Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Digital tools in the process of architectural education as a method of studying and protecting architectural heritage

Krause-Świerczyńska Magdalena, Chodura Karolina

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 225

381--391

EN

Purpose: The article presents the issue of the implementation and popularisation of the use of digital tools in practical classes focusing on the conservation of historic buildings for architecture students. Design/methodology/approach: The study investigating the role of digital tools and the necessity of their implementation and expanded application in the field of architectural conservation education was conducted at the Faculty of Architecture of the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice, as well as at selected technical universities in Poland and abroad. The research methodology included questionnaire-based surveys directed at architecture students and interviews with staff from the faculties. Findings: The research indicates that the implementation of practical classes in the form of workshops is crucial, as it has a number of benefits. The implementation of such workshops provides an opportunity to develop and enrich the curriculum and encourage the student in conservation research and preservation of historical monument. Research limitations/implications: Research conducted at higher education institutions in the Faculties of Architecture in Poland has shown that relatively few academic units include practical training in the use of digital tools as part of their curricula. Such courses are more commonly found in faculties that are integrated with civil engineering, where greater opportunities for collaboration and knowledge exchange exist. In contrast, the findings from foreign universities are more encouraging. Practical classes involving digital tools are conducted systematically and have yielded remarkable results throughout the didactic process. Practical implications: The article may serve as a point of reference for the development of didactic strategies in architectural education and for determining the specific competencies and support students require in the course of architectural education. Social implications: The benefits of young architects' ability to use digital tools influence their future perspectives in the profession. In addition, education in the use of these tools contributes to the preservation of architectural heritage, which is a common cultural good. Originality/value: The article highlights the critical role of digital tools within architectural education, considering both the student and institutional perspectives. Manuscript fills the gap in the analysis of the use of digital tools in practical classes in the process of architectural education.

2

Laser scanning data processed using Msplit estimation and sliding window algorithm

Duchnowski Robert, Wyszkowska Patrycja

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2025

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Vol. 120

67--74

EN

Laser scanning systems are modern measurement techniques generating large datasets. Observations, usually collected as a point cloud, present the general results that can be visualized using specialized software. While the final effect might be impressive from a visualization point of view, it is inconvenient for modeling or extracting detailed information about, for example, terrain, buildings, engineering structures, and deformations. Therefore, data from laser scanning systems require post-processing using several methods reflecting different purposes or data processing stages: data segmentation, modeling, and filtration. Msplit estimation is one of the methods that has proved its effectiveness in laser scanning data processing and determination of terrain profiles, deformation, or building shapes. Processing the complete datasets tends to only yield often inadequate results when high-class computers are used, and it is time-consuming. Therefore, datasets tend to remain segmented. This paper explores a range of several types of segmentation methods that can be used in Msplit estimation. It presents profile determination when data cut out from the original point cloud are divided into intervals of the same length, or the sliding window algorithm is applied. In comparison, the given examples show that the latter approach can provide more reliable results. The application of the sliding window algorithm entails having to make assumptions concerning estimation parameters. The paper offers valuable guidance about both the width of the window and the slide size.

3

3D Building documentation using portable LiDAR systems – functionality analysis

Wawrzyniak Kinga, Kowalska Maria Elżbieta, Zaczek-Peplinska Janina, Muszyński Zbigniew

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2025

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Vol. 120

109--119

EN

Contemporary building documentation increasingly relies on laser scanning technologies that provide rapid and precise spatial data acquisition. Portable LiDAR systems such as the Leica BLK360, as well as mobile devices like the iPad, offer modern tools for efficient documentation of interior spaces, including office rooms. With dedicated applications (e.g., Leica Cyclone Field 360, Leica Cyclone 3DR, MagicPlan, BIMx, AutoCAD Mobile), users can record measurements, create sketches, and generate 3D models and photographic documentation within a single digital environment. The purpose of this study is to assess the dimensional accuracy in the documentation of an office space using portable LiDAR systems. The experiments showed that, for most analysed dimensions, the results agreed within several centimetres, which is sufficient for architectural inventory work. However, the issue of rounded corners was identified, which may significantly influence measurement results depending on the distance-measurement method applied. Reliable accuracy analysis required proper mutual alignment (common georeferencing) of the scans acquired with the selected instruments. To achieve this, point cloud classification was performed to identify surfaces suitable for cloud-to-cloud alignment. A predefined AI-based classification model dedicated to indoor environments was used. The findings confirm that portable LiDAR systems significantly reduce the time required to complete inventory tasks and enable more comprehensive visualisation of interior spaces. This technology serves as an effective tool supporting the design, modernisation, and management of office environments in a digital workflow, although its accuracy-related limitations must be considered.

