distance trains) tended to be important interchanges.
The article presents the development of high-speed rail in Japan, an island country located within the Ring of Fire of the Pacific. The analysis of the technical condition and the stages of the historical development of high-speed railways were preceded by an assessment of the economy and transport as well as a study of transport intensity. The summary of the article includes the effects and benefits of using high-speed rail, as well as methods of financing and plans for further development.
Main requirements for rolling stock design and organization of the operating system are determined by membership in a certain transportation category for which such a transportation facility is designated. Thus, a specific feature of rolling stock operation is considered to the maximum extent, and functional correspondence with stated tasks is ensured. The significant disadvantage of the existing structure of rolling stock traffic is the necessity of time-space agreements of passenger traffic due to the necessity of shifting different transport types with the minimum time consumption. The solution to such an issue can be found in the development and use of a universal (multifunctional) integrated transport system. The list of issues arising during the creation of a multifunctional transport system can be funnelled into two groups: social and economic and organizational and technical. The first group is social and economic and shall conceptually solve issues of the multifunctional system feasibility for certain urban settlement conditions (conglomerate of urban settlements). The second group consists of organizational and technical issues. This study proposes to eliminate certain material issues in the sphere of suburban and urban traffic by the infrastructure improvement with the significant traffic increase and fluctuations.
W artykule poruszono temat informacji pasażerskiej w miejskim transporcie zbiorowym. Skupiono się na przedstawieniu treści prezentowanych na elektronicznych tablicach informacji pasażerskiej wewnątrz i na zewnątrz pojazdów. Celem artykułu było porównanie sposobów prezentacji treści w wybranych polskich miastach. W tym celu zebrano oraz opisano dokumentację fotograficzną tablic zewnętrznych i wewnętrznych wykorzystywanych w pojazdach transportu zbiorowego w Krakowie, Warszawie oraz Poznaniu. Następnie dokonano porównania poziomu informacji pasażerskiej w wybranych miastach. Pod uwagę wzięto liczbę tablic w pojazdach, a także liczbę przedstawianych na nich komunikatów. Zwrócono uwagę, że tylko w Krakowie treści na tablicach informacji pasażerskiej w pojazdach nie są uregulowane przez organizatora przewozów. Z tego powodu osobno przeanalizowano rozwiązania stosowane przez przewoźnika miejskiego – MPK SA. Kraków oraz prywatnego – Mobilis. Pod względem liczby tablic w pojazdach najlepiej oceniono warszawskie autobusy. Natomiast biorąc pod uwagę sposób prezentacji informacji na tablicach górnych, najwyższy poziom prezentuje krakowski Mobils, który jako jedyny nie wykorzystuje wyświetlaczy do emisji reklam. W porównaniu najgorzej wypadło MPK Kraków. Autobusy tego przewoźnika wyposażone są w najmniejszą liczbę tablic, a dodatkowo prezentują one najmniej komunikatów. Ponadto, jako jedyny stosuje on inny sposób oznakowania trasy zmienionej oraz przystanków na żądanie, co może negatywnie wpływać na zrozumienie tych informacji przez pasażerów. Przeprowadzona analiza wskazała na konieczność uregulowania i ujednolicenia sposobu prezentacji komunikatów na tablicach w pojazdach obu krakowskich przewoźników, co pozwoliłoby na podniesienie poziomu informacji pasażerskiej.
EN
The article presents passenger information in public transport. It mainly focuses on the content presented on the interior and exterior vehicle displays. The aim of the article is to compare the methods of presenting passenger information in different Polish cities. For this purpose, photographic documentation of displays used in public transport vehicles in Kraków, Warsaw and Poznań was collected and described. Subsequently the level of passenger information in selected cities was compared. The number of displays in vehicles was taken into consideration, as well as the quantity of information presented on them. MPK Kraków was the worst performer in the comparison. It was pointed out that only in Kraków the content on passenger information displays in vehicles is not regulated by the transportation authorities. In terms of the number of displays in vehicles, Warsaw fared best. The analysis indicated the need to systematize and unify information presented in vehicle displays, in order to increase the level of passenger information.
