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EU Defence Ministers have adopted a joint Strategy on Defence Research & Technology (R&T) that includes a 2 % goal for defence R&T expenditure. Th is paper discusses the feasibility of such a goal for a small country, including the motivations for undertaking defence R&T work in small countries, and asks are they diff erent from the large countries? New and improved weapons systems that create a technological advantage in the battlefi eld are grounded on research in technology. However, as capability models demonstrate, there are also other aspects of military capability than the materiel which can therefore be a topic for research. Th rough reviewing a selection of strategy documents from large and small European countries, the fact that only large countries have fi nancial possibilities for major weapons system development and production is highlighted, while in small countries, this link from R&T through development to production and operation is broken. Both defence research and defence industrial base fi gures support this view. Small countries may still have a number of other reasons to engage in R&T in either technology or other areas, but these appear not to be able to suffi ciently motivate R&T expenditure even close to the 2% level.
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32--49
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Bibliogr. 23 poz., rys., tab.
Twórcy
Bibliografia
- 1. Bertlman T. and Anclair, Å. (2013) International Defence Cooperation Effi ciency, Solidarity, Sovereignty; Report from the Inquiry on Sweden’s International Defence Cooperation,Fö 2013:B; Swedish ministry of Defence 2013, p. 32, http://www. government.se/reports/2014/10/international-defence-cooperation---efficiencysolidarity-sovereignty.
- 2. Caverley J. (2007) United States Hegemony and the New Economics of Defense, Security Studies, Vol 16 No 4, pp. 598-614.
- 3. Daft, R. (1986) Organization theory and design, 2nd ed., West Publishing Company, USA.
- 4. Danish Business Authority, (2014) National Defence Industrial Strategy (pp. 13), [accessed 28.8.2016] available at: https://danishbusinessauthority.dk/industrial-co-operation DoD, (2015) DoD Instruction 5000.02: Operation of the defense acquisition system. US Department of Defense, Washington, DC.
- 5. Dunne, P., García-Alonso, M. D. C., Levine, P., & Smith, R. (2007). Determining the defence industrial base. Defence and Peace Economics, Vol 18 No 3, pp. 199-221.
- 6. EDA (2007) EU Ministers Adopt Framework for Joint European Strategy in Defence R&T, Press Release, [accessed 10.9. 2016] available at: https://www.eda.europa.eu Finnish Ministry of Defence (2016) Suomen puolustuksen teknologisen ja teollisen perustan turvaaminen (securing Finland’s defence technological and industrial base), valtioneuvoston periaatepäätös, [accessed 11.6.2016] available at: www.defmin.fi.
- 7. Griliches, Z. (1992). Th e Search for R&D Spillovers, 94 Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol 43, No. supplement, pp. 29-47.
- 8. Guzelytė, S. (2016) National Defence Data 2013-2014 and 2015 (est.) of the 27 EDA Member States, European Defence Agency, Brussels, Belgium. [accessed 10.9.2016] available at: https://www.eda.europa.eu.
- 9. Hagel, C. (2014). Quadrennial Defense Review. Offi ce of the Secretary of Defense.
- 10. Hartley, K. (2006). Defence R&D: data issues. Defence and Peace Economics, Vol. 17 no. 3, pp. 169-175.
- 11. Jermalavičius, T. (2009). Defence Research & Development: Lessons from NATO Allies. p. 40 [accessed 11.8.2016] available at: http://nato.ee/sites/default/fi les/elfi nder/ article_fi les/icds_report-defence_r_d-lessons_from_nato_allies.pdf.
- 12. Middleton A., Bowns S., Hartley K., & Reid J. (2006) The effect of defence R&D on military equipment quality, Defence and Peace Economics, Vol.17 No. 02, pp. 117-139.
- 13. Ministère de la Défense (2013) French White Paper on Defence and National Security – 2013, France, p. 135 [accessed 7.9.2016] available at: www.defense.gouv.fr/.
- 14. Ministry of Defence (2012) National Security Th rough Technology: Technology, Equipment, and Support for UK Defence and Security, White Paper Cm8278, [accessed 11.6.2016] available at: NATO (2016) Defence Expenditures of NATO Countries, press release, [accessed 9.5.2016] available at: http://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl 2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2016_ 07/20160704_160704-pr2016-116.pdf.
- 15. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2002). Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development. OECD.
- 16. Reynolds K.P., (2006) Building the Future Force: Challenges to Getting Military Transformation Right, Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp.435-471.
- 17. The Australian Government Department of Defence (ADoD) (2006) Defence Capability Development Manual, Australia: Defence Publishing Service.
- 18. The Federal Government of Germany (2015) Strategiepapier der Bundesregierung zur Stärkung der Verteidigungsindustrie in Deutschland (pp. 13), [accessed 11.8.2016].
- 19. The Federal Government of Germany (2016) White paper 2016 on German security policy and the future of the Bundeswehr, [accessed 1.9.2016] available at: https://www.bmvg.de/portal/a/bmvg/en.
- 20. The Military Balance (2014) Chapter Four: Europe, Vol 114 No. 1, 59-160.
- 21. The Netherlands Ministry of Economic Aff airs (2013) Th e Netherlands’ Defence Industry Strategy, (pp. 21), [accessed 28.8.2016] available at: https://www.government.nl/ documents/publications/2014/10/22/the-netherlands-defence-industry-strategy.
- 22. Versailles, D. W., & Mérindol, V. (2006). Knowledge transfers and R&D management: An inquiry into the problem of transatlantic complementarities. Defence and Peace Economics, Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 239-256.
- 23. Yue, Y., & Henshaw, M. (2009). An Holistic View of UK Military Capability Development. Defense & Security Analysis, 25(1), 53-67.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.baztech-e7ac9888-aa7d-455e-aeda-d147adbc8f41
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