4

Wykorzystanie niskokosztowego skanera do inwentaryzacji fragmentów obiektu zabytkowego

Brach Michał, Winkowska Kamila

Przegląd Geodezyjny

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2025

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R. 97, nr 3

15--19

PL

Stały rozwój technologii geodezyjnych przyczynił się do popularyzacji skanowania laserowego zarówno w zastosowaniach inwentaryzacyjnych, jak i realizacyjnych. Tradycyjne skanery stacjonarne zapewniają wysoką dokładność, jednak ich zastosowanie bywa ograniczone. Alternatywą stała się technologia SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping), umożliwiająca dynamiczne skanowanie dużych obiektów. Wraz z rozwojem urządzeń mobilnych pojawiły się także konsumenckie skanery LiDAR, wbudowane m.in. w smartfony i tablety firmy Apple. Badanie przeprowadzone na zabytkowym fragmencie XIV-wiecznego muru miejskiego w Płocku porównuje precyzję skanów wykonanych iPadem Pro i profesjonalnym skanerem Leica RTC360, analizując ich przydatność w inwentaryzacji obiektów zabytkowych. Obliczona wartość błędu średniokwadratowego (RMSE) między chmurami punktów wyniosła ±0,074 m, co pozwala ocenić dokładność skanowania mobilnego w kontekście dokumentacji konserwatorskiej..

EN

The continuous development of surveying technologies has contributed to the popularization of laser scanning in both inventory and implementation applications. Terrestrial laser scanners provide high accuracy, but their use can be limited. An alternative is the SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) technology, which enables dynamic scanning of large objects. With the advancement of mobile devices, consumer LiDAR scanners have also emerged, integrated into devices such as Apple smartphones or tablets. A study conducted on a historic fragment of a 14th-century city wall in Płock compares the precision of scans performed using an iPad Pro and a professional Leica RTC360 scanner, analyzing their suitability for the inventory of heritage objects. The calculated root mean square error (RMSE) between the point clouds was ±0.074 m, which allows for an assessment of the accuracy of mobile scanning in the context of conservation documentation.

5

Kontrola postępu prac budowlanych z wykorzystaniem danych pozyskanych za pomocą skanowania laserowego UAV na przykładzie robót ziemnych

Michalczyk Andrzej

Przegląd Budowlany

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2025

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R. 96, nr 6

115--119

PL

Współczesne technologie odgrywają kluczową rolę w różnych dziedzinach, w tym w budownictwie. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono analizę wybranych metod obliczania objętości mas ziemnych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem metody siatki kwadratów, wykorzystującej dane ze skanowania laserowego UAV. Dane te przetworzono na chmury punktów, umożliwiające dokładne mapowanie obszaru składowiska. Cykliczne naloty dronów pozwoliły na rejestrowanie zmian w powierzchni i objętości składowiska. Na tej podstawie przeprowadzono obliczenia ilości zasypek wykonanych w różnych terminach, wykorzystując program CloudCompare. Wyniki analizy wskazują na znaczące zmiany w objętości gruntu na składowisku, co pozwala na ocenę postępu prac ziemnych. Artykuł ma na celu wypełnienie luk w wiedzy dotyczących możliwości wykorzystania nowoczesnych technologii w kontroli postępu prac na budowie oraz przedstawienie praktycznych zastosowań tych technologii w kontroli procesów budowlanych. W ramach pracy omówiono korzyści wynikające z zastosowania dronów w monitorowaniu zmian oraz przedstawiono praktyczne wskazówki dotyczące implementacji tych technologii w codziennej pracy na budowie. W artykule poruszono również kwestie związane z dokładnością pomiarów oraz potencjalnymi błędami, które mogą wystąpić podczas przetwarzania danych. Przedstawiono przykłady zastosowania nowoczesnych narzędzi na różnych etapach budowy, podkreślając najważniejsze aspekty dla efektywnego ich wykorzystania do kontroli procesu budowlanego. Podsumowując, kluczowe jest odpowiednie określenie celu dla danego zastosowania, uwzględniając specyfikę i wymagania projektu.