W obliczu wymagań dotyczących zapewnienia odpowiedniej liczby zeroemisyjnych pojazdów wykonujących przewozy w systemach publicznego transportu zbiorowego ważne jest, by poznać opinie pasażerów o nowych pojazdach. Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie wyników badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych wśród pasażerów transportu zbiorowego w Zielonej Górze po wprowadzeniu do ruchu autobusów zasilanych energią elektryczną. W pierwszej części artykułu zaprezentowano badania, jakie należy przeprowadzać wśród pasażerów oraz wykazano, że komfort i ekologia są cechami składającymi się na ogólną ocenę jakości obsługi transportowej. W dalszej części opisano system publicznego transportu zbiorowego w Zielonej Górze funkcjonujący w czasie przeprowadzania badań. Następnie zaprezentowano pytania zadawane pasażerom oraz ich odpowiedzi. Na podstawie których stwierdzono, że autobusy zasilane energią elektryczną zostały pozytywnie przyjęte przez pasażerów publicznego transportu zbiorowego w Zielonej Górze, głównie z uwagi na brak emisji hałasu oraz ekologiczność.
EN
In view of the requirements to provide an adequate number of zero-emission vehicles operating in public transport systems, it is important to know passengers’ opinions about the new vehicles. The aim of this article is to present the results of a survey conducted among public transport passengers in Zielona Góra following the introduction of electrically powered buses. The first part of the article presents the surveys to be carried out among passengers and shows that comfort and ecology are features that make up the overall assessment of transport service quality. The next part describes the public transport system in Zielona Góra in operation when the survey was carried out. This was followed by a presentation of the questions asked to passengers and their responses. On the basis of the answers given, it was concluded that electrically powered buses were positively received by public transport passengers in Zielona Góra, mainly due to their lack of noise emissions and their environmental performance.
W artykule poruszono temat informacji pasażerskiej w pojazdach. Przedstawiono w nim ocenę rozwiązań stosowanych w krakowskiej komunikacji miejskiej, dokonaną na podstawie odpowiedzi respondentów w internetowym badaniu sondażowym. W ankiecie poproszono o wskazanie, jakie komunikaty są dla pasażerów ważne, a także o ocenę rozwiązań wykorzystywanych przez krakowskich przewoźników. Uzyskane wyniki wskazały, że najważniejsze dla pasażerów są informacje na temat numeru i kierunku linii, przystanków na trasie, a także komunikaty o występujących zmianach i utrudnieniach. Jako nieistotne wymieniono natomiast reklamy i wiadomości niezwiązane bezpośrednio z podróżą, informacje o imieninach, czy też dane na temat przewoźnika i organizatora. Okazało się również, że dla ponad połowy respondentów stosowane powszechnie w Krakowie oznakowanie linii o trasie zmienionej jest niezrozumiałe. Natomiast większość z nich uważa piktogramy na wyświetlaczach zewnętrznych za przydatne lub bardzo przydatne. W ankiecie poproszono także o ocenę tablic bocznych i podsufitowych w pojazdach krakowskich przewoźników. W przypadku wyświetlaczy bocznych większość osób lepiej oceniło rozwiązanie MPK Kraków, natomiast w przypadku tablic podsufitowych rozwiązanie zastosowane w autobusach Mobilisa. Wynika to z faktu, że przewoźnik ten zamiast reklam prezentuje na nich listę przystanków na trasie. Ze względu na niezrozumiałość dla pasażerów niektórych istotnych informacji, a także brak jednolitości w ich prezentowaniu przez obu przewoźników, zwrócono uwagę na konieczność uregulowania treści na tablicach informacji pasażerskiej przez organizatora przewozów. Dodatkowo, na podstawie wyników badań przedstawiono własne propozycje układu informacji na tablicach w pojazdach.
EN
The article discusses the subject of passenger information in public transport vehicles. It presents an assessment of the solutions used in Kraków’s public transportation, based on respondents’ answers in an online survey. Passengers indicated the information that is important, and also evaluated the solutions used by public transport companies in Kraków. The outcomes indicate that the most important information for passengers is line number and direction, stops on the route, as well as information about detours. Advertisements and news not related to the trip, information about namedays or the transport company and authority itself were considered as irrelevant. It also turned out that for more than half of the respondents symbol commonly used to mark detours is incomprehensible. However, most of them find pictograms on destination display useful or very useful. Due to the incomprehensibility of some important information, as well as the lack of uniformity, attention was drawn to need for regulation by transport authorities. In addition, own proposals for presentation of information on displays were presented.