EN

Modern technologies play a key role in various fields, including construction. This article presents an analysis of selected methods for calculating the volume of earth masses, with particular emphasis on the grid method, using data from UAV laser scanning. This data was processed into point clouds, enabling accurate mapping of the landfill area. Cyclic drone flights allowed for recording changes in the surface and volume of the landfill. Based on this, calculations of the amount of backfills made at different times were carried out using the CloudCompare program. The analysis results indicate significant changes in the volume of soil at the landfill, which allows for the assessment of earthworks’ progress. The article aims to fill gaps in knowledge regarding the possibilities of using modern technologies in monitoring construction progress and presenting practical applications of these technologies in controlling construction processes. The work discusses the benefits of using drones in monitoring changes on the construction site and provides practical tips for implementing these technologies in daily construction work. The article also addresses issues related to measurement accuracy and potential errors that may occur during data processing. Examples of the use of modern tools at various stages of construction are presented, highlighting the key aspects for effectively using them to control the construction process. In summary, it is crucial to properly define the goal for a given application, considering the specifics and requirements of the project.

6

3D reconstruction and solid modeling in bridge inspection using virtual techniques

Uściłowski Mateusz, Kopeć Borys, Salamak Marek, Bednarz Kamil

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 7

126--138

EN

The article presents the use of 3D reconstruction techniques in bridge infrastructure inspection, using the example of a viaduct pier. Models from photogrammetry, laser scanning, and their integration were compared. The integration of 3D models with condition data in a virtual environment and their inspection process are also described The research confirms that 3D reconstruction enables precise measurements and inspections, supporting the diagnostics and maintenance of infrastructure.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie technik rekonstrukcji 3D w inspekcji infrastruktury mostowej na przykładzie filara wiaduktu. Porównano modele uzyskane na podstawie fotogrametrii, skanowania laserowego oraz ich integracji. Opisano także sposób integracji modeli 3D z danymi o stanie technicznym w środowisku wirtualnym oraz proces ich inspekcji. Badania potwierdzają, że rekonstrukcja 3D umożliwia prowadzanie precyzyjnych pomiarów i inspekcji, wspierając diagnostykę i utrzymanie infrastruktury.

7

Typology of hillforts according to their functions in the Polish Carpathians and their foreland, in the Early Medieval state of the first Piast dynasty – research using the latest geoinformatic tools

Konstantinovski Puntos Cyryl, Mikrut Sławomir

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2025

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no. 1

217--232

EN

Early Medieval hillforts were characterized by a significant stratification of their functionality during the period of the rule of the first Piast dynasty. Using geoinformatic tools, and historical and archaeological data, it is possible to determine their place in the settlement hierarchy within a given research area (Polish Carpathians). The Middle Ages abounded in various antagonisms between the surrounding countries. Therefore, such structures were created according to old military technology with a simple defensive function. On the one hand, hillforts were conceived in terms of protecting the population from a potential invaders. On the other hand, they were bases for stationing the army (warriors). Additionally, they protected the produced raw materials and local and supra-local trade. Open settlements were susceptible to greater destruction as they lacked palisades or earthen ramparts. Therefore, the local population had to escape to the so-called ‘closed’ settlements – especially refugial, i.e. those that have large enough area to concentrate the local population originating from the surrounding hinterland of the stronghold. Hillforts are located in naturally advantageous defensive sites (at least most of them). Ships could sail on rivers – for transport purposes, among others. Therefore, often the location of individual hillforts along rivers meant a great socio-economic development around them. The Piast state in the eastern Polish Carpathians [Rajman 2018] had the opportunity to maintain Cherven Cities for a short time [Wołoszyn 2013].

PL

Wczesnośredniowieczne grody charakteryzowały się znacznym rozwarstwieniem funkcjonalności w okresie panowania pierwszych Piastów. Wykorzystując narzędzia geoinformatyczne oraz dane historyczne i archeologiczne, można określić ich miejsce w hierarchii osadniczej na danym obszarze badawczym (Karpaty Polskie). Średniowiecze obfitowało w różnorodne antagonizmy między sąsiednimi państwami. Dlatego też tego typu budowle powstawały według starej techniki wojskowej o prostej funkcji obronnej. Z jednej strony grody były postrzegane jako ochrona ludności przed potencjalnym najeźdźcą. Z drugiej strony były bazami stacjonowania wojska (wojowników). Dodatkowo chroniły wydobywane surowce oraz lokalny i ponadlokalny handel. Otwarte osady były podatne na większe zniszczenia, ponieważ brakowało w nich palisad lub wałów ziemnych. Dlatego miejscowa ludność musiała uciekać do tzw. „zamkniętych” osad – zwłaszcza refugialnych, czyli takich, które mają wystarczająco duży obszar, aby skupić lokalną ludność pochodzącą z otaczającego je zaplecza grodu. Grody są zlokalizowane w miejscach obronnych (przynajmniej większość z nich). Po rzekach mogły pływać statki – między innymi w celach transportowych. Dlatego często lokalizacja poszczególnych grodów wzdłuż rzek oznaczała wokół nich duży rozwój społeczno-ekonomiczny. Państwo piastowskie we wschodnich polskich Karpatach [Rajman 2018] miało okazję przez krótki czas utrzymać Grody Czerwieńskie [Wołoszyn 2013].

8

Wear modelling of bevel gears with biconvex-concave teeth

Gnytko A., Kuznetsova A., Morozova O., Kosenko O.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 133, nr 2

77--85

EN

Purpose: To develop a mathematical wear model for bevel gears with biconvex-concave teeth and to confirm the accuracy of the modelling through experimental validation. Design/methodology/approach: Analytical relationships between tooth wear and meshing parameters (profile shift coefficients, module, number of gear teeth, gear face width) have been established using mathematical models of meshing and wear for biconvex-concave teeth of bevel gears. In the wear model, the determination of the contact point coordinates of the curves describing the tooth profiles is carried out using a geometric-analytical method. The result of the method is the solution of a transcendental equation with one unknown. The determination of the radius of curvature and the first derivative of the interpolation function was performed using a hypothesis that enabled the application of Hertz's formula for calculating contact stresses in gear teeth. Based on this hypothesis, the contact of profiles with variable curvature is replaced by the contact of two touching circles (cylinders) with radii equal to the curvature radii of the profiles at the contact point. It is assumed that the width of the contact deformation band of the actual profiles and the replacing circles is the same, as well as the distribution law of the contact stresses. The stress-strain state of the tooth was modelled using the finite element method to determine the stiffness of the teeth. Rolling and sliding velocities were determined using known formulas that depend on distance, time, and angular velocity. The experimental determination of wear on biconvex-concave teeth of bevel gears was defined as the difference between the initial coordinates of the points on the lateral surface profile of the teeth and the actual coordinates measured using a laser scanning method. Findings: A mathematical wear model for bevel gears with biconvex-concave teeth has been developed, considering wear in the pole of gear meshing and a decrease in the hardness of the contact surface due to the wear of the carburising layer. The models consider changes in the geometric, kinematic and strength parameters of gear meshing caused by alterations in the shape of the lateral profile surface due to wear after each loading cycle. Experimental wear measurements, conducted under production conditions, confirmed the reliability and adequacy of the theoretical models developed. The modelling approach provides sufficient accuracy in calculating the wear of the tooth working surfaces, with the relative error not exceeding 10% and the mean squared error is 0.021 mm. Research limitations/implications: The results of wear modelling for bevel gears with biconvex-concave teeth have been validated by operational data from such gears used in coal shearer drives. Practical implications: The results of tooth wear modelling can be used to increase the service life of bevel gears in coal shearer drives by selecting rational meshing parameters. Originality/value: The selection of rational meshing parameters during tooth wear modelling will increase the durability of gears in coal shearer drives.