W artykule omówiono podstawowe zasady dofinansowania regionalnych pasażerskich przewozów kolejowych w Niemczech ze środków federalnych, w ramach ustawy o regionalizacji lokalnego publicznego transportu pasażerskiego. Władze federalne przekazują środki finansowe krajom związkowym w związku z przeniesieniem na władze niższego szczebla odpowiedzialności za obsługę ludności lokalnym publicznym transportem pasażerskim. W artykule skupiono się na środkach federalnych przeznaczanych na realizację regionalnych pasażerskich przewozów kolejowych, na marginesie pozostawiając fundusze przeznaczane na inwestycje, dofinansowanie taryf czy inne niż kolej środki lokalnego publicznego transportu pasażerskiego. Przeanalizowano wysokość zabezpieczonych środków oraz klucze ich podziału od szczebla centralnego poprzez regionalny do związków komunalnych, które zawierają umowy z przewoźnikami. Podział dofinansowania na poziomie regionalnym omówiono na przykładzie Saksonii, która dysponuje jedną z najgęstszych sieci kolejowych, będąc przy tym jednym z biedniejszych niemieckich regionów. Scharakteryzowano związki komunalne działające na terenie Saksonii. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na sprawozdawczość z wykorzystania środków, która jest jednym z najsłabszych elementów całego systemu dofinansowania.
EN
The article discusses the basic principles of subsidizing regional passenger rail services in Germany with federal funds under the Law on the Regionalization of Local Public Passenger Transportation. Federal authorities provide funds to the federal states due to the transfer to lower-level authorities of responsibility for serving the population with local public passenger transport. The article focuses on federal funds allocated for the implementation of regional passenger rail services, leaving funds allocated for investments, fare subsidies or local public passenger means of transportation other than rail on the sidelines. The amount of funds secured was analyzed, as well as the mechanism for their distribution from the central level through the regional level to the municipal associations that contract with carriers. The distribution of funding at the regional level is discussed using the example of Saxony, which has one of the densest rail networks, while being one of Germany’s poorest regions. Municipal associations operating in Saxony were characterized. Special attention was paid to reporting on the use of funds, which is one of the weakest elements of the entire subsidy system.
This paper presents a description of the methodology developed for estimation of pathogen transmission in transport and the results of the case study application for long-distance passenger transport. The primary objective is to report the method developed and the application for case studies in various passenger transport services. The most important findings and achievements of the presented study are the original universal methodology to estimate the probability of pathogen transmission with full mathematical disclosure and an open process formula, to make it possible to take other specific mechanisms of virus transmission when providing transport services. The results presented conducted an analysis on the mechanisms of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogens during the transport process, to examine the chain of events as a result of which passengers may be infected. The author proposed a new method to estimate the probability of transmission of viral pathogens using the probability theory of the sum of elementary events. This is a new approach in this area, the advantage of which is a fully explicit mathematical formula that allows the method to be applied to various cases. The findings of this study can facilitate the management of epidemic risk in passenger transport operators and government administration. It should be clearly emphasised that the developed method and estimated values are the probabilities of pathogen transmission. Estimating the probability of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogen is not the same as the probability of viral infection, and more so the probability of contracting COVID-19. Viral infection strongly depends on viral mechanisms, exposure doses, and contact frequency. The probability of contracting COVID-19 and its complications depends on the individual characteristics of the immune system, even with confirmed viral infection. However, it is undoubtedly that the probability of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pathogen is the most reliable measure of infection risk, which can be estimated according to the objective determinants of pathogen transmission.
This article shows the development of high-speed rail in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), its development stages and the shipping companies dealing with this business activity. Special attention was given to the progress in the technical solutions of the track infrastructure as well as during the build of the rolling stock and engines. The high-speed rail was presented in the context of the general development of the economy and transport in Germany. This article contains a synthetic approach to the effects of the functioning of high-speed rail and its financing, as well as further directions and development prospects. Also, this article is based on thoughts, authors’ own research and factual sources of polish and western literature.