9

Transforming a cantilever with fixed joints into trussed configurations: a case study in creative design thinking & prototyping

Filz Günther H., Eberle Robert, Nagl Pia V., Weinold Thomas

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2025

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Vol. 18, no. 1

113--128

EN

In the design of structures, joint design significantly influences aesthetics, structural performance, tectonics, and member geometry. In this study, a Y-shaped, polyhedral cantilever with fixed joints was transformed into five different trussed configurations using universal joints. Enabled by 3D-printed plug-in joints, a full-scale trussed cantilever was repeatedly (dis-)assembled. Graphic statics principles drastically simplified the branch count and design. Beyond its structural significance, joint articulation impacts element/connector count, required cross-sections i.e. material mass and associated sustainability, and visual appeal/aesthetics. By comparing results obtained from computational and physical methods, including Karamba3D, load tests, terrestrial laser scanning the prototype’s unloaded and loaded states, and the associated mathematical quantities, this paper draws conclusions on (i) structural performance, (ii) material consumption, and (iii) complexity and architectural aesthetics. Presented research integrates architectural and structural design, teaching, hands-on experience and testing on digital and physical levels, offering insights for efficient construction, sustainable practices, modularity, and advanced manufacturing.

10

Environmental and performance assessment of protective outer layers for paper-based building envelopes

Jasiołek Agata, Gromek Jagoda, Misiurka Szymon, Łątka Jerzy F.

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2025

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Vol. 18, no. 1

129--142

EN

Paper-based building components can lead towards more sustainable, energy-efficient, affordable structures. Building envelope is one of the most common areas for the application of paper in architecture. However, paper-based envelope requires an outer layer protecting it against water, fire and mechanical damages, which may significantly increase the components’ environmental impact, weight and manufacturing costs. The article review fourteen original outer layers design proposals, suitable for use on indoor, outdoor and roof surfaces. All the designs combine various protective materials and complementary coating techniques. The environmental impact of proposed designs is assessed via Life Cycle Assessment analysis based on Ecoinvent 3.8 database. The proposals’ performance is assessed in the areas of water, fire and mechanical damage protection, materials cost and availability. Designs with high-performance scores and low environmental impact are indicated for both indoor and outdoor applications. As a conclusion from the research, guidelines and suggestions for further development of paper-based building envelopes are provided.

11

Accuracy of forest road digital terrain models captured using airborne and mobile light detection and ranging technology and photogrammetry

Kardoš Miroslav, Borowski Łukasz, Sackov Ivan, Tomaštík Julián, Čurila Daniel, Maciuk Kamil, Ferencík Michal, Basista Izabela

Advances in Geodesy and Geoinformation

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2025

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Vol. 74, no. 1

art. no. e65, 2025

EN

The evaluation of the accuracy of generated DEMs using three remote sensing techniques on three types of forest road surfaces was performed. As a sample data, we used the forest road constructed from asphalt, concrete road slabs, and paving stones located in Víglaš, Central Slovakia.We evaluated the vertical accuracy of the DEMs produced by mobile laser scanning (MLS, Leica Pegasus, 840 pts/m2, airborne laser scanning (ALS, Leica ALS 70, 9 pts/m2, and aerial photogrammetry (AP, Leica RCD 30, 5 pts/m2. DEMs were generated in ArcGIS with a final resolution of 0.5m using the IDW method. The accuracy of DEMs was evaluated with the reference dataset on 700 check points. Regarding road surface capture quality, terrain generation, and point density, the MLS method dominates. It provides the RMSE values in range of ± 0.01 m to ± 0.03 m. The ALS method provided balanced RMSE results irrespective of surface type (RMSE ± 0.04 m to ± 0.05 m). The AP has the highest variability on all surface types (RMSE ± 0.12 m to ± 0.22 m). For AP, 0the decimeter-level accuracy is not sufficient for construction and maintenance purposes. This method provided the largest blunders at the road parts closest to the trees. ALS, with its ability to partially penetrate the forest canopy, can provide complex information about forest roads for inventory purposes. MLS provided the best spatial accuracy, enabling both construction and maintenance works. In any case, the advantage is that these data types can be combined.

12

Korelacja między deformacją i układem zarysowania ścian i sklepień zabytkowej kaplicy zamkowej w Otyniu

Raszczuk Krzysztof, Karolak Anna

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2024

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Nr 80

107--120

PL

Rozpoznanie układu konstrukcyjnego obiektu zabytkowego może być oparte na wielu czynnościach pomiarowych i diagnostycznych. Jedną z metod przydatnych w identyfikacji i ocenie stanu zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa konstrukcji jest korelacja między deformacją a układem zarysowania ścian, sklepień, filarów czy łęków. Takie badanie przeprowadzono w XVIII-wiecznej kaplicy zamkowej w Otyniu, dla której wykonano skan laserowy generujący chmurę punktów stanowiących podstawę analizy. W obszarze sklepień zlokalizowane były liczne zarysowania i deformacje, których analiza i korelacja mogą posłużyć do podjęcia dalszych decyzji w zakresie konserwacji konstrukcyjnej obiektu. Analiza pozwoliła odkryć, że układ zarysowania jest bezpośrednio powiązany z deformacją globalną obiektu, oraz wskazała, które strefy są szczególnie wytężone i wymagają wzmocnienia w zakresie przyszłych prac budowlano-konserwatorskich.

EN

The identification of the structural system of a historical building may be based on many measurement and diagnostic actions. One of the methods useful in identifying and assessing the safety of the structure is correlation between deformation and cracking pattern of walls, vaults, pillars and arches. Such a study was carried out in the eighteenth century castle chapel in Otyń, for which a laser scan was performed generating a cloud of points constituting the basis for the analysis. In the area of the vaults, numerous cracks and deformations were located, the analysis and correlation of which is the basis for further decisions in the field of the structural conservation of the structure. The analysis showed that the cracking pattern is directly related to the global deformation of the structure and indicated which zones are particularly utilized and require reinforcement in the scope of future construction and conservation works.

13

Elektrownia Szczytowo-Pompowa Porąbka-Żar : badania geofizyczne dla oceny warunków posadowienia oraz pomiary geodezyjne w eksploatacyjnej ocenie stanu technicznego

Bestyński Zbigniew, Pacanowski Grzegorz, Ryfa Tomasz, Wziątek Dagmara Zelaya

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 12-2

772--780

EN

The article presents an outline of the Pumped Storage Power Plant (PSPP) Porąbka-Żar construction and the geological structure of the area of its location as well as the results of comprehensive geophysical, seismic and geoelectric research used to identify the conditions of its foundation. Different methodologies, techniques of geophysical research as well as the measurement equipment used 55 years ago were presented. The methodology and technique as well as the results of currently performed periodic control tests of the deformation of the main basin and the embankments of the upper reservoir, performed using the laser scanning method to assess its technical condition, were also presented.

14

Wykorzystanie mobilnego mapowania oraz badań georadarowych w procesie przebudowy drogi

Szalast Grzegorz

Magazyn Autostrady

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2024

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Nr 4

49--53

PL

Artykuł opisuje wykorzystanie mobilnego skanowania laserowego (LiDAR) i badań georadarowych w modernizacji dróg. Obie technologie pozwalają na precyzyjne mapowanie powierzchni drogi oraz analizę jej podłoża bez potrzeby blokowania ruchu. Są one efektywne i konkurencyjne wobec innych technologii pomiarowych.

15

Terrestrial Laser Scanning – Challenges and Opportunities in 3D Building Model Creation

Antova Gergana, Simeonova Gabriela, Mickrenska Christina

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

395--404

EN

The technology of terrestrial laser scanning and its possibilities are subject of scientific research in the area of geodesy, construction, architecture and even more over the last decades. This method provides point clouds data, which contains full and accurate representation of the geometrical parameters of the examined subject. This publication discusses in short the principles and possibilities for creating a three-dimensional data model using the advantages of terrestrial laser scanning. The building of University of Architecture, civil engineering and geodesy, situated in Semkovo resort, Blagoevgrad district is selected for the purpose of the task. Classical land surveying measurements with a total station and terrestrial laser scanning are used for the creation of the three-dimensional models. A comparison and evaluation of the obtained model is made. The result of this evaluation indicates that the technology of terrestrial laser scanning is efficient for representation of high quality data with a wide scope of advantages such as high range, fast data processing, high precision and accurate details.