Ensuring the high accessibility of railway stops and stations is essential to effective transport systems in urban areas. There are different ways to analyze accessibility at the station level. In this paper, it has been assumed that railway stops and stations should be located in places with significant demand for passenger rail transport characterized by a highly dense and diversity-rich land use structure. Therefore, the presented classification uses data on the built environment in the surroundings of these elements of the railway infrastructure, with particular attention to the type of each building. The analysis was performed for the Metropolis GZM area. Based on the gathered spatial data, railway stops and stations in the aspect of the density and diversity of the built environment in their vicinity were classified. This classification can be applied to the assessment of accessibility.
The integration of Ukraine’s economy into the European space requires the dynamic and balanced development of all its sectors, especially the transport sector. The purpose of the research is to identify the factors related to transport entrepreneurship that affect the economic development of Ukraine, in particular regarding the formation of added value (gross regional product). The paper presents the author’s definition of transport entrepreneurship as an independent, systematic, and risky entrepreneurial activity in providing transport services. The results revealed a negative trend in the formation of the added value of the transport enterprises of Ukraine, both in terms of value and as a percentage of GDP. This prompted the authors to determine the factors affecting the formation of gross added value (gross regional product) by transport enterprises of Ukraine to further develop proposals aimed at their activation. Four models were created in the first stage of the research to achieve the goal. These models are based on gross regional product in transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities; gross regional product in transport, warehousing, and postal and courier activities per capita; gross value added in transport, warehousing, and postal and courier activities; and gross value added in transport, warehousing, and postal and courier activities per capita. In the second stage of the research, the fifth model with the highest correlation coefficients was built, which made it possible to identify the factors of negative and positive influence on the formation of gross added value (gross regional product) by transport enterprises in Ukraine. Based on the results, a number of measures are proposed to stimulate factors of positive influence and neutralize negative influence. The proposed tools for identifying the factors related to transport entrepreneurship that affect the economic development of Ukraine can serve as markers for the formation of the country’s post-war strategy in the field of transport entrepreneurship.
This article stresses the need to develop multimodal passenger transport. Particular attention is paid to the construction of HUBs based on railway stations. HUB is the transport interchange node, passenger complex, which redistributes passenger flows between transport modes and directions. They allow to optimize transportation processes, as well as to create an infrastructure for convenient and fast passenger transfer between different transport modes. The preconditions for creating organizational conditions to ensure the sustainable development of the passenger railway transport sector are outlined. In the near future, combined passenger transport with the participation of several modes of transport will attract tourists from around the world. The authors’ concept of the term “passenger comfort zone” is proposed, which takes into account all the needs of modern tourists. The mechanism of multimodal transportations of passengers by railway transport in interaction with other participants of the servicing process is presented. A model of institutional support for the development of multimodal passenger railway transport is proposed to create conditions for integrated transport services for passengers by the passenger railway transport complex. The expediency of forming a system of railway passenger HUBs in Ukraine is vital to attracting investments to improve transport and tourism infrastructure, as well as to roll stock and a range of services for the benefit of all stakeholders in the transport sector (e.g., the state, investors, and passengers).
The Covid-19 pandemic unexpectedly shook the entire global economy, causing it to destabilize over a long period of time. One of the sectors that was particularly hit hard was air traffic, and the changes that have taken place in it have been unmatched by any other crisis in history. The purpose of this article was to identify the time series describing the number of airline flights in Poland in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. The article first presents selected statistics and indicators showing the situation of the global and domestic aviation market during the pandemic. Then, based on the data on the number of flights in Poland, the identification of the time series describing the number of flights by airlines was made. The discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) was used to determine the trend, while for periodicity verification, first statistical tests (Kruskal-Wallis test and Friedman test) and then spectral analysis were used. The confirmation of the existence of weekly seasonality allowed for the identification of the studied series as the sum of the previously determined trend and the seasonal component, as the mean value from the observations on a given day of the week. The proposed model was compared with the 7-order moving average model, as one of the most popular in the literature. As the obtained results showed, the model developed by the authors was better at identifying the studied series than the moving average. The errors were significantly lower, which made the presented solution more effective. This confirmed the validity of using wavelet analysis in the case of irregular behaviour of time series, and also showed that both spectral analysis and statistical tests (Kruskal-Walis and Fridman) proved successful in identifying the seasonal factor in the time series. The method used allowed for a satisfactory identification of the model for empirical data, however, it should be emphasized that the aviation services market is influenced by many variables and the forecasts and scenarios created should be updated and modified on an ongoing basis.
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