16

Information Modelling of Historical Buildings of Selected Culture Heritage Objects in Moravia Region

Kuruc Michal, Volarik Tomas, Vystavel Ondrej, Berkova Alena, Chladil Martin

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

329--336

EN

Due to current legislation, a local public body is obliged to preserve as-built documentation of its buildings. A form of as-built documentation has been currently transforming according to building information modelling methodology. As-built documentation of listed buildings is an important step in preserving cultural heritage and allows preserving as much information as possible about immovable cultural monuments for future generations. Currently, building information models (BIM) of the real estate cultural heritage objects are being produced due to digitizing and conserving entire buildings with all the construction details with respect to culture heritage needs. Land surveyors are responsible for data acquisition at the building site to deliver geometrically accurate and precise 3D spatial data for the following modelling process as well as georeferencing data to appropriate datum and reference coordinate system. The 3D spatial data is primarily represented by a point cloud acquired by laser scanning technology. Historic buildings typically contain unique construction elements of very different and often more complex geometric shapes, such as arches, columns, statues, attics, etc. Such elements need to be individually modelled from the point cloud with respect to the precision of the model. The modelling process of existing historic building elements becomes far more demanding than the design of the future building. Building elements for new buildings are available in the construction products BIM database for information modelling. n the other hand, a certain degree of generalisation must always be considered when modelling historical buildings. The building elements are more of an aesthetic nature. Hence, the modelling process needs to cover the geometrical shape of the element, construction assembly as well as material definition. The resulting model of the element is geometrically and visually affected by a generalization of spatial information. Nowadays, game development environment tools are increasingly used outside the video game industry, especially in architecture/construction/engineering, automotive, virtual production, etc. Thus, the information model can be delivered to a broader audience of stakeholders without vendor-locked software restrictions. Simultaneously, culture heritage value can be provided to the public in an immersive way. This paper discusses in which cases generalization in the sense of the level of information needed (LOIN) is involved and when it is already a geometric error of modelling regarding the needs of the public body and specification of public procurement. In this paper, the matters mentioned above are described using several case studies of the creation of an information model of listed buildings, namely the Maxmilian’s Court in Kroměříž and the Parish office in Cetkovice.

17

Bacterial Reduction of Sulfates as Suitable Method for Removal of Sulfates from Acid Mine Drainage

Luptakova Alena, Macingova Eva, Hroncova Jana, Balintova Magdalena, Cikotova Adriana, Luptak Miloslav

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

569--574

EN

The aim of this work was to investigate of the sulfates removal from acid mine drainage (AMD) by biological method using sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). A sample of AMD out-flowing from the Pech shaft of the abandoned and flooded Smolník deposit in Slovak Republic was studied. The untreated AMD (with contents metals) and treated AMD i.e. after of the metals removing by the synthetic sorbent Slovakite were used. The base of the biological sulfates elimination was the sulfates bacterial reduction under influence of SRB genera Desulfovibrio. These bacteria realize the sulfates reduction to hydrogen sulfide at the simultaneously oxidation of energetic substrate. Standard selective nutrient medium DSM-63 and modified selective nutrient medium DSM-63 (without sulfates contents) with standard amount of sodium lactate (as energetic substrate) were used in the experiments with untreated AMD. Standard selective nutrient medium DSM-63 and modified selective nutrient medium DSM-63 with standard, double and triple amount of sodium lactate were used in the experiments with treated AMD. In the case of untreated AMD has been reached low removing of sulfates - 20% efficiency (standard medium) and 26% (modified medium). The formation of heterogeneous precipitates containing metals pointed to the need for treatment of AMD by the initial removal of metals by sorption on Slovakite sorbent and subsequent removal of sulfates by bacterial reduction. The results of experiments with AMD treated in this way showed 49%, 70% and 88% efficiency of sulfate removal when using sodium lactate in standard, double and triple amounts. The results of this work suggest that ratio of substrate quantity and sulfate concentration is one of the key parameter of sulfate reducing condition. However, the price of the energy substrate is also an important factor. Therefore, subsequent experiments will be focused on the use of the more affordable substrates (e.g. whey) or mixed bacterial culture of SRB, which will also be able to use the products of decomposition of basic energetic substrates.

18

A Review of the Application of Terrestrial Laser Scanning in Challenging Environments

Luu Tuan Anh

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 3, no. 2

art. no. 93

EN

Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) technology has become a highly effective tool for capturing detailed and precise 3D data across various fields, expecially for challenging environments such as complex terrain. Its key features, including high precision and rapid data acquisition, make it extensively used in mapping, geology, construction, and mining arrea. TLS is particularly beneficial in the mining sector, aiding in detailed mapping, monitoring slope stability, and volume estimation. The technology's ability to quickly capture millions of data points enhances efficiency and reduces costs compared to traditional surveying methods. Additionally, TLS is adaptable to various environments, from urban settings to rugged terrains, making it valuable for environmental monitoring and research. Reviews have highlighted its effectiveness in monitoring ground deformations, enhancing accuracy in construction projects, and improving safety and efficiency in challenging environments. The integration of TLS with other technologies, such as UAV photogrammetry and GNSS, further enhances its capabilities, providing comprehensive data for various applications. This study aims to provide a thorough overview of the application of TLS in complex terrains, using data from publications over recent years. The reviewed literature demonstrates that TLS can be effectively applied in challenging environments.

PL

Technologia skanowania laserowego (TLS) stała się wysoce skutecznym narzędziem do rejestrowania szczegółowych i precyzyjnych danych 3D w różnych dziedzinach, zwłaszcza w trudnych środowiskach, takich jak skomplikowane tereny. Jej kluczowe cechy, w tym wysoka precyzja i szybkie pozyskiwanie danych, sprawiają, że jest szeroko stosowana w mapowaniu, geologii, budownictwie i górnictwie. TLS jest szczególnie korzystna w sektorze górniczym, wspomagając szczegółowe mapowanie, monitorowanie stabilności zboczy i szacowanie objętości. Zdolność technologii do szybkiego rejestrowania milionów punktów danych zwiększa efektywność i obniża koszty w porównaniu z tradycyjnymi metodami pomiarowymi. Ponadto TLS jest dostosowana do różnych środowisk, od miejskich po trudne tereny, co czyni ją cenną dla monitorowania środowiska i badań. Recenzje podkreśliły jej skuteczność w monitorowaniu deformacji gruntu, zwiększaniu dokładności w projektach budowlanych oraz poprawie bezpieczeństwa i efektywności w badaniach tuneli. Integracja TLS z innymi technologiami, takimi jak fotogrametria UAV i GNSS, dodatkowo zwiększa jej możliwości, dostarczając kompleksowych danych do różnych zastosowań. Niniejsze badanie ma na celu dostarczenie szczegółowego przeglądu zastosowania TLS w skomplikowanych terenach, wykorzystując dane z publikacji z ostatnich lat. Przeglądana literatura pokazuje, że TLS może być skutecznie stosowana w trudnych środowiskach.

19

The use of modern photogrammetric techniques in the inventory of historical monuments ‒ focus on the Potocki Palace in Krzeszowice

Mikrut Sławomir

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2024

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no. 2

7--19

EN

The study presents advanced measurement methods used in the inventory of historic buildings, focused on the Potocki Palace in Krzeszowice. The paper addresses two main measurement methods that led to obtaining comprehensive and accurate documentation. The first technique was terrestrial laser scanning, using specialised laser scanners to collect data. In order to represent the actual colours and texture of the object under study, the scanning method was supported by photogrammetry. The second method was low-ceiling photogrammetry, which provided even more accurate data about the Palace. Data processing resulted in a three-dimensional (3D) solid, consisting of a multi-million-point cloud. This was followed by a vectorisation process, which made it possible to obtain a full-dimensional representation of the studied object. The results facilitated a detailed analysis of the Potocki Palace, including the identification of damage and changes occurring over the years. The resulting documentation provides a solid basis for future conservation, modernisation and research work related to the building. The paper also points out the potential applications of contemporary technologies in order to visualize inventoried objects. The technique of Virtual Reality (VR) and showing the object in 3D that has been popular so far, has recently found even broader application, providing input for the construction of the so-called Augmented Reality (AR).

20

Comparison of Actual Deformations of Historic Wooden Structures with Values Obtained from Static Calculations

Zimiński Kamil, Pawłowicz Joanna A.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2024

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Vol. 34, no. 4

138--149

EN

In historic wooden structures, deformations can be influenced by factors that are negligible within the first 50 years of the building's existence. In attics where the roof covering is made of metal sheets, the air and structural elements heat up during the day and cool down rapidly at night. This phenomenon, over a long period, can cause micro-cracks and surface material degradation. For the study, historic buildings meeting the criteria for service class II according to PN-EN 1995-1-1 were selected. Measurements of deflections, humidity, and modulus of elasticity of the wood were conducted. The actual deflections of the examined structures were found to be 28% to 37% higher than those obtained from numerical calculations, indicating ongoing rheological processes in the wooden structures.